Kazan is renowned for its vibrant mix ofTatar andRussian cultures.[15] In 2023, 4 million tourists visited Kazan, andKazan Kremlin, aWorld Heritage Site, recorded more than 4.5 million visits.[16][17] In April 2009, theRussian Patent Office granted Kazan the right to refer to itself as the "Third Capital of Russia".[18] In 2009, Kazan was chosen as the "sports capital of Russia".[19] Kazan hosted the2013 Summer Universiade, and was one of the host cities of the2018 FIFA World Cup. Kazan hosted the BRICS Games from 12 to 23 June 2024. Athletes competed in 27 sports.
An older mention of the name of Kazan is associated with a pot that was drowned in the river, as evidenced by the text:
Kazan Tatars got their name from the main city of Kazan - and it is so called from the Tatar word Kazan, the cauldron, which was omitted by the servant of the founder of this city, Khan Altyn Bek, not on purpose, when he scooped water for his master to wash, in the river now called Kazanka. In other respects, according to their own legends, they were not of a special tribe, but descended from the fighters who remained here [in Kazan] on the settlement of different generations and from foreigners attracted to Kazan, but especiallyNogai Tatars, who all through their union into a single society formed a special people.[20]
—Carl Wilhelm Müller. "Description of all the peoples living in the Russian state,.." Part Two. About the peoples of the Tatar tribe. S-P, 1776, Translated from German.[21]
—Johann Gottlieb Georgi. Description of all the peoples living in the Russian state : their everyday rituals, customs, clothes, dwellings, exercises, amusements, faiths and other memorabilia. Part 2 : About the peoples of the Tatar tribe and other undecided origin of the Northern Siberian. - 1799.page 8[22]
The earliest chronicle mention of the first(old) Kazan is contained in the Rogozhsky Chronicle under 1391 in the description of the campaign of the ushkuiniks who plundered and burned Žuketau and Kazan. It stood empty for 40 years. New Kazan was founded at its mouth on the Hill. This message is repeated in the Simeon Chronicle and the Moscow Code of 1479. New Kazan (modern) was founded in 1438 as the capital of theKazan Khanate byUlu-Mukhamed. Sources say that Kazan was founded byPerekop refugees (Tatars) fromCrimea (Taurida)[23]
Translate: The Kazan, former Tatar, Kingdom received its name from its capital city, and it from the name of theriver Kazanka (Kasanska), flowing around it with its winding bed. Kazan was built byPerekop refugees fromTaurida, during the reign ofVasily II Vasilyevich inMuscovy.Vasily III Ivanovich forced it (Kazan) to takeTsars for itself, from it (theKasimov Tatars). And then, when it (Kazan) began to rebel, he squeezed it with threats of a dangerous war, but did not subdue it. But in 7061 (from the Creation of the World), or in1552 (from the Nativity of Christ), his son,Ivan IV the Terrible, took Kazan, after a six-month siege, along with it andCheremis (Ceremissis), forced them to submit to the rule of Moscow. However, as a reward for the insult, he subjugated to it (Kazan) and to himself the neighboringChuvash Bulgaria (Bulgariam), which he could not stand for its frequent rebellions, so that this country, not accustomed to obedience, would learn to bear foreign rule (colonization), and he decorated Kazan by establishing in it theMetropolitanate and the seat of the Chief Metropolitan. — Journey to Muscovy of BaronAugustin Meyerberg andHorace Wilhelm Calvucci, ambassadors of the August Roman Emperor Leopold to the Tsar and Grand DukeAlexei Mikhailovich in 1661, described by Baron Mayerberg himself.[24]
A view of Kazan byAdam Olearius, 1656A view of the city c. 1767
According to the official version adopted today, the city was founded more than 1,000 years ago. The estimated date of the urban settlement on the site of Kazan is 1004–1005 AD. The reason for this dating was found during excavations in the Kazan Kremlin – a Czech coin, dated by the Board ofSt. Wenceslaus (presumably, coinage 929–930 years) and the earliest Czech coin, the remains of masonry and wooden city fence, handicrafts and utensils (Hungarian type lining, women's beads, etc.), as well as other artifacts with less obvious dating. According to official statements, experts from 20 cities of Russia and 22 countries of the world were involved in the study of findings related to the age of Kazan.[25][26]
Kazan was a border post betweenVolga Bulgaria and twoFinno-Ugric peoples—theMari andUdmurt. Another question is where the citadel was built originally. Archaeological explorations have produced evidence of urban settlement in three parts of the modern city: in theKremlin; in Bişbalta at the site of the modern Zilantaw monastery; and near theKaban lake. The oldest of these seems to be the Kremlin.[citation needed]
In 1438, the Bulgar fortress Kazan (ISKE-Kazan) was captured by the ousted Golden Horde KhanUlugh Muhammad, who killed the local Prince Swan and moved the fortress to a modern place (according to Russian Chronicles). The city became the capital of theKhanate of Kazan. The city Bazaar, Taş Ayaq (stone foot) has become the most important shopping center in the region, especially for furniture. Handicraft production also flourished, as the city gained a reputation for its leather and gold products, as well as the wealth of its palaces and mosques. Kazan had trade relations with Moscow, Crimea, Turkey, and other regions.[citation needed]
Annunciation Cathedral of Kazan Kremlin, 1561–1562
As a result of thesiege of Kazan in 1552,TsarIvan the Terrible conquered the city.[27] During the subsequent governorship ofAlexander Gorbaty-Shuysky, most of the Kazan's Tatar residents were forcibly Christianized or deported,[28] andmosques and palaces were ruined.[27] The surviving Tatar population was moved to a place 50 kilometers (31 mi) away from the city and this place was forcibly settled by Russian farmers and soldiers.Tatars in the Russian service were settled in the Tatar Bistäse settlement near the city's wall. Later Tatar merchants and handicraft masters also settled there. During this period, Kazan was largely destroyed as a result of several great fires. After one of them in 1579, the iconOur Lady of Kazan was discovered in the city.[citation needed]
In the early 17th century, at the beginning of theTime of Troubles in Russia, the Tsardom of Kazan declared independence under the leadership of voyvoda Nikanor Shulgin with the help of the Russian population, but this independence was suppressed byKuzma Minin in 1612.[citation needed]
Kazan city map from the 19th century, Russian edition
In 1708, the Tsardom of Kazan was abolished, and Kazan became the seat ofKazan Governorate. AfterPeter the Great's visit, the city became a center of shipbuilding for theCaspian fleet. The major Russian poetGavrila Derzhavin was born in Kazan in 1743, the son of a poor country squire of Tatar ancestry though himself having a thoroughly Russian identity.
Before the building of modern dams, low-lying areas were regularly flooded in April and May. Kazan suffered major fires in 1595, 1672, 1694, 1742, 1749, 1757, 1774, 1815, and 1842.
Kazan waslargely destroyed in 1774 as a result ofPugachev's rebellion, an uprising by border troops and peasants led by theDon Cossackataman (Captain)Yemelyan Pugachev, but the city, formerly largely of timber construction, was soon afterwards rebuilt, using stone and according to a grid pattern plan, during the reign ofCatherine the Great. Catherine also decreed that mosques could again be built in Kazan, the first beingMarjani Mosque.
At the beginning of the 19th centuryKazan State University and printing press were founded byAlexander I. It became an important center forOriental Studies in Russia. TheQur'an was first printed in Kazan in 1801. Kazan became an industrial center and peasants migrated there to join its industrial workforce. In 1875, ahorse tramway appeared; 1899 saw the installation of atramway. After theRussian Revolution of 1905, Tatars were allowed to revive Kazan as a Tatar cultural center. The first Tatar theater and the first Tatar newspaper appeared.
Those who died in prison or were executed were buried in the Arkhangelskoe cemetery. In 1998 an elaborate memorial complex was created in their memory.[29]
DuringWorld War II, many industrial plants and factories to the west were relocated in Kazan, making the city a center of themilitary industry, producingtanks andplanes. After the war Kazan consolidated as an industrial and scientific center. In 1979, the city's population reached one million.
In the late 1980s and in the 1990s, after thedissolution of the Soviet Union, Kazan again became the center ofTatar culture and identity, and separatist tendencies intensified. With the return of capitalism, Kazan became one of the most important centers of the Russian Federation.[citation needed] The city went from 10th to 8th position in population ranking of Russian cities. In the early 2000s, the city earned the right to host both the2013 Summer Universiade and2018 FIFA World Cup.
Millennium of Kazan
Millennium Bridge
Since 2000, the city has been undergoing a total renovation. The historical center including the Kremlin was rebuilt, however a large number of the city's historical districts were completely demolished in the renovation. Kazan celebrated its millennium in 2005, after a city-organized historical commission settled on 1005 as the official year of the city's founding.[2] During the millennium celebrations, one of the largest mosque in Russia,Qolsharif, was dedicated in the Kazan Kremlin, the holiest copy ofOur Lady of Kazan was returned to the city, theMillennium Bridge was inaugurated that year,[30] and theKazan Metro began operation. The government of the Russian Federation released theMedal "In Commemoration of the 1000th Anniversary of Kazan".
In 2010, for the preparations to the 2013 Universiade, Kazan began even more renovation by modernizing its airport, fixing the streets, enhancing public transport, and adopting Russian, English, and Tatar languages in all transportation, large stores, and shopping centers.[citation needed]
The historical symbol of Kazan is the mythical dragon-like creatureZilant, often mentioned in legends. For example, when numerous snakes and reptiles severely hampered the development of the city, the hunters went in search of the King of snakes and defeated him, according to another version, the residents of the city bought off the giant snake with gold, after which all the snakes left the city. Another legend says that the giant dragon-like serpent always guarded the Khan's treasures, and that it still protects the hidden wealth before the capture of the city in the secret caves. Historically, it is true that snakes were once numerous in the Kazan region, but then their number has decreased dramatically. The first official coat of arms of Kazan was approved on 18 October 1781 and was described as "black snake under the crown of gold, Kazan, red wings, white field". In 1926, the country introduced a ban on such heraldry. In the 1980s, the coat of arms of Kazan began to reappear, and in the 1990s Kazan Zilant in various styles began to appear in print media. Modern graphics of the emblem and flag appeared in 2005—in a silver field on the green earth a black dragon with red wings and tongue, with gold paws, claws and eyes, topped with a gold crown. The shield is crowned with a Kazan cap. According to the traditions of heraldry, the dragon symbolizes power, wisdom and invincibility, the earth—life and wealth, the crown-development, and the cap above the shield-the capital of the city.[33][34]
Kazan is one of the largest industrial and financial centers of Russia, and a leading city of theVolga economic region in construction and accumulated investment.[35] The city'sgross regional product was 380 billion rubles in 2011.[36]
Total banking capital of Kazan banks is third in Russia.[citation needed] The main industries of the city are: mechanical engineering, chemical, petrochemical, light and food industries. An innovative economy is represented by the largest IT-park in Russia which is one of the largest of its kind among Eastern Europeanscience parks.[37][38] Kazan ranked 186th inMercer's 1999 Worldwide Quality of Living Survey.[39]
In 2011, city organisations and businesses attracted more than 87 billion rubles for economy and social sphere development. This was 44% more than in 2010. In 2014, businesses attracted 86 billion rubles. Most of them have been implemented in the real economy sector.
Because of the unstable economic situation within the country, there was a decrease of investment rates in 2015 and—according to the statistics of the first part of the year—it composed 51684.2 million rubles.
There are head offices of six companies that are in the top 500 in terms of revenues in Russia. The total area of city business centres is 330 thousand square metres.
Innovative economy in Kazan is represented by the biggest IT-park in Russia and also the biggest technical park in Europe. The only online platform for governmental trade except the Moscow one is operated in Kazan. During the post-Soviet period Kazan was the leader in terms of house construction in the Volga region, and now it holds the position and implements the Republican program of liquidation of dilapidated housing which was unique for Russia.
According toForbes, Kazan was ranked 15th among the "Best cities for business in Russia" of 2010.[40] In 2012, Kazan ranked 6th in the quality of city environment rating, which was made by the Russian Federation Ministry of Regional Development, Russian Alliance of Engineers, Federal Construction Agency, Federal Service of Supervision of Consumer Protection and Welfare and Moscow Federal University.[41]
The first bus routes in Kazan came to use in 1925.[42] The bus is the most popular type of public transport in Kazan: in 2016, it carried about 74% of passengers. As of 2017, there are about 62 bus routes in the city,[43] with a total length of more than 1.2 thousand km. The total number of buses operating on city routes is 840. The movement of all buses is monitored using an automated control system based on satellite navigation.[44] Any Internet user can track the movement of buses.
Kazan's bus system was totally renovated in 2007. 62 routes have an aggregate length of 1,981 km (1,231 mi). All 1,444 buses are colored red. Half of the buses are imported, produced byGolden Dragon,Higer,MAZ,Yutong, andHyundai. Other buses are mostly Russian madeNefAZ.
The fare is 42 rubles in cash, 38 rubles by credit card and by a special transport card (as of Jan 2024). On the routes, conductors are involved and, in addition to paying for cash (with a higher fare), there are general civil (with different tariff plans for replenishment, including time passes and an "electronic wallet"), as well as preferential electronic transport cards.
Kazan's tram system is one of the oldest tram systems in Russia, opened on 20 November 1899.[45] The tram system in Kazan consists of eight operating routes, one of which is a historical excursion route between the railway station and river port. The daily output is 87 trams. Most of the tram lines are laid along the axis of the main streets, most of them on a dedicated track, fenced with side stones. The tram in the city center was largely removed in the 2000s due to the fight against traffic jams on narrow streets; some routes turned out to be unprofitable after the optimization of the transport scheme in 2006–2007.
In 2009–2020, the reconstruction of tram tracks on the main highways was carried out, as well as the construction of four new tram lines, which made it possible to launch circular tram routes No. 5/5a with an accelerated mode of movement in 2012-2020 along the sections of the Big Kazan Ring.
All trams are equipped with autoinformators. Announcements are broadcast in three languages (Russian, Tatar, English); for this reason, announcements are played for a very long time (up to one and a half minutes). The fare is 42 rubles in cash, 38 rubles for an electronic card (2024). On the routes, conductors are involved and, in addition to paying for cash (with a higher fare), there are general civil (with different tariff plans for replenishment, including time passes and an "electronic wallet"), as well as preferential electronic transport cards.
Trolleybus passing by the overpass on Richard Sorge Street
Kazan's trolleybus system is one of the oldest in Russia. Operation opened on 27 November 1948. In recent years, it continues to develop: new lines were launched, built and planned, while some new trolleybus lines replaced the removed tram lines. Two trolleybus depots operate a fleet of over 200 trolleybuses, all of which are green,[46] and serve 10 routes with a total length of 359.9 km (223.63 mi).[47] A major overhaul (CWR) of old trolleybuses was carried out at the Kazan aircraft plant KAPO for the city at the beginning of the 21st century.
As of June 2024, the fare is 42 rubles in cash or 38 rubles by electronic transportation card or debit card.[48] On the routes, conductors are involved and, in addition to paying for cash (with a higher fare), there are general civil (with different tariff plans for replenishment, including time passes and an "electronic wallet"), as well as preferential electronic transport cards.
All trolleybuses are monitored by an automated control system based on satellite navigation. Any Internet user can track the movement of trolleybuses.
A single-lineKazan Metro (running north to south-east) opened on 27 August 2005. As of 2024, the Kazan Metro had eleven stations and crossed theKazanka River. A second metro line is being built (Feb 2024).
The main railway stationKazan–Passazhirskaya is located in the city centre and includes a main building (built in 1896), a commuter trains terminal, a ticket office building and some other technical buildings. The station serves 36 intercity trains,[49] and more than eight million passengers per annum. A second terminus, Kazan-2, is situated in the northern part of the city. Kazan also has 19 platforms for commuter trains. Within the city are 24 railway stations and stopping platforms.[citation needed]
Payment is received in cash, by dedicated travel cards and by banking cards. One ride fee is 36 rubles in cash or by banking card and 35 rubles by travel card.[50] There are various plans for different types of travel which reduce single ride fees. There are no zoning tariffs within the city.[citation needed]
On 1 July 2013, the Veli'k bicycle sharing system was launched in Kazan. In total, the system includes seven self-service bicycle docking stations, and a total fleet of 100 bikes. The service is open to anyone from 16 years of age. There are three types of subscription – monthly, weekly and daily. During the season from late spring to mid-autumn, residents and guests of Kazan typically use the service more than 15,000 times. In 2015, the first cycle routes on separate bike lanes were opened in the city centre; further expansion is planned throughout the city.[citation needed]
Kazan's river port is one of the largest on theVolga River, thanks to the system of canals from which Kazan is sometimes called the "port of five seas". The main building of the river station was built together with the new river port by the early 1960s and renovated in 2005. The station serves both passengers of intercity cruise ships and commuter boats (including high-speed fleet) – to the Kamsky Ustye, Tetyush, Bolgar, Pechishch, Sviyazhsk and Sadovaya. The daily passenger traffic in the summer period is up to 6,000 people per day. In winter,pneumocushion boats are used, it goes from Kazan to Verkhny Uslon.[51][52]
There are federal highway connections toMoscow andUfa (E-22),Orenburg (R-239),Ulyanovsk (R-241) and Igra (R-242). There are also the R-175 federal highway and "Northern Europe – Western China" (in construction) route near the city.[citation needed]
There are five bridges across the Kazanka (Qazansu) river in the city, and one bridge connecting Kazan with the opposite bank of the Volga.
Adjacent to it lies a huge aircraft engines plant ("16th Zavod"). It produces versions ofTupolev 204 and 214 aircraft. In the past an Ilyushin-62, four-engine Russian mainliner,Tupolev-160 "Black Jack" supersonic strategic bomber andTu-22M tactical bomber were also produced here. Both these plants and adjacent workers' housing make a whole city district known as "Aviastroitelny" ("Aircraft Builders").[citation needed]
Abarabus (rendering ofTatarbarabız "we are going" +Englishbus) was a winter public transport in the 19th to early 20th centuries, probably the first public transport in Kazan after cabs. They were operated by private carriers who were poor Tatar commoners from surrounding villages. A typical barabus was asledge sheeted withsacking. Barabus was a transport of paupers competing with cabs,horse railways and later tramways. Until the 1930s, whentrams were installed in the suburbs and any private enterprise was prohibited, barabuses were the only transport to connect quarters of poor mill-hands with other parts of the city.[53]
Kazan has ahumid continental climate (Köppen:Dfb) with long, cold winters (colder thanMoscow), and warm, sunny summers. As a result of its far inland position, summers are extremely warm for its latitude and winters are quite cold compared to areas further west inEurope.[citation needed]
The warmest month is July with daily mean temperature near 20.2 °C (68.4 °F), and the coldest month is January, with a daily mean of −10.4 °C (13.3 °F).[citation needed]
The city has a citadel (Russian: кремль, tr. kreml', or sometimes Tatar:kirman), which was declared aWorld Heritage Site in 2000. Major monuments in the Kremlin are the five-domed, six-columned Annunciation Cathedral (1561–62) and the mysterious, formerly leaningSöyembikä Tower, named after the last queen of Kazan and regarded[by whom?] as the city's most conspicuous landmark.
Also of interest are the towers and walls, erected in the 16th and 17th centuries but later reconstructed; theQol-Şarif Mosque, which has been rebuilt inside the citadel; remains of the Saviour Monastery (a 16th-century cathedral demolished by the Bolsheviks) with the Spasskaya Tower; and the Governor's House (1843–53), designed byKonstantin Thon, now the Palace of thePresident ofTatarstan.
Next door, the ornate baroque Sts-Peter-and-Paul's Cathedral on Qawi Nacmi Street and Marcani Mosque on Qayum Nasiri Street date back to the 18th century.
The Spasskaya Tower was built in two floors by 16th century Pskov architects Ivan Shiryai and Postnik Yakovlev. From the inside, the northern side of the fortress to the Spasskaya Tower adjoined the gate to Spasskaya Church, which has now merged with the tower. The typical Pskovian architectural elements of the facade face the main street of the Kremlin. At the end of the 17th century, instead of three tiers, the tower was built with two brick eight-sided tiers with a brick roof, getting its present, familiar appearance. Until 1917, the tower was crowned with the double-headed coat of arms of the Russian state. In the 18th century, a ringing clock was installed in the upper tier, and even earlier a large bell was moved from a small belfry (now lost, located on the castle wall on the left side of the tower). Until the middle of the 19th century, there was a moat with a stone bridge in front of the tower.
The South-Western Tower was built simultaneously with the Spasskaya tower by Pskov masters and is a classic example of the Pskov style of defensive structures.
The name of the Transfiguration Tower comes from the Transfiguration Monastery of the Savior, which was fenced from the north-west. The tower was also built by Pskov architects Postnik and Barma, but it was significantly rebuilt later, as it has strong traces of the architectural influence of the Moscow defensive architecture. The territory from the Transfiguration Tower to the Spasskaya pass was added to the old Khan's fortress by Pskov masters.
There are unnamed round brick towers, presumably built by Moscow architects in the 17th century.
The Tainitskaya Tower was built in its present form in the 1550s by Postnik Yakovlev. It was named after a secret source from which it was possible to take water during a siege. The entrance to the tower is in the form of a "knee", which increased the defense of the Kremlin. It replaced a tower from the time of the khanate, Nur Ali (in Russian transcription Muraleeva). The 22-year-old Tsar Ivan the Terrible entered the conquered city through the Nur Ali tower.
The North-Eastern Round Tower was demolished after the Pugachev's assault.
The Consistor Tower was built in brick by Moscow architects in the 17th century, its name was given in the 18th century from the Spiritual Consistory located near the tower in the Kremlin. Near the tower, archaeological excavations revealed the so-called Tezitsky (Arabic for "merchant") Moat, which went from the Consistor Tower to the Transfiguration. Archaeologist N. Kalinin and a number of scientists believed that the moat was the southern border of the Khan's fortress.
The Southeast Round Tower is an example of Pskov architecture of the 16th century.
Central Kazan is divided into two districts by theBolaq canal and LakeQaban. The first district (Qazan Bistäse or Kazanskiy Posad), historically Russian, is situated on the hill, the second (İske Tatar Bistäse or Staro-Tatarskaya Sloboda), historically Tatar, is situated between the Bolaq and the Volga. Mosques, such asNurullah,Soltan,Bornay,Äcem,Märcani,İske Taş,Zäñgär are in the Tatar district.
Churches, such asBlagoveschenskaya,Varvarinskaya,Nikol'skaya,Tikhvinskaya, are mostly in the Russian part of the city.
The main city-centre streets areBauman,Kremlyovskaya,Dzerzhinsky,Tuqay,Puşkin,Butlerov,Gorkiy,Karl Marx andMärcani.
In the beginning of the 1900s most of Central Kazan was covered by wooden buildings, usually consisting of two floors. There was a historical environment of Kazan citizens, but not the best place to live in. During the Republican program "The liquidation of ramshackle apartments" most of them (unlike other Russian cities), especially in Central Kazan, where the land is not cheap, were destroyed and their population was moved to new areas at the suburb of the city (Azino, Azino-2, Quartal 39). Nearly 100,000 citizens resettled by this programme.
Another significant building in central Kazan is the former "Smolentzev and Shmelev" tea house and hotel, now the Shalyapin Palace Hotel. It is located at 7/80 Universitetskaya Street, at the corner of Universitetskaya and Bauman. A major landmark of late-19th and early-20th century commercial architecture, it consists of two portions. The original portion, built for a merchant named Usmanov in the 1860s, was bought by the inter-related families of Efim Smolentzev and Pavel and Nikolai Shmelev in 1899.[62] They operated a store selling, among other things, tea. In 1910, the Smolentevs and Shmelevs constructed another portion, designed by architect Vasili Trifonov, and operated a hotel there.[63] After the Russian Revolution, the building became the Hotel Soviet. Following extensive renovations in the early 2000s, it reopened as the Shalyapin Palace Hotel.
There are 44 institutes of higher education in Kazan, including 19 branches of universities from other cities. More than 140,000 students are educated in the city.Kazan Federal University (founded in 1804) is third oldest university inRussia afterSaint Petersburg State University (1724) andMoscow State University (1755). In 2009 KFU got Federal status as main university ofVolga Region.Some other prominent universities are:
Volga Region State Academy of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism[64] founded in July 2010 in the framework of the XXVII World Summer Universiade Legacy. The branch, located in Naberezhnye Chelny, will proceed functioning.
Kazan is a major scientific centre in Russia. Kazan formed a big number of scientific areas and schools (mathematical, chemical, medical, linguistic, geological, geobotanical, etc.). Scientific discoveries are a subject of special pride, including: the creation of non-Euclidean geometry (Nikolai Lobachevsky), the discovery of the chemical elementruthenium (Karl Ernst Claus), the theory about the structure of organic compounds (Aleksandr Butlerov), the discovery of the electron paramagnetic resonance (Yevgeny Zavoisky) and acoustic paramagnetic resonance (Altshuler) and many others. The city hosts:
Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, since 1991. It includes 7 local departments with 13 academic institutions (also, 21 organisations are under the guidance of TAS) and one branch in Ulyanovsk.[65]
Kazan City Duma is a representative body of the city, elected every four years and holds its sessions in Kazan City Hall. The executive committee is a municipal body of the executive organs.[clarification needed] The committee's head is Denis Kalinkin.[66]
Agency works 84 post offices belonging to the branch of "Russian Post", UFPS "Tatarstan pochtasy". The official opening of the Kazan city telephone network took place on 27 (15) November 1888. At the moment[when?], there are four operators of wired telephone in Kazan. The total capacity of the telephone network in Kazan is about 456,000 numbers. Services of IP-telephony operators in addition to the basic wired connection is also supported by the five companies.[67] The city has six mobile operators (Beeline,MegaFon,MTS,Tele2 Russia,Letai,Yota, and also operates virtual mobile operator "Mobile public communication"). By the number of Internet users—428 thousand people—Kazan takes the 4th place in Russia. According to the General Director ofGoogle Russia Vladimir Dolgov, Kazan is the largest center of information technology development, the level of Internet penetration is 75%, which is a record figure for Russia. Access to the World Wide Web in Kazan is provided by 15 operators.[68] The most popular forms of Internet access are cable networks and ADSL. Previously popular Dial-up has almost lost its position, at the same time actively developing wireless technology Wi-Fi and Wi-Max. Scartel launched the firstLTE network in Russia.[69]
Kazan has hosted twoBandy World Championships, in 2005 and 2011, the World Summer Universiade 2013, the World Championship in fencing in 2014, the Aquatics Championship FINA 2015, 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup, 2018 FIFA World Cup and other international competitions of various levels.
Kazan is actively engaged in international activities. The city has foreign diplomatic, trade and cultural representations, the Kazan Kremlin and the Institute of culture of peace are under the auspices ofUNESCO, the city participates in partner movements, is a member of the world organizations of cities. The summit of theCIS heads, the Summit of the world security services and other important forums, conferences and events of the world level were held in Kazan. The head ofChina, theUS Secretary of State, about three dozen presidents and Prime Ministers of foreign States paid visits to the capital of the Republic, as to few other cities of the country. Renovated in 2005, the international airport provides flights to dozens of cities in different countries, including the largest airliners (classBoeing 747), and is gradually being rebuilt into a potential hub for the Universiade 2013 and the World Cup 2018; international rail links from the city.
^Davydova, Aleksandra (19 February 2024)."Казань в 2023 году посетили 4 млн туристов" [4 million tourists visited Kazan in 2023].Tatar Inform (in Russian).Archived from the original on 25 February 2024. Retrieved17 June 2024.
^Сергей Афанасьев; Влас Мысько (22 May 2013).Казань оценили на "6 с плюсом".БИЗНЕС Online (in Russian).Archived from the original on 10 August 2016. Retrieved9 February 2016.
Министерство юстиции Республики Татарстан. Приказ №01-02/9 от 4 февраля 2014 г. «Об утверждении реестра административно-территориальных единиц и населённых пунктов в Республике Татарстан», в ред. Приказа №01-02/160 от 11 марта 2015 г. «О внесении изменений в Приказ Министерства юстиции Республики Татарстан от 04.02.2014 №01-02/9 "Об утверждении реестра административно-территориальных единиц и населённых пунктов в Республике Татарстан"». Опубликован: Официальный сайт правовой информации Министерства юстиции Республики Татарстан (http://pravo.tatarstan.ru), 27 февраля 2014 г. (Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Tatarstan. Order #01-02/9 of February 4, 2014On the Adoption of the Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Units and Inhabited Localities in the Republic of Tatarstan, as amended by the Order #01-02/160 of March 11, 2015On Amending the Order of the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Tatarstan #01-02/9 of February 4, 2014 "On the Adoption of the Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Units and Inhabited Localities in the Republic of Tatarstan". ).
Государственный Совет Республики Татарстан. Закон №46-ЗРТ от 15 сентября 2004 г. «О границах территории и статусе муниципального образования города Казани», в ред. Закона №132-ЗРТ от 26 декабря 2014 г. «Об изменении границ территорий отдельных муниципальных образований и внесении изменений в Законы Республики Татарстан "О границах территории и статусе муниципального образования города Казани" и "Об установлении границ территорий и статусе муниципального образования "Лаишевский муниципальный район" и муниципальных образований в его составе"». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Республика Татарстан", №191, 21 сентября 2004 г. (State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan. Law #46-ZRT of September 15, 2004On the Borders of the Territory and the Status of the Municipal Formation of the City of Kazan, as amended by the Law #132-ZRT of December 26, 2014On Changing the Borders of the Territories of Various Municipal Formations and on Amending the Laws of the Republic of Tatarstan "On the Borders of the Territory and the Status of the Municipal Formation of the City of Kazan" and "On Establishing the Borders of the Territories and the Status of the Municipal Formation of "Laishevsky Municipal District" and of the Municipal Formations It Comprises". Effective as of the official publication date.).
Smith-Peter, Susan (2016), "Enlightenment from the East: Early Nineteenth Century Russian Views of the East from Kazan University",Znanie. Ponimanie. Umenie,13 (1):318–338,doi:10.17805/zpu.2016.1.29.
Edward Tracy Turnerelli, Kazan, the Ancient Capital of the Tartar Khans, 1854.
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