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Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A

Coordinates:28°36′30.2″N80°36′15.6″W / 28.608389°N 80.604333°W /28.608389; -80.604333
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Historic launch pad operated by NASA and SpaceX

This article is about the Pad 39A Florida landing zones. For the other landing zones, seeSpaceX landing zone.
Launch Complex 39A
The pad in January 2024 during the launch ofAxiom Mission 3 with theSpaceX Starship launch tower in the background
Map
Launch siteKennedy Space Center
LocationMerritt Island, Florida
Coordinates28°36′30″N80°36′16″W / 28.60833°N 80.60444°W /28.60833; -80.60444
Time zoneUTC−05:00 (EST)
• Summer (DST)
UTC−04:00 (EDT)
Operator
  • NASA (owner, operator 1967–2014)
  • SpaceX (tenant since 2014)
Launch pad4 (2 are Falcon landing zones)
Orbital inclination
range
28.5–55, 66–145°[1]
Pad 39A (main) launch history
StatusActive
Launches213
First launchNovember 9, 1967
Saturn V (Apollo 4)
Last launchSeptember 24, 2025
Falcon 9 Block 5 (IMAP)
Associated
rockets
OLP-x launch history
StatusUnder Construction
Associated
rockets
LZ-x landing history
StatusPlanned
Associated
rockets
LZ-x landing history
StatusPlanned
Associated
rockets
Launch Complex 39--Pad A
Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A is located in Florida
Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A
Show map of Florida
Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A is located in the United States
Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A
Show map of the United States
Area160 acres (65 ha)
Built1964–1968
MPSJohn F. Kennedy Space Center MPS
NRHP reference No.99001638[2]
Added to NRHPJanuary 21, 2000
Map
About OpenStreetMaps
Maps: terms of use
4km
2.5miles
28
28 LC-29
28 LC-29
27
27 LC-25
27 LC-25
26
26 LC-30
26 LC-30
25
25 LC-5 and LC-6
25 LC-5 and LC-6
24
24 LC-26
24 LC-26
23
23 SLC-17
23 SLC-17
22
22 LC-18
22 LC-18
21
21 LC-31 and LC-32
21 LC-31 and LC-32
20
20 LC-21 and LC-22
20 LC-21 and LC-22
19
19 SLC-46
19 SLC-46
18
18 LC-1, LC-2, LC-3, and LC-4
18 LC-1, LC-2, LC-3, and LC-4
17
17 LC-36
17 LC-36
16
16 LC-11
16 LC-11
15
15 LC-12
15 LC-12
14
14 LC-13 (LZ-2)
14 LC-13 (LZ-2)
13
13 LC-14
13 LC-14
12
12 LC-15
12 LC-15
11
11 LC-16
11 LC-16
10
10 LC-19
10 LC-19
9
9 SLC-20
9 SLC-20
8
8 LC-34
8 LC-34
7
7 SLC-37
7 SLC-37
6
6 LC-47
6 LC-47
5
5 SLC-40
5 SLC-40
4
4 SLC-41
4 SLC-41
3
3 LC-48
3 LC-48
2
2 LC-39A
2 LC-39A
1
1 LC-39B
1 LC-39B

  Active pads
  Active pads not used for launches
  Inactive leased pads
  Inactive unleased pads

Launch Complex 39A (LC-39A) is the first ofLaunch Complex 39's threelaunch sub-complexes, located atNASA'sKennedy Space Center inMerritt Island,Florida. The main launch pad, along withLaunch Complex 39B, was built in the 1960s to accommodate theSaturn V launch vehicle, and has been used to support NASAcrewed space flight missions, including the historicApollo 11 moon landing and theSpace Shuttle. Since 2014 the site has been leased bySpaceX and supports launches of theFalcon 9 andFalcon Heavy rockets.[3][4] As of August 2025, there are plans to add twolanding zones forFalcon 9 andFalcon Heavy rockets to conduct to "Return-to-launch-site" landings.[5][6] Other plans include adding an "Orbital Launch Platform" adjacent to the existing Starship launch tower, a catch tower, and other infrastructure to permit Starship launches.[7]

History

[edit]

Apollo program

[edit]

In 1961, U.S.President Kennedy proposed to theU.S. Congress the goal of landing a man on the Moon by the end of the decade. Congressional approval led to the launch of theApollo program, which required a massive expansion of NASA operations, including an expansion of launch operations from the Cape to adjacent Merritt Island to the north and west.[8]

First named Launch Complex 39C,[9] Launch Complex 39A was designed to handle launches of theSaturn V rocket, the largest and most powerful launch vehicle, which would propel the Apollo spacecraft to the Moon. The first launch from Launch Complex 39A occurred in 1967 with the first Saturn V launch, which carried the uncrewedApollo 4 spacecraft. The second uncrewed launch,Apollo 6, also used Pad 39A. With the exception ofApollo 10, which used Pad 39B (due to the "all-up" testing resulting in a 2-month turnaround period), all crewed Apollo-Saturn V launches, commencing withApollo 8, used Pad 39A.

Skylab program

[edit]

Launch Complex 39A was used for the uncrewed launch of the Skylab space station on May 14, 1973. This used a modified Saturn Voriginally built for the cancelled Apollo 18 mission. The subsequent Skylab crewed missions launched from Launch Complex 39B using Saturn IB launch vehicles.

Space Shuttle

[edit]

With the advent of theSpace Shuttle program in the early 1980s, the original structure of the launch pads was remodeled for the needs of the Space Shuttle. The first usage of Pad 39A for the Space Shuttle came in 1979, whenEnterprise was used to check the facilities prior to the first operational launch. Since then, Pad 39A hosted all Space Shuttle launches until January 1986, whenSpace Shuttle Challenger would become the first to launch from pad 39B during the ill-fatedSTS-51-L mission.

During the launch ofDiscovery onSTS-124 on May 31, 2008, the pad at LC-39A suffered extensive damage, in particular to the concrete trench used to deflect the SRBs' flames.[10] The subsequent investigation found that the damage was the result of carbonation of epoxy and corrosion of steel anchors that held therefractory bricks in the trench in place. The damage had been exacerbated by the fact thathydrochloric acid is an exhaust by-product of the solid rocket boosters.[11]

Just as for the first 24 shuttle flights, LC-39A supported the final shuttle flights, starting withSTS-117 in June 2007 and ending with theretirement of the Shuttle fleet in July 2011. In total, Pad 39A hosted 94 launches from 1967 to 2011, including 12 Saturn V rockets and 82 space shuttles.[12] Prior to the SpaceX lease agreement, the pad remained as it was whenAtlantis launched on the final shuttle mission on July 8, 2011, complete with amobile launcher platform. The pad was originally going to be modified for theAres V rocket for theConstellation program in the mid 2010s, looking identical to LC-39B with the three lightning towers.[13] The Ares I was planned to launch on the adjacent 39B but in 2010, the Constellation program was cancelled.

SpaceX

[edit]
KSC DirectorBob Cabana (at podium) announces the signing of the pad 39A lease agreement on April 14, 2014.NASA AdministratorCharles Bolden (far left) andSpaceX COOGwynne Shotwell stand nearby.

Talks for use of the pad were underway between NASA andSpace Florida—theState of Florida'seconomic development agency—as early as 2011, but no deal materialized by 2012, and NASA then pursued other options for removing the pad from the federal government inventory.[14]

By early 2013, NASA publicly announced that it would allow commercial launch providers to lease LC-39A,[15] and followed that, in May 2013, with a formal solicitation for proposals forcommercial use of the pad.[16] There were two competing bids for the commercial use of the launch complex.[17]SpaceX submitted a bid for exclusive use of the launch complex, whileJeff Bezos'Blue Origin submitted a bid for shared non-exclusive use of the complex, so that the launchpad would handle multiple vehicles, and costs could be shared over the long-term. One potential shared user in the Blue Origin plan wasUnited Launch Alliance.[18] Prior to the end of the bid period, and prior to any public announcement by NASA of the results of the process, Blue Origin filed a protest with theU.S.General Accounting Office (GAO) "over what it says is a plan by NASA to award an exclusive commercial lease to SpaceX for use of mothballed space shuttle launch pad 39A".[19] NASA had planned to complete the bid award and have the pad transferred by October 1, 2013, but the protest "will delay any decision until the GAO reaches a decision, expected by mid-December".[19] On December 12, 2013, the GAO denied the protest and sided with NASA, which argued that the solicitation contained no preference on the use of the facility as multi-use or single-use. "The [solicitation] document merely asks bidders to explain their reasons for selecting one approach instead of the other and how they would manage the facility".[20]

On December 13, 2013, NASA announced that it had selected SpaceX as the new commercial tenant.[21] On April 14, 2014, SpaceX signed a lease agreement[22] that gave it a 20-year exclusive lease on LC-39A.[17] SpaceX planned to launch their launch vehicles from the pad and build a new hangar nearby.[17][22][23]Elon Musk, CEO of SpaceX, stated that he wanted to shift most of SpaceX's NASA launches to LC-39A, includingcommercial cargo andcrew missions to theInternational Space Station.[21][24]

Modifications

[edit]

In 2015, SpaceX built theHorizontal Integration Facility (HIF) just outside the perimeter of the existing launch pad in order to house both the Falcon 9 and the Falcon Heavy rockets, and their associated hardware and payloads, during preparation for flight.[25] Both types of launch vehicles are transported from the HIF to the launch pad aboard a Transporter Erector (TE) which rides on rails up the former crawlerway path.[14][25] Also in 2015, the launch mount for the Falcon Heavy was constructed on Pad 39A over the existing infrastructure.[26][27] The work on both the HIF building and the pad was substantially complete by late 2015.[28] A rollout test of the new Transporter Erector was conducted in November 2015.[29]

In February 2016, SpaceX indicated that they had "completed and activated Launch Complex 39A",[30] but still had more work yet to do to support crewed flights. SpaceX originally planned to be ready to accomplish the first launch at pad 39A—of a Falcon Heavy—as early as 2015,[31] as they had architects and engineers working on the new design and modifications since 2013.[32][26] By late 2014, a preliminary date for awet dress rehearsal of the Falcon Heavy was set for no earlier than July 1, 2015.[14] Due to a failure in a June 2015 Falcon 9 launch, SpaceX delayed launching the Falcon Heavy in order to focus on the Falcon 9's failure investigation and its return to flight.[33] In early 2016, considering the busy Falcon 9 launch manifest, it became unclear if the Falcon Heavy would be the first vehicle to launch from Pad 39A, or if one or more Falcon 9 missions would precede a Falcon Heavy launch.[30] In the following months, the Falcon Heavy launch was delayed multiple times and eventually pushed back to February 2018.[34]

SpaceX used the formerFixed Service Structure (FSS) of the Pad 39Alaunch towers and initially intended to extend it above its former 350-foot (110 m) height. It did not need theRotating Service Structure (RSS)[14] and removed it beginning in February 2016.[35]

NASA removed the Orbiter Servicing Arm—with intent to use the space later to build a museum—and thewhite room by which astronauts entered the Space Shuttle.[26] SpaceX indicated in late 2014 that additional levels to the FSS would not be added in the near term.[14] SpaceX planned to eventually add at least two additional levels to the FSS, to providecrew access for theDragon 2 launches.[36]

In August 2018, SpaceX's Crew Access Arm (CAA) was installed on a new level, which was built at the necessary height to enter the Crew Dragon spacecraft atop a Falcon 9 rocket. It very closely resemblesjetways that are frequently found at airports.[37] In September 2018, the refurbished Space Shuttle Emergency Egress System was raised to this new level.

SpaceX added a crew gantry access arm and white room to allow for crew and cargo ingress to the vehicle. The existing Space Shuttle evacuation slide-wire basket system was re-purposed to provide a safe emergency egress for the Dragon crew in the event of an emergency on the pad that does not necessitate using theCrew Dragon's launch abort system".[38]

In 2019, SpaceX began substantial modification to LC 39A in order to begin work on phase 1 of the construction to prepare the facility to launchprototypes of the large 9 m (30 ft)-diametermethalox reusable rocket—Starship—from a launch stand, which would fly from 39A on suborbital test flight trajectories with six or fewerRaptor engines. A second phase of the construction was planned for 2020 to build a much more capable launch mount capable of launching the entire Starship launch vehicle,[39] powered by 33 Raptor engines and producing a total of 72 MN (16,000,000 lbf) liftoff thrust when departing 39A.[40]

In August 2019, SpaceX submitted an Environmental Assessment for the Starship launch system at Kennedy Space Center.[41] This document included plans for the construction of additional structures at LC-39A to support Starship launches, including a dedicated pad, liquid methane tanks, and a Landing Zone.[42] These are separate from the existing structures that support Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches.

In December 2021, SpaceX started construction of a Starship orbital launch pad on the site.[43]

On June 16, 2022, the first tower segment for the Starship orbital pad arrived at LC-39A.[44] Stacking began on June 21, and the Starship launch mount was also under construction.[45] In 2024, an additional Environmental Impact Statement was underway to support an annual launch cadence of 40+ Starship launches.[46]

Launch history

[edit]

The first SpaceX launch from pad 39A wasSpaceX CRS-10 on February 19, 2017, using a Falcon 9 launch vehicle; it was the company's 10th cargo resupply mission to the International Space Station,[47] and the first uncrewed launch from 39A since Skylab.

WhileCape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 40 (SLC-40) was undergoing reconstruction after the loss of theAMOS-6 satellite on September 1, 2016, all SpaceX's east coast launches were from Pad 39A until SLC-40 became operational again in December 2017. These included the May 1, 2017, launch ofNROL-76, the first SpaceX mission for theNational Reconnaissance Office, with a classified payload.[48]

On February 6, 2018, Pad 39A hosted the successful liftoff of the Falcon Heavy on itsmaiden launch, carrying Elon Musk'sTesla Roadster car to space;[49] and the first flight of the human-rated spacecraftDragon 2; (Demo-1) took place there on March 2, 2019.

The second Falcon Heavy flight, carrying theArabsat-6A communications satellite for Arabsat of Saudi Arabia, successfully launched on April 11, 2019. The satellite is to provideKu-band andKa-band communication services for theMiddle East andnorthern Africa, as well as forSouth Africa. The launch was notable as it marked the first time that SpaceX was able to successfully soft-land all three of thereusable booster stages, which were to be refurbished for future launches.[50]

TheCrew Dragon Demo-2 test flight launched with astronautsBob Behnken andDoug Hurley from Launch Complex 39A on 30 May 2020, and docked to pressurised mating adapterPMA-2 on theHarmony module of theISS on 31 May 2020.[51][52][53] The first operationalCommercial Crew missionCrew-1 was launched on November 15,2020.[54]

SpaceX launched theIM-1 robotic lander for NASA'sCommercial Lunar Payload Services program on 15 February 2024,[55] returning the pad to Lunar missions since the end of the Apollo program. The Starlink Group 6-56 mission launched on 8 May 2024, and was the Falcon 9's 83rd launch from LC-39A. That milestone made the rocket family the pad leader for launches from that launch complex, surpassing the Space Shuttle's 82 launches.[56]

Later on, an "Orbital Launch Platform" for Starship with plans to accommodate twolanding zones forFalcon 9 andFalcon Heavy rockets to conduct to "Return-to-launch-site" landings.[5][57][58]

Current status

[edit]
SpaceX's "orbital launch mount" at LC-39A for Starship with "catch arms" visible towards the base of the tower

The private American aerospace manufacturer and space transportation services company SpaceX has been the lease holder as of April 14, 2014.[22] The terms of the agreement gave SpaceX a 20-year exclusive lease to LC-39A.[17] SpaceX has launchedtheir launch vehicles from the pad[17][22][23] since the launch of theSpaceX CRS-10 Dragon resupply mission in 2017,[59] and crewed missions since the launch of theCrew Dragon Demo-2 mission in 2020.[60] Currently Pad 39A is used to host launches of astronauts on thecrewed-version of theDragon space capsule in apublic–private partnership with NASA.[32]

SpaceX assembles its launch vehicles horizontally in a hangar near the pad and transports them horizontally to the pad before erecting the vehicle to vertical for the launch.[32]

Later on, an "Orbital Launch Platform" for Starship with plans to accommodate twolanding zones forFalcon 9 andFalcon Heavy rockets to conduct to "Return-to-launch-site" landings.[5][61][62]

Launch statistics

[edit]
6
12
18
24
30
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025

Apollo and Apollo Applications

[edit]

All flights operated byNASA.

No.DateTime (UTC)Launch vehicleSerial numberMissionResultRemarks
19 November 196712:00Saturn VSA-501Apollo 4SuccessMaiden flight of the Saturn V and first launch from LC-39A.
24 April 196812:00Saturn VSA-502Apollo 6Partial failurePogo oscillations caused a failure of twoJ-2s in theS-II and a relight of theS-IVB, severely changing the planned mission trajectory of theApollo CSM.
321 December 196812:51Saturn VSA-503Apollo 8SuccessFirst crewed launch of the Saturn V and first crewed launch from LC-39A. First crewed launch going beyondlow Earth orbit, inserting intoLunar orbit.
43 March 196916:00Saturn VSA-504Apollo 9
(CSMGumdrop and LMSpider)
SuccessFirst launch of the Saturn V in its full Apollo configuration, flying with anApollo Lunar Module. First American manned flight with acall sign sinceGemini 3'sMolly Brown in 1965.
516 July 196913:32Saturn VSA-506Apollo 11
(CSMColumbia and LMEagle)
SuccessFirst fully operational Apollo flight. First crewedlanding on theMoon and on another celestial body.
614 November 196916:22Saturn VSA-507Apollo 12
(CSMYankee Clipper and LMIntrepid)
SuccessA lightning strike caused the shutdown of the CSM's computer systems, but was successfully restarted mid-flight. First surface rendezvous on another celestial body, landing next toSurveyor 3.
711 April 197019:13Saturn VSA-508Apollo 13
(CSMOdyssey and LMAquarius)
Partial failureLaunch was a success, but mission had to be aborted following a failure in the CSM's service module during the lunar transfer phase.
831 January 197121:03Saturn VSA-509Apollo 14
(CSMKitty Hawk and LMAntares)
Success
926 July 197113:34Saturn VSA-510Apollo 15
(CSMEndeavour and LMFalcon)
SuccessFirst flight of the extended Apollo missions, notably carrying theLunar Roving Vehicle.
1016 April 197217:54Saturn VSA-511Apollo 16
(CSMCasper and LMOrion)
SuccessSecond flight of the extended Apollo missions.
117 December 197205:33Saturn VSA-512Apollo 17
(CSMAmerica and LMChallenger)
SuccessLast crewed launch of the Saturn V, and last of the extended Apollo missions. Most recent crewed flight to the Moon.
1214 May 197317:30Saturn VSA-513SkylabSuccessLast flight of the Saturn V. The S-IVB was replaced with the space station module, while the S-II was modified to make orbit. Payload was extensively damaged during ascent, leading to the loss of the station's micrometeoroid shield and a solar panel.

Space Shuttle

[edit]

All flights operated byNASA.

No.DateTime (UTC)Launch vehicleShuttleMissionResultRemarks
1312 April 198112:00Space ShuttleColumbiaSTS-1SuccessMaiden flight of theSpace Shuttle program, and maiden flight of Space ShuttleColumbia. First Space Shuttle orbital test. First shuttle landing atEdwards.
1412 November 198115:10Space ShuttleColumbiaSTS-2SuccessSecond orbital test.
1522 March 198216:00Space ShuttleColumbiaSTS-3SuccessThird orbital test. Only shuttle landing atWhite Sands.
1627 June 198215:00Space ShuttleColumbiaSTS-4SuccessFourth and final Space Shuttle orbital test. First flight for theDepartment of Defense.
1711 November 198212:19Space ShuttleColumbiaSTS-5Success
184 April 198318:30Space ShuttleChallengerSTS-6SuccessMaiden flight of Space ShuttleChallenger. Launch and deployment ofTDRS-1 (as TDRS-A). First launch for theTracking and Data Relay Satellite System.
1918 June 198311:33Space ShuttleChallengerSTS-7SuccessFirst crewed American flight with a female astronaut,Sally Ride.
2030 August 198306:32Space ShuttleChallengerSTS-8SuccessFirst night launch and night landing of a Shuttle. First crewed flight with an African-American astronaut,Guion Bluford.
2128 November 198316:00Space ShuttleColumbiaSTS-9SuccessFirst mission usingSpacelab.
223 February 198413:00Space ShuttleChallengerSTS-41-BSuccessFirst shuttle landing at theShuttle Landing Facility.
236 April 198413:58Space ShuttleChallengerSTS-41-CSuccessRepair mission for theSolar Maximum Mission satellite launched in 1980. Also deployed theLong Duration Exposure Facility, aiming to study long-term data placed in an outer space environment.
2430 August 198412:41Space ShuttleDiscoverySTS-41-DSuccessMaiden flight of Space ShuttleDiscovery.
255 October 198411:03Space ShuttleChallengerSTS-41-GSuccessDeployment ofEarth Radiation Budget Satellite, aiming to studyEarth's energy budget.
268 November 198412:15Space ShuttleDiscoverySTS-51-ASuccess
2724 January 198519:50Space ShuttleDiscoverySTS-51-CSuccessDoD mission. Deployment ofMagnum satellite, also known as USA-8.
2812 April 198513:59Space ShuttleDiscoverySTS-51-DSuccess
2929 April 198516:02Space ShuttleChallengerSTS-51-BSuccess
3017 June 198511:33Space ShuttleDiscoverySTS-51-GSuccess
3129 July 198522:00Space ShuttleChallengerSTS-51-FSuccessMission was ultimately a success, but a faulty temperature reading caused an early shutdown of one of theRS-25s, forcing anabort to orbit. Insertion was thus much lower than planned altitude.
3227 August 198510:58Space ShuttleDiscoverySTS-51-ISuccess
333 October 198515:15Space ShuttleAtlantisSTS-51-JSuccessMaiden flight of Space ShuttleAtlantis. DoD mission. Deployment of twoDefense Satellite Communications System satellites, also known as USA-11 and USA-12.
3430 October 198517:00Space ShuttleChallengerSTS-61-ASuccessFinal successful flight of Space ShuttleChallenger.
3527 November 198500:29Space ShuttleAtlantisSTS-61-BSuccess
3612 January 198611:55Space ShuttleColumbiaSTS-61-CSuccessLast Space Shuttle flight before theChallenger disaster. Carried SenatorBill Nelson onboard.
379 January 199012:35Space ShuttleColumbiaSTS-32SuccessFirst flight from LC-39A following the Space Shuttle's return to flight in 1988. Retrieval of theLong Duration Exposure Facility.
3828 February 199007:50Space ShuttleAtlantisSTS-36SuccessDoD mission. Deployment ofMisty satellite, also known as USA-53. Shuttle mission with the highest inclination, at 62°. Originally planned to launch fromSLC-6 atVandenberg, prior to the West Coast shuttle program's cancellation post-Challenger.
3915 November 199023:48Space ShuttleAtlantisSTS-38SuccessDoD mission. Deployment ofSDS satellite, also known as USA-67.
4028 April 199111:33Space ShuttleDiscoverySTS-39SuccessDoD mission. Performed a variety of experiments.
412 August 199115:02Space ShuttleAtlantisSTS-43SuccessLaunch and deployment ofTDRS-5 (as TDRS-E) for theTracking and Data Relay Satellite System.
4212 September 199123:11Space ShuttleDiscoverySTS-48SuccessLaunch and deployment of theUpper Atmosphere Research Satellite.
4324 November 199123:44Space ShuttleAtlantisSTS-44SuccessDoD mission. Deployment ofDefense Support Program satellite, also known as USA-75.
4422 January 199214:52Space ShuttleDiscoverySTS-42Success
4524 March 199213:13Space ShuttleAtlantisSTS-45Success
4625 June 199216:12Space ShuttleColumbiaSTS-50Success
472 December 199213:24Space ShuttleDiscoverySTS-53SuccessLast flight for the DoD. Deployment ofSDS satellite, also known as USA-89.
4826 April 199314:50Space ShuttleColumbiaSTS-55Success
493 February 199412:10Space ShuttleDiscoverySTS-60SuccessFirst shuttle mission to fly with a Russian cosmonaut,Sergei Krikalev.
509 April 199411:05Space ShuttleEndeavourSTS-59SuccessFirst flight of Space ShuttleEndeavour from 39A.
518 July 199404:43Space ShuttleColumbiaSTS-65Success
5230 September 199411:16Space ShuttleEndeavourSTS-68Success
532 March 199506:38Space ShuttleEndeavourSTS-67Success
5427 June 199519:32Space ShuttleAtlantisSTS-71SuccessFirst Shuttle docking with theMir space station.
557 September 199515:09Space ShuttleEndeavourSTS-69Success
5612 November 199512:30Space ShuttleAtlantisSTS-74SuccessDocking withMir. Launch and delivery of theMir Docking Module to the station.
5716 September 199608:54Space ShuttleAtlantisSTS-79SuccessDocking withMir.
5811 February 199708:55Space ShuttleDiscoverySTS-82SuccessServicing mission for theHubble Space Telescope.
594 April 199719:20Space ShuttleColumbiaSTS-83SuccessMission cut short because of a fuel cell issue.
6015 May 199708:07Space ShuttleAtlantisSTS-84SuccessDocking withMir.
611 July 199718:02Space ShuttleColumbiaSTS-94SuccessReflight of STS-83.
627 August 199714:41Space ShuttleDiscoverySTS-85Success
6325 September 199714:34Space ShuttleAtlantisSTS-86SuccessDocking withMir.
6423 January 199802:48Space ShuttleEndeavourSTS-89SuccessDocking withMir.
652 June 199822:06Space ShuttleDiscoverySTS-91SuccessLast shuttle mission toMir.
664 December 199808:35Space ShuttleEndeavourSTS-88SuccessFirst flight to theInternational Space Station and first ISS assembly flight. Added theUnity Node 1 module.
6711 February 200016:43Space ShuttleEndeavourSTS-99Success
6819 May 200010:11Space ShuttleAtlantisSTS-101SuccessDocking with theISS.
6911 October 200023:17Space ShuttleDiscoverySTS-92SuccessISS assembly flight, adding theZ1 truss.
707 February 200123:13Space ShuttleAtlantisSTS-98SuccessISS assembly flight, adding theDestiny US Lab module.
7119 April 200118:40Space ShuttleEndeavourSTS-100SuccessISS assembly flight, adding theMobile Servicing System.
7210 August 200121:10Space ShuttleDiscoverySTS-105SuccessDocking with theISS.
731 March 200211:22Space ShuttleColumbiaSTS-109SuccessServicing mission for theHubble Space Telescope. Final successful flight of Space ShuttleColumbia.
745 June 200221:22Space ShuttleEndeavourSTS-111SuccessDocking with theISS.
7524 November 200200:49Space ShuttleEndeavourSTS-113SuccessISS assembly flight, adding theP1 truss. Last shuttle flight before theColumbia disaster.
7616 January 200315:39Space ShuttleColumbiaSTS-107FailureLaunch and orbital operations were a success, but damage to thethermal protection system during ascent resulted in breakup during reentry, causing theSpace ShuttleColumbia disaster.
778 June 200723:38Space ShuttleAtlantisSTS-117SuccessISS assembly flight, adding theS3/S4 truss and solar arrays. First launch from 39A following the shuttle's return to service in 2005.
788 August 200723:36Space ShuttleEndeavourSTS-118SuccessISS assembly flight, adding theS5 truss.
7923 October 200715:38Space ShuttleDiscoverySTS-120SuccessISS assembly flight, adding theHarmony Node 2 module.
807 February 200819:45Space ShuttleAtlantisSTS-122SuccessISS assembly flight, adding theColumbus European Laboratory module.
8111 March 200806:28Space ShuttleEndeavourSTS-123SuccessISS assembly flight, adding theExperiment Logistics Module-Pressurized Section andDextre.
8231 May 200821:02Space ShuttleDiscoverySTS-124SuccessISS assembly flight, adding theKibō Japanese Experiment Module.
8315 November 200800:55Space ShuttleEndeavourSTS-126SuccessDocking with theISS.
8415 March 200923:43Space ShuttleDiscoverySTS-119SuccessISS assembly flight, adding theS6 solar array and truss.
8511 May 200918:01Space ShuttleAtlantisSTS-125SuccessFinal servicing mission for theHubble Space Telescope, and final non-ISS Space Shuttle mission.
8615 July 200922:03Space ShuttleEndeavourSTS-127SuccessISS assembly flight, adding theJapanese Experiment Module Exposed Facility.
8729 August 200903:59Space ShuttleDiscoverySTS-128SuccessDocking with theISS. Final shuttle landing at Edwards.
8816 November 200919:28Space ShuttleAtlantisSTS-129SuccessDocking with theISS.
898 February 201009:14Space ShuttleEndeavourSTS-130SuccessISS assembly flight, adding theTranquility Node 3 module andCupola.
905 April 201010:21Space ShuttleDiscoverySTS-131SuccessDocking with theISS. Final night launch of the Space Shuttle.
9114 May 201018:20Space ShuttleAtlantisSTS-132SuccessISS assembly flight, adding theRassvet Mini-Research module.
9224 February 201121:53Space ShuttleDiscoverySTS-133SuccessISS assembly flight, adding theLeonardo Permanent Multipurpose Module. Final daytime shuttle landing, and final flight of Space ShuttleDiscovery.
9316 May 201112:56Space ShuttleEndeavourSTS-134SuccessISS assembly flight, adding theAlpha Magnetic Spectrometer. Final flight of Space ShuttleEndeavour.
948 July 201115:29Space ShuttleAtlantisSTS-135SuccessDocking with theISS. Final flight of Space ShuttleAtlantis, final manned launch from the United States until 2020, and the final flight of the Space Shuttle program.

Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy

[edit]

All flights operated bySpaceX.

Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy (2017-2022)

[edit]
No.DateTime (UTC)Launch VehicleBooster flight[a]Payload/missionResultRemarks
9519 February 201714:39Falcon 9 Full Thrust1031‑1SpaceX CRS-10SuccessISS resupply flight. FirstFalcon 9 launch from LC-39A, and first unmanned launch from 39A since Skylab in 1973. Originally planned to launch fromSLC-40, but theAMOS-6 preclusion rendered that pad out of use until repairs.
9616 March 201706:00Falcon 9 Full Thrust1030EchoStar 23SuccessFirst uncrewed launch not to the ISS from LC-39A since Apollo 6 in 1968. First stage expended.
9730 March 201722:27Falcon 9 Full Thrust1021‑2SES-10SuccessFirst ever reflight of a previously used Falcon 9 first stage, being previously flown in 2016 as part ofSpaceX CRS-8.
981 May 201711:15Falcon 9 Full Thrust1032‑1NROL-76SuccessNRO launch. Unknown satellite, also known as USA-276. First classified Falcon 9 flight and first SpaceX flight for theNational Reconnaissance Office.
9915 May 201723:21Falcon 9 Full Thrust1034‑1Inmarsat-5 F4Success
1003 June 201721:07Falcon 9 Full Thrust1035‑1SpaceX CRS-11SuccessISS resupply flight. Launched and deliveredROSA andNICER. First flight of a reusedDragon capsule, previously flown as part ofSpaceX CRS-4.
10123 June 201719:10Falcon 9 Full Thrust1029‑2BulgariaSat-1Success
1025 July 201723:38Falcon 9 Full Thrust1037Intelsat 35eSuccessFirst stage expended.
10314 August 201716:31Falcon 9 Block 41039‑1SpaceX CRS-12SuccessISS resupply flight. First Block 4 launch.
1047 September 201714:00Falcon 9 Block 41040‑1X-37B OTV-5SuccessFifth flight of theBoeing X-37B. First X-37B flight not launched on anAtlas V.
10511 October 201722:53Falcon 9 Full Thrust1031‑2SES-11 /EchoStar 105Success
10630 October 201719:34Falcon 9 Block 41042‑1Koreasat 5ASuccess
1076 February 201820:45Falcon Heavy1033 (core)
1023‑2, 1025‑2 (sides)
Falcon Heavy test flightSuccessMaiden launch of Falcon Heavy and first of twoNational Security Space Launch certification launches. PlacedElon Musk's Tesla Roadster intoheliocentric orbit. Boosters successfully recovered, but core stage was lost. First flight from LC-39A since SLC-40 was reactivated.
10811 May 201820:14Falcon 9 Block 51046‑1Bangabandhu-1SuccessFirst Block 5 launch.
10915 November 201820:46Falcon 9 Block 51047‑2Es'hail 2Success
1102 March 201907:19Falcon 9 Block 51051‑1Crew Dragon Demo-1
(Dragon C204)
SuccessMaiden flight ofCrew Dragon and first SpaceX demonstration flight for theCommercial Crew Program, docking with theISS. Only flight of Dragon C204 before it was accidentally destroyed during a test.
11111 April 201922:35Falcon Heavy1055 (core)
1052‑1, 1053‑1 (sides)
Arabsat-6ASuccessFirst Block 5 Falcon Heavy launch and second of twoNational Security Space Launch certification launches. All three cores safely landed, but the core stage tipped over during transport back toPort Canaveral.
11225 June 201906:30Falcon Heavy1057 (core)
1052‑2, 1053‑2 (sides)
STP-2SuccessFirst DoD flight for Falcon Heavy, and successful recovery of a fairing.
11319 January 202015:30Falcon 9 Block 51046‑4Crew Dragon in-flight abort test
(Dragon C205)
SuccessSuborbital flight. Falcon 9 was deliberately destroyed 85 seconds in to simulate a failure atmaxq. Dragon capsule then separated and followed an abort procedure. Only flight of Crew Dragon C205.
11418 March 202012:16Falcon 9 Block 51048‑5Starlink 5 (v1.0)SuccessFirstStarlink launch from LC-39A.
11522 April 202019:30Falcon 9 Block 51051‑4Starlink 6 (v1.0)Success
11630 May 202019:22Falcon 9 Block 51058‑1Crew Dragon Demo-2
(DragonEndeavour)
SuccessMaiden crewed flight of a Falcon 9 and the first crewed flight from the United States sinceSTS-135 in 2011, carrying astronautsBob Behnken andDoug Hurley to theISS. Maiden flight of Crew DragonEndeavour.
1177 August 202005:12Falcon 9 Block 51051‑5Starlink 9 (v1.0)Success
1183 September 202012:46Falcon 9 Block 51060‑2Starlink 11 (v1.0)Success
1196 October 202011:29Falcon 9 Block 51058‑3Starlink 12 (v1.0)Success
12018 October 202012:25Falcon 9 Block 51051‑6Starlink 13 (v1.0)Success
12116 November 202000:27Falcon 9 Block 51061‑1SpaceX Crew-1
(DragonResilience)
SuccessFirst crew rotation mission of theCommercial Crew Program to theISS and maiden flight of Crew DragonResilience.
1226 December 202016:17Falcon 9 Block 51058‑4SpaceX CRS-21SuccessISS resupply flight. Launched and delivered theNanoracks Bishop Airlock. Maiden flight ofCargo Dragon 2.
12319 December 202014:00Falcon 9 Block 51059‑5NROL-108SuccessNRO launch. Two reportedStarshield satellites, also known as USA-312 and USA-313.
12420 January 202113:02Falcon 9 Block 51051‑8Starlink 16 (v1.0)Success
1254 March 202108:24Falcon 9 Block 51049‑8Starlink 17 (v1.0)Success
12614 March 202110:01Falcon 9 Block 51051‑9Starlink 21 (v1.0)Success
12723 April 202109:49Falcon 9 Block 51061‑2SpaceX Crew-2
(DragonEndeavour)
SuccessISS crew rotation flight.
1284 May 202119:01Falcon 9 Block 51049‑9Starlink 25 (v1.0)Success
12915 May 202122:56Falcon 9 Block 51058‑8Starlink 25 (v1.0)Success
1303 June 202117:29Falcon 9 Block 51067‑1SpaceX CRS-22SuccessISS resupply flight. Launched and delivered the first set ofiROSA solar panels.
13129 August 202107:14Falcon 9 Block 51061‑4SpaceX CRS-23SuccessISS resupply flight.
13216 September 202100:02Falcon 9 Block 51062‑3Inspiration4
(DragonResilience)
SuccessFirst private crewed orbital spaceflight, being commanded by entrepreneurJared Isaacman. First non-ISS American crewed spaceflight sinceSTS-125 in 2009, first splashdown in theAtlantic Ocean sinceApollo 9 in 1969, and set highest crewed altitude record sinceSTS-103 in 1999.
13311 November 202102:03Falcon 9 Block 51067‑2SpaceX Crew-3
(DragonEndurance)
SuccessISS crew rotation flight. Maiden flight of Crew DragonEndurance.
1349 December 202106:00Falcon 9 Block 51061‑5Imaging X-ray Polarimetry ExplorerSuccessPart of theExplorers Program. Launch consisted of three identical telescope tasked with x-ray astronomy.
13521 December 202110:06Falcon 9 Block 51069‑1SpaceX CRS-24SuccessISS resupply flight.
1366 January 202221:49Falcon 9 Block 51062‑4Starlink Group 4–5Success
13719 January 202202:02Falcon 9 Block 51060‑10Starlink Group 4–6Success
1383 February 202218:13Falcon 9 Block 51061‑6Starlink Group 4–7Success
1393 March 202214:25Falcon 9 Block 51060‑11Starlink Group 4–9Success
1408 April 202215:17Falcon 9 Block 51062‑5Axiom Mission 1
(DragonEndeavour)
SuccessDocking with theISS. First private crewed flight to the ISS.
14127 April 202207:52Falcon 9 Block 51067‑4SpaceX Crew-4
(DragonFreedom)
SuccessISS crew rotation flight. Maiden flight of Crew DragonFreedom.
1426 May 202209:46Falcon 9 Block 51058‑12Starlink Group 4–17Success
14318 May 202210:59Falcon 9 Block 51052‑5Starlink Group 4–18Success
14417 June 202216:09Falcon 9 Block 51060‑13Starlink Group 4–19Success
14515 July 202200:44Falcon 9 Block 51067‑5SpaceX CRS-25SuccessISS resupply flight.
14624 July 202213:38Falcon 9 Block 51062‑8Starlink Group 4–25Success
14710 August 202202:14Falcon 9 Block 51073‑3Starlink Group 4–26Success
14811 September 202201:20Falcon 9 Block 51058‑14Starlink Group 4–20Success
1495 October 202216:00Falcon 9 Block 51077‑1SpaceX Crew-5
(DragonEndurance)
SuccessISS crew rotation flight.
1501 November 202213:41Falcon Heavy1066 (core)
1064‑1, 1065‑1 (sides)
USSF-44SuccessLaunch for theUnited States Space Force. Eight technology demonstration satellites, also known as USA-339, 340, 341, 344, 399, 546, 547, and 548. Core stage expended.
15126 November 202219:20Falcon 9 Block 51076‑1SpaceX CRS-26SuccessISS resupply flight. Launched and delivered the second set ofiROSA solar panels.
1528 December 202222:27Falcon 9 Block 51069‑4OneWeb Flight #15Success
15317 December 202221:32Falcon 9 Block 51058‑15Starlink Group 4–37Success

Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy (since 2023)

[edit]
No.DateTime (UTC)Launch VehicleBooster flight[a]Payload/missionResultRemarks
15415 January 202322:56Falcon Heavy1070 (core)
1064‑2, 1065‑2 (sides)
USSF-67SuccessLaunch for theUnited States Space Force. CBAS satellite, also known as USA-342. Core stage expended.
1552 February 202307:58Falcon 9 Block 51069‑5Starlink Group 5–3Success
1562 March 202305:34Falcon 9 Block 51078‑1SpaceX Crew-6
(DragonEndeavour)
SuccessISS crew rotation flight.
15715 March 202300:30Falcon 9 Block 51073‑7SpaceX CRS-27SuccessISS resupply flight.
1581 May 202300:26Falcon Heavy1068 (core)
1052‑8, 1053‑3 (sides)
ViaSat-3 AmericasSuccessHeaviest all-electric satellite launched into orbit. All three boosters expended.
15921 May 202321:37Falcon 9 Block 51080‑1Axiom Mission 2
(DragonFreedom)
SuccessPrivate crewed docking to theISS.
1605 June 202315:47Falcon 9 Block 51077‑5SpaceX CRS-28SuccessISS resupply flight. Launched and delivered the third set ofiROSA solar panels.
16129 July 202303:04Falcon Heavy1074 (core)
1064‑3, 1065‑3 (sides)
EchoStar-24SuccessHeaviest geostationary satellite ever launched. Core stage expended.
16226 August 202307:27Falcon 9 Block 51081‑1SpaceX Crew-7
(DragonEndurance)
SuccessISS crew rotation flight.
1634 September 202302:47Falcon 9 Block 51073‑10Starlink Group 6–12Success
16413 October 202314:19Falcon Heavy1079 (core)
1064‑4, 1065‑4 (sides)
PsycheSuccessPart of theDiscovery Program, aimed at studying16 Psyche. First Falcon Heavy launch towards another celestial body. Core stage expended.
16510 November 202301:28Falcon 9 Block 51081‑2SpaceX CRS-29SuccessISS resupply flight.
16629 December 202301:07Falcon Heavy1084 (core)
1064‑5, 1065‑5 (sides)
X-37B OTV-7SuccessSeventh flight of theX-37B. First X-37B flight tomedium Earth orbit, and first flight on a Falcon Heavy. Core stage expended.
16718 January 202421:49Falcon 9 Block 51080‑5Axiom Mission 3
(DragonFreedom)
SuccessPrivate crewed docking to theISS.
168January 29, 202401:10Falcon 9 Block 51062‑18Starlink Group 6–38Success
16915 February 202406:05Falcon 9 Block 51060‑18IM-1SuccessPart of theCommercial Lunar Payload Services program. First launch ofIntuitive Machines'Nova-C Lunar lander. Second mission and first successful flight of the program. First launch to theMoon from 39A since Apollo 17 in 1972.
1704 March 202403:53Falcon 9 Block 51083‑1SpaceX Crew-8
(DragonEndeavour)
SuccessISS crew rotation flight.
17116 March 202400:21Falcon 9 Block 51062‑19Starlink Group 6–44Success
17224 March 202403:09Falcon 9 Block 51060‑19Starlink Group 6–42Success
17330 March 202421:52Falcon 9 Block 51076‑12Eutelsat 36DSuccess
1747 April 202423:16Falcon 9 Block 51073‑14Bandwagon-1SuccessFirst SpaceX dedicated rideshare mission from LC-39A.
17517 April 202421:26Falcon 9 Block 51077‑12Starlink Group 6–51Success
17628 April 202400:34Falcon 9 Block 51060‑20Galileo-L12SuccessPart of theGalileo satellite navigation system. First Gallileo launch from the United States, following development issues withAriane 6. First stage expended.
1778 May 202418:42Falcon 9 Block 51083‑3Starlink Group 6–56Success
17824 May 202402:45Falcon 9 Block 51077‑13Starlink Group 6–63Success
17925 June 202421:26Falcon Heavy1087 (core)
1072‑1, 1086‑1 (sides)
GOES-19SuccessPart of theGeostationary Operational Environmental Satellite system of satellites. Launched as GOES-U. First GOES launch on a SpaceX rocket. Core stage expended.
18027 July 202405:45Falcon 9 Block 51069‑17Starlink Group 10–9Success
1812 August 202405:01Falcon 9 Block 51078‑12Starlink Group 10–6Success
18212 August 202410:37Falcon 9 Block 51073‑17Starlink Group 10–7Success
18310 September 202409:23Falcon 9 Block 51083‑4Polaris Dawn
(DragonResilience)
SuccessFirst mission of the privatePolaris Program, commanded byJared Isaacman. First ever privatespacewalk, conducted by Isaacman andSarah Gillis. Set non-Apollo crewed altitude record sinceGemini 11 in 1966, and contributed to current record of most people in orbit, at 19.
18414 October 202416:06Falcon Heavy1089 (core)
1064‑6, 1065‑6 (sides)
Europa ClipperSuccessPart of theLarge Strategic Science Missions, aimed at studyingJupiter and its moonEuropa. First Falcon Heavy launch to another planet. All three boosters expended.
1855 November 202402:29Falcon 9 Block 51083‑5SpaceX CRS-31SuccessISS resupply flight.
18611 November 202417:22Falcon 9 Block 51067‑23Koreasat 6ASuccess
18717 November 202422:28Falcon 9 Block 51077‑16Optus-X/TD7Success
18827 November 202404:41Falcon 9 Block 51078‑15Starlink Group 6–76Success
1895 December 202416:10Falcon 9 Block 51076‑19SXM-9Success
19017 December 202422:26Falcon 9 Block 51090‑1O3b mPOWER 7 & 8Success
19123 December 202405:35Falcon 9 Block 51080‑14Starlink Group 12–2Success
19231 December 202405:39Falcon 9 Block 51078‑16Starlink Group 12–6Success
1938 January 202515:27Falcon 9 Block 51086‑3Starlink Group 12–11Success
19415 January 202506:11Falcon 9 Block 51085‑5Blue Ghost Mission 1 /Hakuto-R Mission 2SuccessPart of theCommercial Lunar Payload Services program for Blue Ghost, private mission for Hakuto-R. First launch ofFirefly Aerospace'sBlue Ghost and second launch ofispace'sHakuto-R Lunar landers. Blue Ghost became first completely successful CLPS mission. Hakuto-R crashed into lunar surface during final descent.
19521 January 202505:24Falcon 9 Block 51083‑8Starlink Group 13–1Success
19630 January 202501:34Falcon 9 Block 51073‑21Spainsat NG ISuccessFirst stage expended.
1974 February 202523:13Falcon 9 Block 51086‑4WorldView Legion 5 & 6Success
19827 February 202500:16Falcon 9 Block 51083‑9IM-2SuccessPart of theCommercial Lunar Payload Services program. Second flight ofNova-C. Flight contained secondary payloadsLunar Trailblazer,Brokkr-2, and Chimera-1.
19914 March 202523:03Falcon 9 Block 51069‑22SpaceX Crew-10
(DragonEndurance)
SuccessISS crew rotation flight.
2001 April 202501:46Falcon 9 Block 51085‑6Fram2
(DragonResilience)
SuccessPrivate crewed mission, commanded byChun Wang. First ever crewed mission to go intopolar orbit, and first polar launch from LC-39A.
20113 April 202500:53Falcon 9 Block 51083‑10Starlink Group 12–17Success
20221 April 202508:15Falcon 9 Block 51092‑3SpaceX CRS-32SuccessISS resupply flight.
20329 April 202502:34Falcon 9 Block 51094‑1Starlink Group 12–10Success
2044 May 202508:54Falcon 9 Block 51078‑20Starlink Group 6–84Success
20513 May 202505:02Falcon 9 Block 51067‑28Starlink Group 6–83Success
20628 May 202513:30Falcon 9 Block 51080‑19Starlink Group 10–32Success
20725 June 202506:31Falcon 9 Block 51094‑2Axiom Mission 4
(DragonGrace)
SuccessPrivate crewed docking to theISS. Maiden flight of Crew DragonGrace.
2081 July 202521:04Falcon 9 Block 51085‑9MTG-S1/Sentinel-4ASuccessSentinel-4A part ofESA'sCopernicus Programme series ofearth observation satellites. First Sentinel launch from Cape Canaveral.
2091 August 202515:43Falcon 9 Block 51094‑3SpaceX Crew-11
(DragonEndeavour)
SuccessISS crew rotation flight. Final booster landing atLZ-1.
21022 August 202503:50Falcon 9 Block 51092‑6X-37B OTV-8SuccessEighth flight of theBoeing X-37B, also known asUSSF-36. Third launch from Falcon.
21128 August 202508:12Falcon 9 Block 51067‑30Starlink Group 10–11SuccessFirst time a booster reached 30 flights.
2125 September 202512:32Falcon 9 Block 51069‑27Starlink Group 10-57Success
21324 September 202511:30Falcon 9 Block 51096‑2Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration ProbeSuccessPart of theSolar Terrestrial Probes program, designed to observeparticle acceleration andsolar wind interaction with theinterstellar medium. Launched alongsideSWFO-L1 and theCarruthers Geocorona Observatory.

Gallery

[edit]
  • Apollo 11 launch at LC-39A (1969)
    Apollo 11 launch at LC-39A (1969)
  • Space Shuttle Enterprise at LC-39A during the fit check tests (1979)
    Space Shuttle Enterprise at LC-39A during the fit check tests (1979)
  • Space Shuttle Atlantis at LC-39A (2007)
    Space Shuttle Atlantis at LC-39A (2007)
  • Deluge system test at pad 39A (2017)
  • SpaceX Horizontal Integration Facility (HIF)
    SpaceX Horizontal Integration Facility (HIF)
  • Falcon Heavy at LC-39A (2019)
    Falcon Heavy at LC-39A (2019)
  • Construction of the future launch tower for the dedicated SpaceX Starship launch pad at LC-39A (2022)
    Construction of the future launch tower for the dedicated SpaceX Starship launch pad at LC-39A (2022)

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^abFalcon 9 first-stage boosters have a four-digit serial number. A hyphen followed by a number indicates the flight count. For example, B1021‑1 and B1021‑2 represent the first and second flights of boosterB1021. Boosters without a hyphen were expended on their first flight.

Citations

[edit]
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28°36′30.2″N80°36′15.6″W / 28.608389°N 80.604333°W /28.608389; -80.604333

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