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Narva,Estonia is officially divided into 15neighborhoods which carry no administrative purpose. Their names and borders are defined as follows: Elektrijaama, Joaoru, Kalevi, Kerese, Kreenholmi, Kudruküla, Kulgu, Olgina, Paemurru, Pähklimäe, Siivertsi, Soldina, Sutthoffi, Vanalinn, and Veekulgu.[1]
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Elektrijaama is the biggest neighbourhood of Narva.
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Named after Estonian national hero and chessgrandmasterPaul Keres, the District sits south of Paul Keres Street which acts as a dividing line between the new and old city, with the old city to the north, and the new city to the south. The district has a notably high concentration ofRussians andRussian languagegymnasiums acting as a cultural and commercial hub for Narva'sRussian Estonians with several malls and public transportation connecting it to residential districts.[2] The district is also home to a campus of theEstonian Academy of Security Sciences which was the third modern building in Narva designed from an architecture competition.[3]
The district has been at the forefront of Estonia's effort to integrate its Russian population into speaking Estonian and participating in the Estonian, rather than the Russian, economy, as well as removing thecasus belli Russia cited during itsinvasion of Ukraine, of protecting Russian citizens, from being relevant in Estonia. Kerese district is home to the headquarters of the Integration Foundation (Estonian:Integratsiooni Sihtasutus), whose mission statement is to integrate the Russian population of Estonia into Estonian life and has been supporting the replacement of Russian as the first language in public schools in Narva with Estonian.[4][5]
Named after and centered aroundKreenholm island in theNarva River, Kreenholmi is home to powerful waterfalls and rapids, which made the site lucrative for mills. Principle among which was theKreenholm Manufacturing Company, which was constructed by BaronJohann Ludwig von Knoop between 1856 and 1857 and 1884 the complex had four textile mills. The complex was the largest factory in theRussian Empire accounting for 10% of the entire Empire's textile production. The factory would see a major decline in productivity with the establishment of an Independent Estonia, with employment dropping from 10,400 right beforeWorld War I to 1,453 in 1921.[6] Kreenholmi is known for its dense network of industrial architecture developed around the factory which was built with a distinctiveEnglish bond using red brick. The district acted as the city's Industrial center.[7]
World War II severely limited the industrial capacity of the Kreenholmi district and Narva as a whole. In 1940, with the establishment of theEstonian Soviet Socialist Republic, the Kreenholm Manufacturing Company, which employed 2,172 employees, wasnationalized, however, was also cut off from access to European markets and as such was subjected to Soviet fabric shortages which were common in the 1940s, resulting in a total loss of productivity. It wouldn't be until German occupation in 1941 when the factory was reopened with between 1,500 and 1,600 Estonians working in the factory for the Germans. Fighting during theBattle of Narva rendered the factory complex inoperable with repair costs expected to be 250 millionroubles. However, one of the first edicts passed by the Central Committee of theCommunist Party of Estonia was to prioritize the repair and reopening of the Kreenholm mill. By 1955 the mill had 9,360 employees producing 15,814 tonnes of yarn and 98,014 meters of fabrics per year. The Soviets greatly extended the mill, opening a second planet as well as a finishing mill with several employees receiving national recognition, including;Taisia Marchenko, who was awarded theHero of Socialist Labour,Order of Lenin, andHero of Socialist Labour and would go on to be elected to the5th and6th Supreme Soviets. In 1985 theCouncil of Ministers of the USSR passed the authority of the Kreenholm plant to the Estonian SSR.[8]
When Estonia regained independence in 1991 during theCollapse of the Soviet Union, the Kreenholm Manufacturing Company became the state run Kreenholm Manufacturing State Enterprise in 1992. The facility producedbed linen,tablecloths,napkins,curtains,terrycloth towels, and bathrobes which were exported toAmerica,Germany,France,Sweden,Finland, andNorway. However, by 1994, Kreenholm would be privatized and would be acquired by the Swedish firmBorås Wäfveri AB in 1995. Borås Wäfveri turned the individual aspects of the factory complex into independent joint-stock companies. Production would peak in 2000 with sales surpassing 1,240 millionEstonian kroons, making it the seventh most productive company in Estonia for that year. However, due to cheap labor from Asia due toglobalization, the Kreenholm plant would struggle to meet its employment capacity and on 17 June 2008 the mill was shuttered. Shortly after the industrial plant was purchased by a private investor to turn into the "Manufacture Cultural Quarter."[8]
The district is also home to theKreenholmi Stadium, home of theJK Narva Trans which compete in the top flight of theEstonian football league system.[9]
One of Narva's two exclaves, the neighborhood is 5.6 km2 and named after theKudruküla stream which flows through it, a tributary of theNarva river. The neighboringKudruküla village also shares this name. The area that would become Kudruküla was set aside in the 1950s forDachas, or summer cottage retreats, for the wealthy and politically connected in Narva during theEstonian Soviet Socialist Republic. Kudruküla has always been governed directly from Narva and was intentionally designed as an exclave to offer moreescapism for its residents. As with most other Soviet Dachas, most of the residents of Kudruküla participated in gardening and would sell their produce in one of Narvas 52 gardening cooperatives.[10] The plans for these cottage allotments were never finalized before thecollapse of the Soviet Union and were loosely interpreted by residents. During land reform from 1992 to 2001 the Dachas were given defined borders and thenprivatized.[10] From 5–7 August 2021, Kudruküla hosted the fourth annualStation Narva music festival, seeing some 3,000 visitors come to the neighborhood and learn about Dacha life.[11]
From 1808 to 1944 the area which would become Kudruküla was the village ofRiigi (also known asRiigiküla or by itsGerman nameWasahof), established as aManor, which, by the end of the 17th century was part of the Kudruküla Manor, a Town Fief of Narva. In 1828 aRussian German merchant fromSaint Petersburg established asugar factory in Riigi, however, the factory would be shut down just decades later due to its pollution of theTõrvajõgi river and the area remained sparsely populated by sustenance fishers for almost a century.[12] During theEstonian War of Independence, Riigi was the site of several battles between Estonian and Soviet forces. In 1922 Riigi had 15 households and 94 inhabitants and a women's society, fire station and public school were built. A monument consisting of a stoneCross of Liberty was made in 1935, however, would be destroyed by Soviet forces in 1941. Riigi during this time was also the site of the densest stretch offield fortifications constructed by Estonia on its border with theSoviet Union, which would also be destroyed by Soviet forces in 1940.[12] Riigi would be completely destroyed during theBattle of Narva duringWorld War II. None of the original structures survived the fighting, with the remains of trenches and shrapnel in the immediate surroundings still persisting.[13][12]
In the 1960s the remains of 15neolithic dwellings were found in Kudruküla byEldar Efendijev, then director of theNarva Museum. Expeditions uncovered a significant amount of bones and ceramics and an unusually high amount ofAmber pendants and clay idols.[13] The site was immediately noted for its importance due to its status as a coastal Stone Age settlement that was never submerged by theLittorina Sea, allowingground-penetrating radar to effectively locate artifacts.[14] Genetic studies of skeletons dating to 4,300-2,500 BC recovered in the village in 2017 found that they belonged to theComb Ceramic culture (CCC), which saw signs of intermarriage with theCorded Ware culture (CWC), and theNarva culture. The study found that upon the arrival of the CWC peoples to the region there was a massive influx of non-European admixture, suggesting that theProto-Indo-European homeland was inAnatolia and theLevant.[15]
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