The region that forms today's Karen State was part of successive Burmese kingdoms, since the formation of theBagan Empire in mid-11th century. During the 13th to 16th centuries, much of the region belonged to theHanthawaddy kingdom, while the northern part of the region belonged toTaungoo (a vassal state ofAva Kingdom). The region became part ofTaungoo Dynasty andKonbaung Dynasty, from 16th to 19th centuries. TheBritish seized the southern third of today's Karen State (below theSalween River), after theFirst Anglo-Burmese War (1824-1826), and the rest after theSecond Anglo-Burmese War of 1852.
Towards the end of the British colonial era (1945-1948), the Karen leadership insisted on a separate state covering today's Karen State, much ofMon State andTaninthayi Region, within the British Empire. They refused to sign thePanglong Agreement of February 1947, which was the basis for the1947 Constitution of Burma, and boycotted the pre-independence elections of April 1947.[4] Nonetheless, the constitution granted the Karen a state, though with an area less than what the Karen leadership had asked for from the British. The constitution also guaranteed states with the right to secede from the Union after a period of 10 years. (The Panglong Agreement gave only the Shan and the Kachin a state each; theChin who actually signed the agreement did not receive a state.) TheKaren National Union (KNU), which dominated the Karen leadership, was not satisfied, and wanted outright independence. In 1949, the KNU raised a rebellion that continues up to today.[5] The KNU celebrates January 31 as 'revolution day', marking the day they went underground at the battle ofInsein.
Much of the state has been a battlefield since then. The civilians have taken the brunt of the war. The KNU today forms the world's longest-running resistance. Themilitary governmentchanged the English name of the state to Kayin State from Karen State in 1989.
Since 1976 the KNU has called for a federal system rather than an independent Karen State. In January 2012, Myanmar's military-backed civilian government signed a ceasefire deal with the KNU in Hpa-an, the capital of eastern Kayin State. Aung Min, the Railway Minister, and General Saw Chee Tik of the KNU led the peace talks.[6]
Located between latitudes 15° 45' north and 19° 25' north and longitudes 96° 10' east and 98° 28' east. It has a hot and humid climate because of the mountain ranges that lie in its backdrop and its location, which is near the sea, in the tropics. The temperature of the hottest month in eastern mountain regions never falls below 22.2 °C (71.9 °F). Lowlands in the west and south of the state are located in the tropical monsoon climate. The lowest annual rainfall in the region is 3,000 millimetres (120 in) and the highest is 4,800 millimetres (190 in). The regions get most of the rain in summer. Some of the rivers and creeks in Karen State are flowing from south to north due to the location of themountains. The main rivers in the state are Thanlwin (Salween River), Thaungyin (Moei River), Gyaing and Attaran.
Due to the mountainous terrain in Karen State, most villages are small and contain less than 40 households so a large amount of Karen's population is dotted across the countryside over hundreds, if not thousands of villages.[citation needed]
Since the 1973 Census, the population of Karen State has increased from 858,429 to 1,055,359 in the 1983 census and 1,574,079 in the census of 2014. This means the population of Karen State has increased by about 49 percent between the 1983 and the 2014 census. The population of Karen State ranks eleventh in size when compared with other States and Regions in the country, only higher than Tanintharyi Region, Nay Pyi Taw Union Territory and Chin State. In terms of the proportion of the total population, the population of Karen State has marginally increased from 3.0 percent in 1983 to 3.1 percent in 2014.[7]
The Karen make up the majority of Kayin State's population,
After the 2014Census in Myanmar, the Burmese government indefinitely withheld release of detailed ethnicity data, citing concerns around political and social concerns surrounding the issue of ethnicity in Myanmar.[8] In 2022, researchers published an analysis of theGeneral Administration Department's nationwide 2018-2019 township reports to tabulate the ethnic makeup of Kayin State.[9][8]
According to the2014 Myanmar Census,Buddhists, who make up 84.5% of Kayin State's population, form the largest religious community there.[11] Minority religious communities includeChristians (9.5%),Muslims (4.6%),Hindus (0.6%), andanimists (0.1%) who collectively comprise the remainder of Kayin State's population.[11] 0.7% of the population listed no religion, other religions, or were otherwise not enumerated.[11]
According to theState Sangha Maha Nayaka Committee's 2016 statistics, 14,080 Buddhist monks were registered in Kayin State, comprising 2.6% of Myanmar's totalSangha membership, which includes both novicesamanera and fully-ordained bhikkhu.[12] The majority of monks belong to theThudhamma Nikaya (89%), followed byShwegyin Nikaya (9.7%), with the remainder of monks belonging to other smallmonastic orders.[12] 1,000thilashin were registered in Kayin State, comprising 1.7% of Myanmar's total thilashin community.[12]
Tourism is one of the main economy of Kayin State. After the signing of the preliminaryceasefire between theKNU and theMyanmar government in 2012, the number of visitors to Kayin State increased largely.[13] Kayin State received over 40,000 tourists in 2013, while in 2016, the number of tourists reached a record 150,000.[13]
Myawaddy border trading post of Karen State is the second biggest among Myanmar's 15 border trading posts.[14] It is the main border crossing trade route between Thailand and Myanmar. According to Thailand's Chamber of Commerce, the monthly trade between the two countries in 2015 through theMae Sot to Myawaddy crossing was worth over 3 billionbaht (about 90 million US dollars).[15]
Kayin State is a farming state. As of 2017, there are over 460,000 acres of paddy fields and 260,000 acres of rubber tree plantations in Kayin State.[16] There are over 9000 acres of coffee planted in Thandaung area. TheKayin State government is trying to implement new farming technology to improve its agriculture sector.[16]
In 2016, the government announced a strategy to attract domestic and foreign investors to the Hpa-An industrial zone.[17] However, shortage of electricity supply hinders the development of Hpa-An industrial zone. TheKayin State government in conjunction with a Japanese company has been trying to carry out a feasibility survey for an 1800-megawatt coal-fired power plant to fulfil the need of electricity supply. On the other hand, community members and local environmental groups have raised concerns about the potential impacts from coal plant emissions.[18]
Karen State is served by Hpapun Airport andHpa-An Airport however they are closed to civilian aircraft.
In 2015, theAsian Development Bank (ADB) approved a $100 million loan to improve a 66.4 km section of road connecting the towns of Eindu and Kawkareik in Kayin state, the missing link of theGreater Mekong Subregion (GMS) East-West Corridor.[19]
Salween River in Hpa-An. The mountain on the background isMount Zwegabin.
Major universities in Kayin state includeHpa-An University,Computer University, Hpa-An andTechnological University, Hpa-An, Hpa-an Education Degree College, Government Technical Institute, Hpa-an, Karen Medical College, Government Technical High School, Hpa-an, Nursing Training School, Hpa-an, State Agricultural Institute Zwekabin,Hpa-an, Basic Education And Technical, Agricultural and Livestock High School, Don Yin, Hpa-an and Technical Training School Hpa-an.
Technological University in Hpa-an
Educational opportunities in Myanmar are limited outside the main cities ofYangon andMandalay. It is especially a problem in Karen State where constant fighting between the government and insurgents for over 60 years has produced thousands of refugees and internally displaced people. According to official statistics, less than 10% of primary school students in Karen State reach high school.[20] All higher education institutions are located in Hpa-An City.
The general state of health care in Myanmar is poor. Although health care is nominally free, in reality, patients have to pay for medicine and treatment, even in public clinics and hospitals. Public hospitals lack some basic facilities and equipment.
In general, the health care infrastructure outside ofYangon andMandalay is poor but is especially worse in conflict ridden areas like Karen State. The public health care system in the state is very poor. The following is a summary of the public health care system in the state.[21]
^abCensus Report. The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census. Vol. 2. Naypyitaw: Ministry of Immigration and Population. May 2015. p. 17.Archived from the original on 2019-05-07. Retrieved2015-07-11.
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