Scholars in the fields of religious studies, law, and sociology describe NXIVM as a cult.[7][8][9][10] Mental health professionals and cult experts such asRick Alan Ross, Diane Benscoter, andSteve Hassan have called Raniere a cult leader whomanipulates and exertscoercive control over his followers.[11][12][13] Multiple women have said they weresexually abused by Raniere, including three who have reported being underage at the time of the abuse.[14]
In 2018, reports of abuse related to a secret society within NXIVM, known as "DOS" or "the Vow", led to the arrests of Raniere and five other NXIVM associates.[6][15][16] On June 19, 2019, a jury in theEastern District of New York convicted Raniere of racketeering for a pattern of crimes, including the sexual exploitation of a child, sex trafficking of women, and conspiracy to commitforced labor.[1][17] The court received more than 100victim impact statements detailing the harm Raniere caused.[18][19] On October 27, 2020, JudgeNicholas Garaufis sentenced Raniere to 120 years' incarceration and a $1.75 million fine.[20][21]
Raniere was born on August 26, 1960, inBrooklyn,New York, the only child of James Raniere (1932–2020), an advertising executive, and Vera Oschypko (1931–1978), a ballroom-dancing instructor.[22][23][24] When Raniere was five years old, his family relocated toSuffern, New York. His parentsseparated when he was aged eight.[25][26]
Describing a conversation with Raniere's father, his former partner, Barbara Bouchey, recalled, "[James] said ... [they] told Keith about how gifted and how intelligent he was. And he said it was almost like a switch went off. And suddenly, overnight, [Raniere] turned into ...Jesus Christ ... [thinking] he was superior and better than everybody, like he was a deity. [James] said it was that [snaps] dramatic and that profound; he said it went right to [Raniere's] head."[32] According to Bouchey, Raniere's mother also reported hearing "dozens of young girls ... calling the house, and [that Raniere] ... was telling every single girl the same thing: 'I love you. You're the special one. You're important. You are the only one in my life, and I love you.' And Vera says, 'He's saying this to all these girls. He's clearly lying 'cause all of them are not special!'"[32]
In June 1988, theAlbanyTimes Union profiled Raniere, reporting on his membership in theMega Society after he achieved a high score on the MEGA test, an unsupervised, 48-question test published in the April 1985 issue ofOmni magazine.[33][34] Although the MEGA test has been widely criticized as not having been properly validated, the 1989 edition of theGuinness Book of World Records (the last edition to include a category for highestIQ)[35] described the Mega Society as "the most exclusive ultrahigh IQ society", and the 1989 Australian edition identified Raniere,Marilyn vos Savant, andEric Hart as the highest-scoring members of the group.[25][36][37][38]
Throughout the 1980s, Raniere was involved with themulti-level marketing companyAmway.[23][25] In 1990, he founded a multi-level marketing company of his own, Consumers' Buyline Inc. (CBI),[39] a buying club that offered discounts in exchange for recruitment.[40]At a CBI pitch meeting, Raniere met Toni Natalie,[41] who subsequently became a top seller for the organization, along with her then-husband.[41] Natalie and her son later moved toClifton Park, New York, to be near Raniere; her marriage ended shortly thereafter. Natalie and Raniere dated for the next eight years.[41]
In 1993, CBI began to decline, and regulators in twenty states launched investigations into the entity. New York State filed a lawsuit alleging that CBI was apyramid scheme.[42] In 1994, Raniere created National Health Network, a multi-level seller of vitamins;[29][43] that business failed three years later.[44] In 1996, Raniere signed aconsent order with New York State resolving the case against CBI;[40] without admitting wrongdoing, he agreed to pay a $40,000fine.[42] He ultimately only paid $9,000 to the state; despite having claimed a multimillion-dollar net worth, he said he was unable to pay the remainder.[42] The consent order also permanently barred Raniere from "promoting, offering or granting participation in a chain distribution scheme".[40]
Nancy said, "You're so wonderful; how can I help you?" So I said, "Well, you can help me with my boyfriend." He had grandiose ideas and his hours were becoming erratic again ... She listened and she said, "Oh that's easy, I can help you. He's asociopath ..." They met, and four days later she came out with the glazed eyes and gave me the, "You don't know who he is", and I was like, "Wow, there goes another one."[45]
Raniere and Salzman founded Executive Success Programs (ESP), a personal-development company offering a range of techniques aimed atself-improvement.[23][46] A few years later, the program was rebranded under the name NXIVM.[32] Raniere "adopted the title 'Vanguard' from afavorite arcade game in which the destruction of one's enemies increased one's own power."[47] Much of NXIVM was influenced by the teachings ofAyn Rand, one of Raniere's favorite authors.[23][46][48] In 2002, Raniere and Salzman succeeded in recruiting members of the influentialBronfman family, heirs to the multibillion-dollarSeagram fortune.[49]Sara Bronfman initially became involved, followed by sisterClare Bronfman. Their father,Edgar Bronfman Sr., took a NXIVM course the following year.[50]
In 2003, billionaireEdgar Bronfman Sr. took a NXIVM course at the encouragement of his daughters. Later that year, he denounced the group as a "cult" in a quote he gave toForbes magazine.
In October 2003, Raniere was featured, cloaked in shadows, on the cover ofForbes magazine, accompanied by the appellation "The World's Strangest Executive Coach".[52] The "devastating" cover story, penned by Michael Freedman and entitled "Cult of Personality", was later described as "a gold mine of previously unpublished information".[39] It discussed Raniere's title of "Vanguard"; detailed the failure of CBI; and included a quote from Edgar Bronfman accusing the organization of being a cult.[39]
Vanity Fair subsequently reported on theForbes article's impact within the group: "People at NXIVM were stunned. Expecting a positive story, the top ranks had spoken toForbes, including Raniere, Salzman, and Sara Bronfman. What upset them above all were Edgar Bronfman's remarks."[39] According toVanity Fair, the article was a turning point in Raniere's relationship with Edgar: one anonymous source said that the article's publication "was when Edgar Bronfman became NXIVM's enemy".[39] A witness at Raniere's trial later testified that Bronfman's computer was compromised and his emails monitored by group members for a period of years.[53]
From January 2005 until late 2007, Raniere lost nearly $70 million incommodities trading.[39] Bouchey spent $1.6 million covering losses of commodities trades which Raniere had made in her name.[32] Raniere suggested to Clare Bronfman that the losses were due tomarket manipulation by her father.[54] Beginning in August 2005, the Bronfman sisters covered the losses, ultimately using $150 million of their own funds in support of Raniere and his organization.[25][39]
Eager to distance themselves from negative allegations, NXIVM members sought the endorsement of the14th Dalai Lama, spending $2 million on the project.[55][56] On May 6, 2009, the Dalai Lama traveled to Albany to give a talk; during the event, he presented Raniere with awhite scarf onstage.[57] The Dalai Lama additionally wrote the foreword to the bookThe Sphinx and Thelxiepeia, which Raniere co-authored in 2009.[58] The prior year, Raniere had co-authored his first book,Odin and The Sphinx.[58] Eight years later, it was revealed that, in 2009, Sara Bronfman had a sexual relationship withLama Tenzin Dhonden, the Dalai Lama's gatekeeper, who arranged the appearance; and who, as a monk, had taken a vow ofcelibacy.[59] Amid accusations of corruption, Dhonden was replaced.[60][61]
In 2009, a group of Raniere's associates called the "NXIVM Nine"—which included his former partner, Barbara Bouchey—broke with the organization, citing "concerns about unethical practices and the alleged abuse of his leadership status to sexually manipulate women in the organization".[40][62][63] In November 2010,Vanity Fair published an article, "The Heiresses and the Cult", in which Natalie, another former partner of Raniere, recalled that he "had insisted she keep the body of her dead puppy in her garage freezer and look at it daily".[39] In a 2010Times Union article, former NXIVM coaches characterized students as "prey" for Raniere to satisfy either hisgambling or sexual proclivities.[64]
KR: You don't have the experience of leadership. You don't have the experience of preserving people's lives with what you say. And the truth of the matter is –
BB: Well, in a way neither do you –
KR: Yes I do.
BB: No you don't, because the only company before this was Consumers Buyline and that, in my understanding, fell apart within a few years ... or was on the downhill after a couple years when you got sued or whatever it was.
KR: That's not ... Well .. Here's the thing ... I've been shot at because of my beliefs ... I have had to make choices: should I have body guards? Should I have them armed or not? I've had people killed ... because of my beliefs and their beliefs.
Kristin Keeffe was a longtime partner of Raniere and the mother of his first child.[65] In 2010, it was reported that Raniere had ordered that the child be kept away from peers and that he was being cared for by nannies speaking five different languages.[39] In February 2014, Keeffe broke up with Raniere and left NXIVM. After she fled theAlbany area with her son, an email bearing her name explained: "I have full sole legal custody of Gaelyn. Keith was experimenting on him. I had to get Gaelyn away."[66] Keeffe publicly described Raniere as "dangerous".[66]
In 2015, Keeffe publicly alleged that Raniere directed the Canadian investigative firm Canaprobe to obtain financial information on six federal judges and aUnited States senator as well as a reporter, an editor, and the publisher of theTimes Union.[65] That same year, Keeffe further alleged that Raniere had planned to lure his critics to Mexico with an invitation to an anti-cult conference; once there, the critics were to be arrested on false charges by order of a local judge who had beenbribed.[32][54][67] Keeffe stated at Raniere's sentencing that he had never paidchild support for their son.[20]
In 2015, Raniere suedAT&T andMicrosoft, alleging they had infringed on hispatents. The following year, the case was dismissed with prejudice. The trial court ruled that Raniere's "conduct throughout this litigation, culminating in his untruthful testimony at the hearing on the motion to dismiss, demonstrates a pattern of obfuscation and bad faith".[68] Raniere was sanctioned and ordered to pay $450,000 in attorneys' fees.[69]
Public accusations of sexually predatory behavior and inappropriate relationships with minors began trailing Raniere in the early 2010s.[31] Soon after his arrest in 2018, prosecutors opposedbail, writing that Raniere had "a decades-long history of abusing women and girls."[70] At his trial, prosecutors introduced evidence that Raniere held views approvingsexual assault,child sexual abuse, andincest.[71][72][73][74]
Raniere's eight-year relationship with Toni Natalie ended in 1999. She later claimed to have been the victim of harassment.[32] In a January 2003 ruling, federal judge Robert Littlefield implied Raniere was using a legal suit to harass his former partner, writing, "This matter smacks of a jilted fellow's attempt at revenge or retaliation against his former girlfriend, with many attempts at tripping her up along the way."[41][75] In 2011, Natalie filed documents in federal court alleging that she had been repeatedlyraped by Raniere.[41]
In 2012, theTimes Union reported that Raniere had three sexual relationships with girls under the age of consent during the 1980s and 1990s;Times Union reporters spoke to the girls and their families.[14] One of the victims, who spoke out on condition of anonymity, said that she met Raniere in 1990, when she was aged 12 and he was aged 30.[31] Raniere offered to tutor the girl, whose mother worked for CBI, and one of his live-in partners, Pamela Cafritz, hired her to walk their dog and encouraged her to visit their townhouse.[31] The woman said that the tutoring sessions were a pretext for sexual encounters and that she and Raniere had over sixty such encounters over a course of months, ending around 1991. In 1993 she received counseling for victims of sex abuse and filed a report with theNew York State Police against Raniere.[31] The complaint was not forwarded to prosecutors because she had declined to weara wire to obtain a confession from Raniere.[31][76][77]
In the 2019 criminal case against Raniere, prosecutors alleged that, starting in 2002, Raniere gained aSvengali-like control over a Mexican family who all moved fromMonterrey to the NXIVM community in Albany.[78][79][80] The three sisters in this family eventually became sexual partners of Raniere.[78] The eldest, Marianna, is the mother of Raniere's second biological child.[81] The middle child, Daniela, testified that she was groomed as a minor and began a sexual relationship with Raniere days after her18th birthday.[82] The youngest, Camila, stated that Raniere began sexually abusing her in 2005, when she was aged 15.[20] The prosecution established that Raniere impregnated each sister at various times and compelled them to obtainabortions. In addition, Daniela testified that Cafritz coached each sister to refuse to answer questions about paternity to prevent his abuse from becoming known to anynurse who might be amandated reporter.[82][83]
According to Daniela, who testified for the prosecution at Raniere's trial, Raniere claimed that he had "mystical" powers and could help people grow spiritually and "fix disintegrations" through sex.[78][84] The sisters were strongly discouraged from discussing their sexual relationships with Raniere, even between each other.[78]
Beginning in 2010, Daniela was confined to a bedroom for two years in her family home on the pretext that she had stolen money.[85] Daniela maintained her captivity began when she told Raniere she had romantic feelings for another man.[82] Raniere accused her of an "ethical breach" and assigned Salzman to help her "learn from her mistakes".[82][86] Daniela described the spartan conditions of the room, consisting of blacked-out windows with only a mattress on the floor, a pen, and paper. Daniela was only allowed to speak to Salzman; other family members were instructed toshun her. This alleged confinement ended in 2012, after she almost attemptedsuicide, but instead decided to leave her family home.[82] After escaping her captivity, Daniela went to avolleyball game to confront Raniere, who attempted to hide.[87] She was later escorted out of the NXIVM community and was left at the U.S.–Mexico border with less than $80 and nopersonal documents.[82][88]
Salzman corroborated Daniela's account at the trial, testifying that her efforts to leave the room (including cleaning her room, exercising, and writing daily letters to Raniere) were all rejected, and that Raniere had told Salzman to ignore a letter sent by Daniela pleading to be let out, brushing it off as "a tantrum". Salzman admitted that she and others were "incredibly abusive" to Daniela and that "[n]othing [Daniela] could do was the right thing".[86]
At Raniere's trial, prosecutors accused Raniere of the sexual exploitation of Daniela's underage sister Camila, narrating it through Daniela's testimony, hospital records, transcripts of Raniere's communication with Camila, andsexually explicit photos of Camila found in his home.[89][90][91] Prosecutors also introducedWhatsApp messages between Raniere and Camila, which showed that Raniere considered her as his "slave" and tasked her with finding moresex slaves, which Raniere calls "successors" and expresses a preference for women shorter than him, younger, and virgins.[92][93]
While Camila did not testify during the trial, she confirmed the sexual abuse at Raniere's sentencing in hervictim impact statement.[94][95] Camila said she met Raniere at age 13 and began a sexual relationship with Raniere when she was aged 15, which lasted for twelve years. Theabusive relationship with Raniere continued into her adulthood, where his control and demands led to her developing aneating disorder,self-harming, and attempting suicide.[94][96][97]
In 1984, a 24-year-old Raniere seduced andstatutorily raped 15-year-old Gina Melita after the two met in a theater group.[31][98] When their relationship ended, Melita introduced him to her friend Gina Hutchinson, only aged 14, whom he also statutorily raped.[99] When her sister, Heidi Hutchinson, found Raniere climbing into Gina's bedroom window and confronted the pair, Raniere told her that Hutchinson was a "Buddhist goddess meant to be with him".[23][31] Heidi recalled that, during the late 1980s, Raniere was fascinated by Amway,Scientology, and neuro-linguistic programming.[23][100] Gina dropped out of school and continued her relationship with Raniere, working for a time at CBI. On October 11, 2002, the 33-year-old Gina was found dead of a gunshot wound to her head on the grounds of theKarma Triyana Dharmachakra Buddhist monastery inWoodstock, New York, an apparent suicide.[23][31] According to former NXIVM publicistFrank Parlato,[101] "one source close to Raniere, who knew Gina, said she observed Raniere discussing with Gina various methods people use to commit suicide. Sometimes, he would send her images of suicide for her to comment on. He took her to movies with scenes or themes of suicide. He would sometimes pose the question—'Is suicide always wrong? When could it be the right thing to do?'" Allegedly, after Raniere learned that Hutchinson had another boyfriend, he "reportedly said she must ascend to the level of the goddess by leaving her body."[99]
Kristin Snyder was a 35-year-old environmental consultant who, in November 2002, paid $7,000 to enroll in a sixteen-day ESP course conducted inAnchorage,Alaska, hosted by Salzman.[102][103] The following January, Snyder traveled to Albany to visit Raniere and other NXIVM leaders. Snyder's mother recalled that her daughter "had come to believe she was responsible for theColumbia shuttle disaster" and "thought Keith was incredible".[102] Snyder signed up for a second ESP course in Anchorage.[104] On February 6, 2003, the tenth day of the second seminar, she reportedly began claiming to be pregnant with Raniere's child, a claim allegedly corroborated by Clare Bronfman.[105] Clifford recalled: "I was told [by a NXIVM instructor] not to bring her to the hospital. That's what makes me feel really bad."[103] Snyder was last seen leaving this session of the course. Her vehicle was discovered two days later inSeward, Alaska, 120 miles from Anchorage. Police recovered a note that read: "I attended a course called Executive Success Programs ... based out of Anchorage, AK, and Albany, NY. I wasbrainwashed, and my emotional center of the brain was killed/turned off. I still have feeling in my external skin, but my internal organs are rotting ... I am sorry life [sic]; I didn't know I was already dead. May we persist into the future."[103] A separate page added: "No need to search for my body."[103] A witness at Raniere's trial testified that, after Snyder disappeared, Raniere paid $24,000 to obtain the password to her email account.[53]
63-year-old Barbara Jeske died frombrain cancer on September 3, 2014. A business graduate ofMichigan State University, Jeske was one of the earliest ESP recruiters in 1999 and became Raniere's top lieutenant in NXIVM.[106] In 2014 she was diagnosed with abrain tumor, but was told by Raniere that she instead hadcarpal tunnel syndrome and was instructed not to seek medical attention.[107][108]
On November 7, 2016, another senior NXIVM member, 57-year-old Pamela Cafritz, died ofrenal cancer. Both Jeske and Cafritz were diagnosed with cancer while living with Raniere in hisHalfmoon, New York, condominium. Two other female NXIVM members were diagnosed with cancer while residing in the same residence, although both survived.[109][110] A sample of hair from one of the women, who survivedbladder cancer, showed that she had "significantly higher" levels ofcarcinogenic "heavy metals" such asbismuth andbarium. After Cafritz' death, Raniere and his co-conspirators used her identity and her credit card, charging over $300,000.[111] In 2009, Raniere was filmed claiming: "I've had people killed because of my beliefs—or because of their beliefs."[112]
In 2015, Raniere created asecret subgroup within NXIVM called "DOS", anacronym for "Dominus Obsequious Sororium".[113][114] DOS operated with levels of women "slaves" headed by "masters". Slaves were expected to recruit slaves of their own, becoming masters themselves. Slaves owed service not only to their own masters but also to masters above them in the DOS pyramid.[115] An estimated 150 women joined DOS.[19] Raniere was the only male in DOS and sat at the top of the pyramid as the "grandmaster".[116][117]
Raniere initially recruited eight women to join DOS, includingAllison Mack,Nicki Clyne and Lauren Salzman, who became his inner-circle members and DOS "first-line masters".[17][118] DOS masters recruited new members by telling them they were joining awomen-only organization that would empower them, with Raniere's status as the leader of DOS concealed.[119][120][121]
Raniere maintained command and control over DOS members by collecting "collateral"—which included highly damaging personal information, sexually explicit photos or videos, and rights to personal assets—and relied on his inner-circle members to carry out his orders and build the DOS pyramid group.[1][122][123] Women were required to provide collateral before joining DOS and continue to give new collateral every month after joining it.[124][125] Slaves were told that theircollateral could be released for any number of reasons, including if they left DOS, spoke publicly about DOS, or repeatedly failed DOS obligations or assignments.[126]
Raniere tasked his inner-circle members with various DOS projects and devised assignments for DOS slaves, including instructions for seduction assignments in which DOS masters implicitly or expressly directed their slaves to engage in sexual activity with Raniere.[127][128][129][130] The assignments later served as the basis for Raniere'sindictment and convictions forsex trafficking and attempted sex trafficking.[1][131]
Raniere encouraged DOS masters to usedemeaning and derogatory language and racial slurs to humiliate DOS slaves.[130] Slaves were required to providefree labor for their masters[114][125] and were severely sleep-deprived from forced participation in "readiness drills" which required them to respond to their masters at any time of the day or night.[132][133] DOS members were subject tocorporal punishment, which included being forced to hold painful poses, stand barefoot in the snow, take cold showers, and whip each other with a strap.[134][135]FBI agent Michael Lever reported that DOS slaves were forced to adhere to extremely restrictive diets to satisfy Raniere's preference for "exceptionally thin" women.[126][136] The extreme diet caused women to stopmenstruating and their hair to fall out.[124][137] Slaves were also ordered to remain celibate and stop removing theirpubic hair.[138][139]
Prosecution exhibit: a photo of the DOSbrand, which consisted of Raniere's initials K.A.R.
DOS members werebranded in theirpelvic regions with a symbol that, unbeknownst to them,incorporated Raniere's initials.[140][141] Some slaves were told the brand stood for theelements.[128][142] Only Raniere's inner-circle members knew the brand was his initials.[122][143] At Raniere's trial, prosecutors introduced a recording of a private meeting in 2016 with inner-circle members where Raniere stated, "The monogram as it is right now is very directly related to my initials." The group discussed how to obscure that fact.[144][145]
The DOS branding ritual followed a script created by Raniere: slaves were required to be fully naked, with the ceremonies filmed and used as more collateral on the DOS slaves.[142][144] In a recorded conversation between Raniere and Mack discussing the branding, Raniere said, "The person should probably ask to be branded. They should probably say that before they're held down, so it doesn't seem like they're being coerced."[130] NXIVM member Danielle Roberts performed the branding of DOS members using acauterizing pen. TheNew York State Department of Health later revoked Roberts' medical license following an investigation into the branding.[146][147]
At Raniere's trial, Salzman stated that the DOS pyramid had four levels of slaves, each reporting to their master on the level above them, and all of them ultimately accountable to Raniere, the grandmaster.[134] Salzman testified that the overriding emphasis of DOS was to venerate Raniere and foster an atmosphere of total obedience and secrecy. DOS members communicated using encrypted phone applications likeTelegram andSignal, and members' identities were not always known to one another.[134] DOS members were encouraged to recruit people of power and influence with DOS sororities across the country.[134][148] Salzman also testified that she was helping Raniere edit his DOSmanifesto that enforced the master-slave relationships.[134][149] Excerpts from the book included: "The best slave derives the highest pleasure from being her Master's ultimate tool" and, "Your sole highest desire must be to further your Master from whom all good things come and are related."[149]
On June 5, 2017, Frank Parlato reported the existence of DOS and the practice of human branding.[150] On October 17, 2017,The New York Times published a story detailing DOS abuses, including the requirement of slaves to provide collateral.[151][152]
Following theNYT piece, Raniere sent a draft position statement to DOS first-line masters, writing that women who had been branded were being shamed by a "misogynistic strike" and that DOS was an "autonomous" organization, "separate and distinct from NXIVM" and that he had "little knowledge or authority in the issue".[144] In a separate letter to NXIVM members he wrote, "I feel it is important to clarify the sorority is not part of NXIVM and that I am not associated with the group."[153]
In the wake of theTimes piece, Raniere and members of his inner circle fled to Mexico.[154] Asearch warrant was issued for his email account on January 18, 2018. The FBI filed a sealed criminal complaint and obtained a warrant for Raniere's arrest from theUnited States District Court for the Eastern District of New York on February 14.[155] On March 26,Mexican Federal Police located Raniere in a luxury villa outsidePuerto Vallarta, arresting and deporting him.[156][157] Salzman later testified that when the police arrived, she and Raniere barricaded themselves in the master suite, with Raniere attempting to hide in awalk-in closet.[158][159]
American authorities took custody of Raniere and presented him in federal court inFort Worth,Texas, and later transferred him to custody at theMetropolitan Detention Center (MDC) inNew York City.[160][161] The unsealed complaint accused Raniere of a variety of crimes related to DOS, including sex trafficking,conspiracy for sex trafficking, and conspiracy to commit forced labor. The complaint alleged that at least one woman was coerced into sex with Raniere, who forced DOS members to undergo the branding ritual alleged by former DOS members.[162][163]United States Attorney Richard Donoghue stated that Raniere "created a secret society of women with whom he had sex and had branded with his initials, coercing them with the threat of releasing their highly personal information and taking their assets."[164]
From his 2018 arraignment in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York through his sentencing in 2021, prosecutors sought to keep Raniereremanded to the MDC. Raniere's attorneys petitioned for his release on bail,[165][166] while prosecutors opposed the petition, citing Raniere's inconsistent answers about his income and hisprevious flight to Mexico.[167][168]
In opening statements, prosecutors contended that Raniere was not a mentor but a "predator" who targeted people looking to improve their lives and took advantage of them once he gained their trust.[173] The defense argued that Raniere was akin to a strict sports coach, emphasizing that "[t]his [was] something these people signed up for."[174] Prosecution witnesses included NXIVM member Lauren Salzman; filmmaker Mark Vicente; victims "Sylvie", "Daniela", "Jay", and "Nicole"; and cult educatorRick Alan Ross. The defense rested without calling any witnesses.
At closing arguments, prosecutor Moira Penza argued that the organization Raniere founded was secretly a sex cult set up like apyramid scheme and that Raniere was "a con man" and "a crime boss with no limits and no checks on his power" who "tapped into a never-ending flow of women and money".[175][176] Defense attorney Marc Agnifilo, conversely, said that Raniere's interactions were all consensual, saying that those who left the group were not subject to punishment.[175] Agnifilo concluded Raniere was an eccentric who lived an alternative polyamorous lifestyle with consenting adults, noting that their "lifestyles aren't criminal".[175][177] On June 19, 2019, the jury found Raniere guilty on all charges after five hours of deliberation.[1][178]
While awaiting sentencing, Raniere filed two motions for a new trial: a March 2020 motion claimed witnessesperjured themselves,[179] then an October 2020 motion claimed that prosecutors hadintimidated witnesses.[180] Judge Garaufis denied both motions.[181][182]
Loyalists' activities at Metropolitan Detention Complex
TheMetropolitan Detention Center, Brooklyn, where Keith Raniere was jailed during his trial. According toFederal Bureau of Prisons, Raniere demanded "a group of women to show up regularly and dance provocatively for inmates to view through their cell windows".
Convicted in June 2019, the 2020 outbreak of theCOVID-19 pandemic and itsimpact on prisons delayed Raniere's sentencing until over a year later. He remained in the MDC awaiting sentencing. While there, he began communicating with a supporter, Suneel Chakravorty, who recorded some of their conversations. These recordings were released through a website as apodcast calledRaniere Speaks, with copyright held by Dialogue Productions, LLC.[183] Raniere was subsequently forbidden by MDC officials from contacting Chakravorty.[184]
In the summer of 2020, with the pandemic preventing in-person visitation to the MDC, Raniere's remaining followers, including Clyne, began assembling to dance near the jail. Though they initially claimed to be entertaining all of the detainees, they were seen with a sign addressed to "Kay Rose", a name sharing Raniere's initials.[185] The group began calling itself "The Forgotten Ones" and "We Are As You". Former NXIVM member turned prosecution witness Mark Vicente dismissed the group as a "cover movement" for support of Raniere.[186]
A July 16, 2020, intelligence analysis memorandum from the Bureau of Prisons Counter Terrorism Unit stated that Raniere instructed Chakravorty to get more women to dance "erotically" outside the MDC. In response, authorities moved Raniere to another unit to keep the dancers out of his line of sight. A frustrated Raniere instructed his followers to help get him moved back by ingratiating themselves to prison staff, including offering coffee and donuts as they left their shifts.[184]
Ahead of his sentencing, prosecutors submitted a number of Raniere's communications and disciplinary issues in prison as evidence of remorselessness and of his continued control over his followers. The communications included Raniere instructing his followers to haveAlan Dershowitz, the attorney who successfully negotiated a non-prosecution agreement for the lateJeffrey Epstein, speak on his behalf; Dershowitz did not comment on the matter.[187] Prosecutors also submitted documentation that Raniere and Chakravorty used a false name and "burner phone" to evade detection, with Raniere instructing Chakravorty to "get scrutiny" on Judge Nicholas Garaufis, explaining that "the judge needs to know he's being watched".[188][189][190]
As sentencing proceeded, federal prosecutors asked forlife imprisonment for the severity of Raniere's crimes and his lack of remorse—they said he showed "a complete lack of acceptance of responsibility for his crimes" and argued that he would continue to commit crimes if released. Prosecutors said Raniere has stayed in touch with members of NXIVM since his conviction, casting himself in emails as a victim and encouraging them to keep the group alive.[191][192] Prosecutors argued in their sentencing memorandum that Raniere "concealed his abuse behind the smoke screen of his supposed 'personal growth' programs—a charade he continues to this day".[193]
On July 20, 2021, Raniere made a virtual appearance from his USP Tucson prison cell for a hearing onrestitution, the last remaining material from the trial. Imprisoned co-defendant Clare Bronfman paid attorneys Marc Fernich andJeffrey Lichtman to represent him.[197] Judge Garaufis ruled that twenty-one victims of Raniere should receive a total of $3.46 million in restitution. This included payments to cover the cost removing the DOS-related scarification, ongoing mental health care, and making labor trafficking victims whole.[198] Garaufis's order also stated that "all lower-ranking DOS members are statutorily entitled to the return of their collateral" and ordered Raniere "to effectuate that return to the fullest extent practicable". Due toFifth Amendment concerns, this order was stayed until sixty days after a ruling on Raniere's appeal to theUnited States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit.[199]
Raniere gave notice ofappeal of both his conviction and sentence to the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit in November 2020.[200] Oral arguments were heard on May 3, 2022.[201] The Circuit upheld the decision and rejected the appeal on December 9, 2022. JudgeJosé A. Cabranes wrote, "Raniere has failed to persuade us that there is insufficient evidence to sustain his convictions."[202][203]
In January 2020, Raniere and several other NXIVM leaders were named as defendants in a civil lawsuit filed in federal court by eighty former NXIVM members. The lawsuit details allegations of fraud and abuse and charges NXIVM with being a pyramid scheme, exploitation of its recruits, conducting illegalhuman experiments, and making it "physically and psychologically difficult, and in some cases impossible, to leave the coercive community."[204][205] This case is ongoing as of March 2024[update].[206]
In May 2022, Raniere filed suit against theU.S. Department of Justice andFederal Bureau of Prisons, alleging that his civil rights are violated as a prisoner in USP Tucson. Raniere sought aninjunction allowing visitation and phone calls from Chakravorty, who he claims is aparalegal working on his appeals.[207] The Department of Justice, Bureau of Prisons, and authorities at USP Tucson moved to deny the injunction, on grounds that Chakravorty is not a paralegal but merely "an ardent former ESP and NXIVM coach with whom [Raniere] is banned from associating."[208] JudgeRaner Collins granted the Department of Justice's motion to dismiss the suit on grounds that Raniere failed to exhaust administrative remedies in line with thePrison Litigation Reform Act, and for insufficient service of process.[209]
In 2018, Josh Bloch, aCBC Radio producer and childhood friend of actress and former NXIVM memberSarah Edmondson, compiled an investigative podcast series about NXIVM titledUncover: Escaping NXIVM.[210][211]
In 2019, TV networkInvestigation Discovery released a documentary titledThe Lost Women of NXIVM. In that film, Frank Parlato examines the deaths of four women who had connections to NXIVM and Raniere.[212] According to that program, a woman who lived with Raniere and developedbladder cancer submitted a hair sample that reportedly revealed the evidence of dangerous levels ofbismuth andbarium.[213][214]
HBO released a docuseries about NXIVM titledThe Vow. The documentary series premiered on August 23, 2020. MusicianNick Jonas subsequently appeared as Raniere onSaturday Night Live, satirizing footage featured inThe Vow.[216] Season 2 ofThe Vow was released on October 17, 2022, and details Raniere's court trial.[217][218]
^Carlson, Roger D. (1991). Keyser, Daniel J.; Sweetland, Richard C. (eds.).Test Critiques (Volume VIII ed.). PRO-ED. pp. 431–435.ISBN0890792542.
^Castles, Elaine E. (2012).Inventing Intelligence. ABC-CLIO. p. 22.ISBN978-1440803383. Archived fromthe original on September 26, 2013. RetrievedAugust 31, 2013.And what is that makes Marilyn vos Savant so uniquely qualified to answer such questions? There is only one reason: she is listed in theGuinness Book of World Records as having the highest IQ ever recorded. Never mind that this record is based on a nonstandardized test put out by an obscure group known as Mega, supposedly the world's most selective organization of geniuses. Ignore the fact that test scores at the extreme ends of any distribution are notoriously unreliable.
^Oxenberg, Catherine (2018).Captive : a mother's crusade to save her daughter from a terrifying cult. Natasha Stoynoff. New York.ISBN978-1-9821-0067-4.OCLC1051779947.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
2009 discussion between Bouchey and Raniere:
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