Thekepi (English:/ˈkɛpiː/or/ˈkeɪpiː/) is acap with a flat circular top and a peak, orvisor. In English, the term is aloanword fromFrench:képi, itself a re-spelled version of theAlemannic German:Käppi, a diminutive form ofKappe, meaning'cap'. In Europe, the kepi is most commonly associated with French military and police uniforms, though versions of it were widely worn by other armies during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.[1] In North America, it is usually associated with theAmerican Civil War, as it was worn by soldiers on both sides of the conflict.
The kepi was formerly the most common headgear in theFrench Army. Its predecessor originally appeared during the 1830s, in the course of the initial stages of the occupation of Algeria, as a series of various lightweight cane-framed cloth undress caps calledcasquette d'Afrique. These were intended as alternatives to the heavier, cloth-covered leather French Armyshako.[2] As a light and comfortable headdress, it was adopted by the metropolitan (French mainland) infantry regiments for service and daily wear, with the less practical shako being relegated to parade use. In 1852, a new soft cloth cap was introduced for campaign and off-duty. Calledbonnet de police à visière, this was the first proper model of the kepi. The visor was generally squarish in shape and oversized and was referred to asbec de canard (duck bill). This kepi had no chinstrap (jugulaire). Subsequent designs reduced the size of the cap and introduced chinstraps and buttons. The kepi became well known outside France during theCrimean War and was subsequently adopted in various forms by a number of other armies (including the U.S. and Russian) during the 1860s and 1870s.
In 1870, when troops were mobilized for theFranco-Prussian War, large numbers of French soldiers either refused to wear the issuedshakos or threw them away. Emperor Napoléon III abolished the infantry shako for active service and replaced it with the kepi on 30 July 1870.[3]
In 1876, a new model appeared with a rounded visor, as the squared visor drooped when wet and curled when drying. The model used inWorld War I was the 1886 pattern, which was a fuller shape incorporating air vents. Described as an "ideal headdress - which was cheap, distinctive and easy to produce", the M1886 kepi's only significant drawback was that the sunken crown collected rain.[4]
By 1900, the kepi had become the standard headdress of most French army units and (along with thered trousers of the period 1829–1914) a symbol of the French soldier. It appeared in full dress (with inner stiffening and ornamental plume or ball ornament) and service versions. Officers' ranks were shown by gold or silverbraiding circling the centre and as a trefoil on the crown. The different branches were distinguished by the colours of the cap – see the table.[5] Cavalry normally wore shakos or plumed helmets, reserving red kepis with light or dark blue bands for wear in barracks.[6] General officers wore (and continue to wear for ceremonial purposes) kepis with gold oak leaves embroidered around the band.
In 1914, most French soldiers wore their kepis to war. The highly visible colours were hidden by a medium blue-grey cover,[7] following the example of theForeign Legion and other North African units who had long worn their kepis with white (or later khaki) covers in the field. With the adoption of "horizon blue" (light blue-grey) uniforms and steelAdrian helmets in 1915 to replace the conspicuous peacetime uniforms worn during the early months of the war, the kepi was generally replaced by foldingforage caps. Officers, however, still wore kepis behind the lines.
Following the war, the kepi was gradually reintroduced in the peacetime French Army, but was never adopted for wear in the Navy or Air Force. The Foreign Legion resumed wearing it in 1926;[8] initially in red and blue, and then in 1939, with white covers on all occasions. The bulk of the French army readopted the kepi in the various traditional branch colours for off-duty wear during the 1930s. It had now become a straight-sided and higher headdress than the traditional soft cap. This made it unsuitable for wartime wear, and after 1940, it was seldom worn, except by officers. An exception was the Foreign Legion, who, previously just one of the many units that wore the kepi, now adopted it in its white version as a symbol.
The decision in 1991 to endconscription in France, and to rely on voluntary enlistment, has led to the readoption of various traditional items for dress wear. This has included the reappearance in the army of the kepi which is now worn by all ranks in the majority of units, on appropriate occasions. Within the army, particularly notable are the kepis of theFrench Foreign Legion, whose members are sometimes calledképis blancs (white kepis), because of the unit's regulation white headgear. Former cavalry units wear light blue kepis with red tops plus silver braid (for officers) and insignia. Other colours include all dark blue with red piping (for artillery units), dark blue with red tops (line infantry) and crimson with red tops (medical).[9] The "dark blue" of officers' kepis is very similar to black.[10]
| Corps | Colour of band | Colour of crown | Braid and insignia |
|---|---|---|---|
| Infantry,Zouaves (now disbanded) andChasseurs-Paratroopers | dark blue | red | gold |
| Tirailleurs | light blue | red | gold |
| Shock Parachuters, Shock Commandos, Supply and Quartermaster's Corps | dark blue | red | silver |
| Cuirassiers,Dragoons,Hussars, Tanks andMatériel | light blue | red | silver |
| Infantry Chasseurs | dark blue | dark blue | silver French horn |
| Spahis | light blue | red | gold |
| Artillery,Marines and Transmissions | dark blue | dark blue | gold |
| Engineers and Bands | black | black | gold |
| Légion étrangère | white (privates, corporals and chief corporals) black (chief corporals with more than 15 years service, NCOs and officers) | white red | gold (infantry) silver (cavalry) |
| Army Aviation | blue | blue | gold |
| Medical Corps (now all-services combined corps with naval style caps) | crimson | red | gold |
| Pharmaceutical Corps | green | red | gold |
| Veterinarian Corps | purple | red | silver |
| Dental Corps | brown | red | gold |
| Chasseurs forestiers (disbanded in 1924) | dark green (vert finance) | dark green | silver French horn |
The kepi was adopted in 1854 for wear as a working headdress by policeagents andsergents de ville as an alternative to the heavy and less practicalbicorne previously worn.[11]
TheFrench National Police discarded their dark blue kepis in 1984 as part of a general updating of uniforms, adopting a lowpeaked cap.[12][13] The reason given was that the rigid kepi, while smart and distinctive, was inconvenient for ordinary use and too high to be comfortably worn in vehicles.
French customs officers (douaniers) and theGendarmerie still wear kepis for ceremonial duty.[14] Customs officers wear a baseball style cap for ordinary duties (since 1994 with many variations) while the Gendarmerie introduced a "soft kepi" in the early 2000s.
In theUnited States, the kepi is most often associated with theAmerican Civil War era, and continued into theIndian Wars. Union soldiers were generally issued kepis for fatigue use. A close copy of the contemporary French kepi,[15]it had a sunken top and squared visor. It was often called a "McClellan cap", after theUnion commander of theArmy of the Potomac,G. B. McClellan. For field officers, the caps were often decorated in a French-influenced style,[citation needed] with a dark velvet band around the base and black silk braiding on the crown. The kepi was also popular with various state units and as privately purchased headgear; e.g., it was standard issue in 1861 for New York infantry regiments.
The kepi is not to be confused with themodel 1858forage cap, sometimes called a "bummer cap" or McDowell cap, which evolved directly from theshako used by the regular army earlier in the 1850s (see the design of the crown, chinstrap, brim, and buckle).[1] Essentially, the forage cap, described by some troops as "shapeless as afeedbag", was a less-expensive and more comfortable version of the earlier shako with the stiffening removed.[2] The forage cap became the most common form of cap worn by U.S. regulars and volunteers during the American Civil War, though it is most commonly associated with the eastern theater of the war, since western troops generally preferred broad-brimmed felt hats (see photos of Sherman's army parading through Washington D.C. at war's end). Some Union units wore coloured variants, as some illustrative examples show:
While someConfederate troops wore the forage cap (Confederate GeneralThomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson wore the plain dark blue round-visored forage cap from his days as an instructor at theVirginia Military Institute), Confederate uniform regulations specified a French-style kepi. These were to be trimmed as follows:
The regulations were often ignored because of the scarcity of materials and the need for rapid production. The average Confederate kepi usually was a simple gray or butternut cap made of wool or jean wool. To save leather for shoes and accoutrements, by mid-war Confederate kepi brims often were made of tarred cloth; chinstraps were sometimes omitted.[3][4] Many Confederate units wore unique versions of the kepi. These included:
After the war the U.S. Army issued a series of kepi undress caps, characterised by their increasing smartness and decreasing practicality. The last model was issued in 1896. When the United States introduced a revised blue dress uniform in 1902, the kepi was discontinued in favour of a conventional visor cap with wide top and a steep visor.
The US Army's and Air Force's currentpatrol cap, the standard covers in utility uniforms (theACU andABU, respectively), is a variation of the flat-topped, visored kepi. Its modern lineage can be traced toWorld War II, and during the Cold War period was "blocked" with heavy starching and ironing (referred to as a "Ridgeway cap"). It was replaced with a flat kepi-style cap with a metal rim reinforced crown and baseball cap-styled rounded visor during theVietnam War. The present-day patrol cap was introduced in the 1980s with the transition to theM81 BDU uniforms, and was retained when the Army adopted theUCP digital-pattern camouflage uniforms in 2005; and with the Air Force's adoption of the ABU in 2007.
During theParaguayan War betweenBrazil,Argentina, andUruguay versusParaguay — the Brazilian, Argentine, and Uruguayan troops and officers primarily wore kepis, though many Brazilian troops wore brimmed hats, and Uruguayan and Argentine light infantry wore shakos. The Paraguayans mostly wore leather shakos, but senior officers were given kepis. Leather kepis were however issued as aforage cap to Paraguayan troops, and because of poor supply standards, were often seen in combat.
With the exception noted below, the Chilean Army no longer wears kepis, but during theWar of the Pacific, it was part of the standard army uniform. Similarly, the kepi is no longer worn by the modern Peruvian armed forces and police, but was part of the uniforms worn during the 19th and early 20th centuries.
Today, the following ceremonial units in several countries still use the kepi:
TheArgentine National Gendarmerie (Gendarmería Nacional Argentina; GNA) members wears a green kepi as part of fatigue and full dress uniforms.
The practical nature and relatively low cost of the kepi made it a popular military headdress from the mid-nineteenth century on. Many Latin American armies wore kepis in the late 19th and early 20th centuries which were close copies of the French model. Other armies that favoured kepis during the final period of colourful uniforms that ended with World War I included the Danish, Portuguese, Dutch, Italian (officers only), and Romanian armies. Even the Japanese Army adopted French-style kepis for senior officers in full dress, as well as for their Gendarmerie units and military bands. Significantly such historic opponents of France as Germany and Britain, avoided the use of kepis, with only a few short-lived exceptions, such as for service in India during the 1850s-60s. During this time theAlbert shako was preferred. This may have been for practical rather than patriotic reasons, as the distinctive profile of the kepi would be likely to lead to confusion in battle.
Influenced by France's adoption of the kepi,[citation needed] Belgium introduced it in 1845 as aforage cap for infantry other ranks.[17] This headdress was worn until 1868 when a new model without a vizor was adopted.[18] Officers of infantry and cavalry regiments wore their own version of the kepi from 1859 until the First World War.[19]It was modified several times over the decades, the last version being the 1900/1910 model. By that time it had evolved into a comparatively tall cylinder with the national emblem at the front and a cross-shapedAustrian knot on the crown. The wearer's rank was indicated by a system of horizontal and vertical bands of gold or silver braid. The kepi was also worn by officers of the General Staff.[20][21]
In September 1914 the wide range of peacetime headdresses (shakos,busbies, "Corsican" caps,czapkas andbearskins) still being worn by the Belgian Army, were replaced by the universal "Yser" kepi. This consisted of a dark blue or green soft cap with folding double flaps.[22]With the adoption of a British-style khaki uniform from 1915, the kepi was abandoned in favour of thepeaked cap for all ranks,[23]with the exception of the paramilitaryGendarmerie, who continued to wear the kepi as part of their parade dress until the 1960s.
Used by all soldiers of the Danish army untilWorld War II, it is now only retained as part of thefull dress uniforms for officers.[24]
InNazi Germany, the brown stiff kepi (Schaftmütze) of Hitler'sBrownshirtStormtroopers (SA,Sturmabteilung) and its black version initially worn by the members of the SS (before it was replaced by a peaked cap) were derived from surplus Austrian equipment.[25]
TheHellenic Army and the paramilitaryHellenic Gendarmerie historically followed French patterns in organization, doctrine, and dress since its establishment. A dark blue (green for cavalry) kepi was adopted in the 1860s, and used until khaki field uniforms were introduced in 1910, whereupon it remained in use in ceremonial uniforms. The 1915 pattern uniform adopted a German-inspiredpeaked cap instead, but after Greece's entry inWorld War I, the Greek military was re-equipped by the French, and the kepi returned to use. It was retained as part of both field and ceremonial uniforms until the adoption of British-style uniforms in 1937. Ceremonial use continued in the No.1 gala uniform until the early 1970s. In the post-1974Third Hellenic Republic, it is used exclusively by the officer instructors and cadets of theHellenic Army Academy (in blue), by the cadets of the NCO Academy, and by the honour guards of the Ministry of National Defence (in blue).
As a result of the historical military usage, the kepi is still widely used by uniformed marching bands in Greece.
InIndia, during the French colonial rule ofPondicherry,Yanam,Karaikal andMahé, kepis were worn by two kinds of policemen, the Armed and the Indigenous, differentiated by the colour of the kepis they wore. While the law and order forces wore bright red caps, the armed constabulary was conspicuous by its blue kepis. After Indian Independence, the former French colonial territory was integrated into the Union Territory ofPuducherry and the bright red kepi continues to be the headgear of the constabulary — both for the local and the armed police signifying the cultural and administrative legacies left by the former colonialists.[26]
In Iran this kind of headdress was known as the "Pahlavi hat" (kolah pahlavi, کلاه پهلوی). Only worn for a brief period, from 1927 until the 1930s, it was generally of a grey color.
The kepi was the main headdress in theItalian Army from its constitution to 1933, in both ceremonial and field uniforms. It had different degrees of markings for branch or unit, andrank. From its traditional blue, rigid shape, the kepi evolved in 1909 a field version, more comfortable and in the Army's traditional 'grigioverde' (gray-green), with increasingly less visible markings. Since then, it was gradually substituted with the more comfortableside cap and later - during the Second World War - theberet; the kepi remains standard issue with historical uniforms for both the Army and the Police, especially for musicians and education institutions, as part of their ceremonial dress.
In modern ceremonial dress theLatvian National Armed Forces Staff Battalion and musicians of theCentral Military Band of the Latvian National Armed Forces both wear backward sloping kepis of the style worn by the Belgian Army immediately prior to World War I.
Kepis with a slightly higher back were formerly worn by theLuxembourg Army until 1945. Since World War II they were replaced by British Army-style peak caps.
The same kepis with higher back were also worn by the formerGrand Ducal Gendarmerie in a blue version corresponding to the colour of their uniforms.
The kepi is still used by the newly createdGrand Ducal Police which replaced the Gendarmerie and the local police forces in 2000.
A form of kepi is worn by female officers in thePolice Service of Northern Ireland. It was formerly worn in theRoyal Ulster Constabulary.
TheNorwegian armed forces used kepis untilWorld War II and still retain them as part of the full dress of officer cadets.
InSpain, a version of the kepi (actually a lowshako), theros, is used by theGuardia Real (Royal Guard) and theRegimiento de Infantería Inmemorial del Rey for ceremonial functions. The Spanish 1887 regulation kepi, was used in the late 19th and early 20th century by officers of certain regiments. Simular to a Kepi, aTeresiana, was made of black oilcloth with a tortoise shell visor. A plainer form of kepi was retained by theCivil Guard as its non-ceremonial headdress for normal police duties, until it was abolished under the 2011 revised regulations and replaced by a baseball cap.
InSweden, the kepi has been used with several uniform types for theSwedish Army. The most common was the grey kepi worn as part of the M1923 field uniform and the dark blue kepi worn as part of the uniform types m/1886 and m/1895, and still in use by theLife Guards.
InSwitzerland, the kepi was worn as a part of the dress uniforms of senior NCOs (Sergeant major and above) and officers (with additional rank insignia) until the 1995 army reform (Swiss Armed Forces). Since then, it has only been worn by senior staff officers (Brigadier general and higher).
InThailand, the Royal Thai Police Cadet Academy (RPCA) has adopted the culture of wearing the Kepi cap of the Gendarmerie police since about 1902 CE onwards. the kepi cap has been used with the study uniform and casual attire of police cadets at the RPCA.
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Kepis also found their way into the uniforms of numerousrailway andstreetcar operators in the United States. From there it was adopted by other public transport operators around the world, including the examples given below:
