| Kentish Old English | |
|---|---|
| Native to | England |
| Region | Parts ofSouth East England |
| Ethnicity | Anglo-Saxons |
Indo-European
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Early forms | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
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| Part ofa series on |
| Old English |
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Kentish was a southern dialect ofOld English spoken in theAnglo-Saxonkingdom of Kent. It was one of four dialect-groups of Old English, the other three beingMercian,Northumbrian (known collectively as theAnglian dialects), andWest Saxon.
The dialect was spoken in what are now the modern-day Counties ofKent,Surrey,Sussex, southernHampshire and theIsle of Wight by the Germanic settlers, identified byBede asJutes.[1] Such a distinct difference in theAnglo-Saxon settlers of the entire Kingdom of Kent is viewed more sceptically by modern historians.[2]
Although by far the most important surviving Kentish manuscripts are the law codes of the Kentish kings, contained inTextus Roffensis, they were early-twelfth-century copies of much earlier laws, and their spellings and forms of English were modernised and standardised in various ways. This particularly affects the Laws ofHlothhere andEadric.[3] However, some indications of the differences between late-seventh-century Kentish and West Saxon can be made by comparing two contemporaneous laws. The law code of the West-Saxon kingIne was composed at some point between 688 and 694. Clause 20 concerns potential thefts by outsiders (i.e. those not owing allegiance to the kings of Wessex). This was adopted almost word for word by Ine's contemporary, the Kentish kingWihtræd:[4]
| West Saxon:Ine, 20 | Kentish:Wihtræd, 23 |
|---|---|
| Gif feorcund mon oððe fremde butan wege geond wudu gonge [ond] ne hrieme ne horn blawe, for ðeof he bið to profianne, oððe to sleanne oððe to aliesanne.[5] | [23] Gif feorran[-]cumen man oþþe fræmde buton wege gange, [ond] he þonne nawðer ne hryme ne he horn ne blawe, for ðeof he bið to profianne, oþþe to sleanne oþþe to alysenne.[4] |
| If a man who is come from afar or a stranger should go outside the track towards the woods and neither calls out or blows his horn, he is to be regarded as a thief, either to be killed or to be redeemed.[6] | If a man [who is] come from afar or a stranger should go off the track and he then neither calls out nor does he blow his horn, he is to be regarded as a thief, either to be killed or to be redeemed.[4] |
With many words at this point, there is no difference between Kentish and what became the dominant West-Saxon form of English. Other words indicate possible differences in pronunciation (or, at least, of transcribing), such asfremde/ fræmde orgonge/ gange. However, there is little doubt that, even with minor differences in syntax and vocabulary, the two forms were mutually intelligible, at least by this relatively late date in the Anglo-Saxon settlement of southern England.
The principal evidence for Kentish are theOld Kentish Glosses.[7]Henry Sweet included two Kentish charters and a Kentish Psalm (from theVespasian Psalter) in hisAnglo-Saxon Reader; a charter of Oswulf (805-10) and a charter of Abba (835).[8]