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 Kenya |  United States |
|---|---|
| Diplomatic mission | |
| Kenyan Embassy, Washington, D.C. | United States Embassy, Nairobi |
| Envoy | |
| AmbassadorRobinson Njeru Githae | Chargé d'affairesMarc Dillard |
Kenya–United States relations arebilateral relations between theRepublic of Kenya and theUnited States. Kenya and the United States have long been close allies and have enjoyed cordial relations since Kenya's independence. Relations became even closer after Kenya's democratic transition of 2002 and subsequent improvements in human rights.
This was preceded by sometimes frosty interludes during Kenyan PresidentMoi's regime when the two countries often clashed over bad governance issues, resulting in aid suspension and many diplomatic rows. Following the election of the new government of Uhuru Kenyatta in 2013, relations somewhat took a dip when the new president forged a new foreign policy looking east away from traditional western allies. Kenya–United States relations have been improved through cooperation against terrorism and a visit by U.S. PresidentBarack Obama to Kenya, which is the homeland of his father.
Kenya's athletic mastery of some auspicious American events such as theBoston Marathon andNew York Marathon have increased ordinary Americans' consciousness of Kenya paving the way for a warm mutual regard between the two peoples. An attack on Kenya byAl-Qaeda in 1998, as well as subsequent attacks byAl-Shabaab, has drawn the two countries politically closer due to the shared fate the U.S. has had of similar targeting in the September 11 attacks by Al-Qaeda inLower Manhattan andThe Pentagon.
In a 2013BBC World Service poll, 69% of Kenyans view U.S. influence positively, with 11% viewing U.S. influence negatively.[1]
In 2007, according to the Pew Research Global Attitudes Project, 87% ofKenyans viewed the U.S. favorably, decreasing slightly down to 83% in 2011 and 81% in 2013.[2] The 2012 U.S. Global Leadership Report indicated that 68% of Kenyans approve of U.S. leadership, with 14% disapproving and 18% uncertain.[3]
After Kenya's independence on 12 December 1963, the United States immediatelyrecognized the new nation.[4] However, it was not until 2 March 1964 thatdiplomatic relations were established withWilliam Atwood establishing the U.S. Embassy at Nairobi.[4] The United States also provided the fledgling nation with $21 million in funds and technical aid, with Kenya seeking more loans from the United States.[5]
The United States soon found itself invested in Kenyan politics due to the power struggle betweenTom Mboya andJaramogi Oginga Odinga.[6] The United States had been impressed by Mboya since the 1950s, and sought to empower him in the new administration instead of the more leftist Odinga.[6] The United States was successful, and Mboya began wooing Kenya's prime ministerJomo Kenyatta into becoming more favorable with the United States and theCIA.[6]
After Odinga's fall from power, Kenya found itself squarely in the Western bloc during theCold War period.[7] The fact that Soviet ideals never gained traction in post-independence Kenya meant that there was little to no jockeying between the United States and theU.S.S.R. in this region.[7] This meant there was little need for Kenya and United States relations, since the United States took Kenyan support for granted.[7]
However, the 1980s saw Kenya become more involved in Cold War politics. After Jomo Kenyatta's death, the new president of KenyaDaniel arap Moi sought to further strengthen relations with the United States[7] Moi joined the United States'Rapid Deployment Joint Task Force, allowing for the construction of United States military installations in Kenya.[7] The most notable development of this military construction was allowing United States naval access to Mombasa, which resulted in the United States paying Kenya $26 million.[8]
Good relations, however, fell into jeopardy with the deteriorating civil rights picture in Kenya. In 1987, the chairman of the Congress subcommittee on Africa, Michigan congressmanHoward Wolpe, accused Daniel arap Moi of bankrolling criminals and committing human rights abuses.[9] The issue was then placed on the agenda for Ronald Reagan's talks with Moi, but nothing came of it at this time.[10] In 1991, however, the United States joined with a coalition of other nations who gave financial assistance to Kenya to pressure for reforms.[11] In a 1991 meeting in Paris, Kenya's aid donors insisted on ending corruption and human rights abuses, threatening to pull their aid.[11] These concerns caused the United States to suspend its aid in 1992.[12] Even when United States pressure forcedmultiparty elections in 1992, relations were tense all throughout the 1990s due to international discontent with the tactics of the Moi regime.[13][14]
The United States reacted positively to the Kenyan elections of 2000, the first democratic transition of power in Kenya's history.[15] The new president, Mwai Kibaki was honored as the first African head of state to be invited to Washington D.C. for a state visit.[15]
On 7 August 1998,al Qaeda terroristsdetonated a car bomb outside the United States embassy in Nairobi, Kenya, leaving 200 dead and thousands wounded.[16] The immediate aftermath strained relations between the United States and Kenya, as Kenyans felt that the United States only cared about the Americans who lost their lives, not the Kenyans.[17] The situation was worsened when the American ambassador,Prudence Bushnell, implied that Kenyans were attempting to loot the embassy.[17]
However, since that event, the Kenyan and U.S. governments have intensified cooperation to address all forms of insecurity in Kenya, including terrorism.[18] The United States provides equipment and training to Kenyan security forces, both civilian and military. In its dialog with the Kenyan Government, the United States urges effective action againstcorruption and insecurity as the two greatest impediments to Kenya achieving sustained, rapid economic growth.[19]
Families and victims of the attack have severally appealed to the Kenyan government topetition the U.S. government to compensate them. A Kenyan journalist who resides in the U.S. has on several occasions castigated the U.S. government for its nonchalant approach to the issue. In an article titled "The Big Bloody Burden of The Big Brother" published by theDaily Nation, one of the two mainstream Kenyan Newspapers, the writer,Ben Mutua Jonathan Muriithi wondered why "the Obama administration and others before it had turned a blind eye yet it was clear that Kenya had suffered as a Collateral damage".
Following theSeptember 11th attacks, Kenya was designated as a frontline in the United States' "War on terrorism".[20] Kenya'sNational Security Intelligence Service (NSIS) received a list of two hundred suspects linked toAl-Qaeda in late September 2001.[21] Following Al-Qaeda attacks in Mombasa in 2002, new presidentMwai Kibaki created the Anti-Terrorism Police Unit to further counter-terror operations.[21] The United States Anti-Terrorism Assistance Program provided training to 500 Kenyan security officers in the United States and many more in East Africa training locations.[18]
The United States also sunk large amounts of money intonon-governmental organizations (NGOs) operating in Kenya.[22] This was part of an overall emphasis placed on international NGOs during the war on terror that saw United States funding to NGOs increase by billions.[22] However, this particularly affected Kenya due to the high quantity of aid the United States sends to Kenya.[22] This period also saw a "blurring of lines" in regards to NGOs, as it became more common for NGOs in Kenya to work with military officials in theUnited States Department of Defense.
Even as Kibaki cooperated, relations suffered due to the United States' perceived "obsession" with the war on terror and concerns that alignment with the United States led to domestic terrorism.[15] Kenyan policymakers feared that while the United States had encouraged democratization, they ceased to encourage democracy during the war on terror.[15] International organizations said American policy is pushing Kenya to discriminate against its Muslim population.[23]
Another key aspect of the war on terror was that American aid to Kenya became even more politicized and "securitized."[22] During this period, The United States heavily tied USAID support directly to military and counterterror operations undertaken by theKenyan Defense Forces.[24] The United States also demonstrated a willingness to play hardball, sometimes threatening to cut aid if Kenya does not support United States foreign policy on the international level.[15]
Nonetheless, Kenya continues to back counter-terror operations in exchange for financial support.[25]
The United States is urging Kenyan President William Ruto to address claims of extrajudicial killings and abductions by police during protests that started in June 2024. US Senator Chris Murphy highlighted the importance of accountability during his visit to Kenya. These protests have resulted in approximately 60 deaths and over 60 disappearances, though no police officers have been prosecuted so far, despite ongoing investigations.[26]
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The United States became a talking point duringKenya's 2007 elections, as some believed they were supporting Raila Odinga as retaliation for Kibaki reducing Kenyan dependence on the United States.[27] Following the violence caused by Kenya's 2007 elections, the United States and other Western nations pressured Kenya to create tribunals to punish those responsible for the violence.[28] The United States initially threatened to pull its aid unless the violence was addressed, but political will for such a step waned throughout the year.[28] The tribunals were never established, but the United States was satisfied by the peaceful elections in 2013.[28]
The election ofBarack Obama in2008 was greeted with great optimism from Kenya, who felt pride in him due to hisKenyan father.[29] His Africa policy was based on four pillars—promoting democracy, managing conflicts, strengthening the economy, and providing access to education.[29] That said, he also continued many ofPresident George W. Bush's policies, particularly in counterterrorism.[29] President Obama was also the first sitting president to visit Kenya.[30]
The election of Barack Obama also brought back international discourse regarding Kenya's Mau Mau uprising, as Obama's father had been interned by the British for his Mau Mau alignment.[31] While this was a non-issue in Kenya, it put some domestic pressure on Obama to distance himself from his Kenyan heritage.[31] However, Barack Obama has always been explicit that Kenya should expect no favors from him due to his heritage.[31] Despite concerns regarding favoritism, the Obama administration did not take a more active role in Kenyan politics like some expected.[31]
The Obama era also saw U.S. assistance to Kenya grew "exponentially," as theU.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) put in a 2012 document. The number of USAID projects had grown significantly enough for the agency to justify hiring additional contractors to help it manage its Kenyan program portfolio. A Statement of Work for the support initiative acknowledged that "the level of U.S.-financed Kenyan operations has outpaced Washington's ability to adequately manage it."[32] Additionally, USAID has faced academic criticism for backing projects that mostly benefit the rich of the Kenya.[33]
The2013 elections in Kenya brought controversy due to the words of theUnited States Assistant Secretary of State at the time,Johnnie Carson.[28] While not endorsing a candidate, he stated that "actions have consequences," implying opposition to the challenger,Uhuru Kenyatta.[28] The Kenyatta presidency was notably cold towards the United States prior to theterrorist attack on Kenya's Westgate mall.[28] The terrorist attack led to more cooperation, as Kenya focused more on counterterror operations.[28]
The2016 election ofPresident Donald Trump did not bring similar enthusiasm to Kenyans.[30][34]
During thePresidency of Joe Biden, Kenya has participated in theUkraine Defense Contact Group andOperation Prosperity Guardian, a military task force meant defense international shipping in theRed Sea fromHouthi attacks.[35] The U.S. has also supported and funded aKenya-led operation to send over 1,000 police forces to Haiti amidst acrisis in the country.[36]
In May 2024, a U.S. official announced President Biden's intent to declare Kenya as amajor non-NATO ally, a move meant to display the president's commitment to Africa, where countries like Russia and China have been competing for influence. Biden later announced that he was working with Congress to designate the country as such.[37] On 22 May, Biden said: "We are launching a new era of economic cooperation between Kenya and America."[38] TheU.S. International Development Finance Corporation is set to announce investments into Kenya's green energy and health, and a plan to cut the country's debt, bringing the institution's total investments into Kenya to US$1.1 billion.[39]
Secretary of StateHillary Clinton visited Nairobi in 2009 and 2012[40] and Secretary of StateJohn Kerry also visited in 2015.[41]
Vice PresidentJoe Biden visited Nairobi in 2010.[42]
PresidentBarack Obama, whosefather is a Kenyan native, became the firstU.S. President to visit Kenya when he visited Nairobi in 2015[43] where he co-hosted the Global Entrepreneurship Summit 2015 with President Uhuru Kenyatta.Uhuru Kenyatta has visited the U.S. on several occasions[44] whilst president. Former presidents Daniel Moi and Mwai Kibaki also visited the U.S. on several occasions.[45]
First Lady of the United States,Melania Trump, visited Kenya in October 2018, to promote health and education initiatives[46]
Kenyan PresidentWilliam Ruto and his wife,Rachel, made a three-day state visit to the U.S. in May 2024, where a state dinner with PresidentJoe Biden was prepared for them.[35] It was the first state visit by a Kenyan leader in two decades and by an African leader in over 15 years.[47][48]
This article incorporatespublic domain material fromU.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets.United States Department of State.
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Media related toRelations of Kenya and the United States at Wikimedia Commons
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