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TheKatagans are amedievalMongol tribe related toGenghis Khan.[1] In the period ofMongol conquest, Katagans assimilated withTurkic tribes, which played a significant role in theirTurkification and integration into theTurco-Mongol cultural sphere. This process contributed to theethnogenesis of modernKazakhs,Kyrgyz,Karakalpaks,Uzbeks,Buryats,Uyghurs,Hazaras, and others.[citation needed]
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The Katagan Mongol tribe is said to originate from Buha-Hatagi – the eldest son of Mongol motherAlan Gua. The Katagan tribe came toTransoxiana together with the son of Genghis Khan,Chagatai, and played a significant role in the political history andethnogenesis of many modernTurkic peoples.[2]
The Katagans are referred to in the works ofRashid ad Din, namely in his historicalethnographic workJami' al-tawarikh written in the early 14th century.
According toThe Secret History of the Mongols, the origin of Katagans is the following:[3]
Some sources speak of the Katagans as being part of theUzbek tribes in the mid-16th century.[4] The Katagans are mentioned in the lists of 92 Uzbek tribes.[5]
Muhammad Yar Arab Katagan, a famous descendant of the Uzbek Katagan tribe, was a 16th-century historian and the author ofMusahhir al-bilad ('The conquest of lands') in Persian on the history of theShaybanids. Uzbek Katagans used to live in the territories ofHorzem,Tashkent, Surhandaryinsk, and Kashkadayin regions and in theFergana Region ofUzbekistan. The Katagans used to live in the territories ofTajikistan andAfghanistan as well. According to the 2010 census inTajikistan, there were 7601 Katagans living there.According to historical data, in the 1640s, the Katagans were one of the strong tribes living in Balha and partly inKunduz, Afghanistan. During the Ashtarhanid era, the Balha region was given to the Katagans as a nomad camp. At the same time, the Katagans formed a strong political alliance.[with whom?] In the beginning of the 17th century during the reign of Muhmudbyi, Balh andBadakhshan became known as the land of the Katagans.
In the 19th century, numerous Uzbek Katagans lived in Kunduz, Afghanistan. Katagans in Kunduz and Tash-kurgan were considered to be the descendants of 16 sons, each of whom was descended from separate clans. Five sons were from one mother – the Besh Bola group. The other 11 sons were from a different mother – the Chegun group. Besh Bola was divided into the following clans: Kesamir, Djung, Katagan, Luhan, Tas, Munas. The Munas were divided into Chuchugar, Chechka, Yugul, Sirug, Temuz, Burka, and Berdja. The Chegun consisted of Murad, Basuz, Ssiri Katagan, Churag, Djuduba, Katagan Kurasi, Murad Shaih, Adjigun, Kin, Kudagun, and Semiz.[6]
The Uzbek Katagans of southern Uzbekistan speak the Kipchak and Karluk-Chigil dialects of theUzbek language, which is evidenced by ethnolinguistic research.[7]The Tohchi Katagans that used to live in the Surhan-Sherabad oasis speak the Karluk-Chigil dialect of with "yi" later, such asTurks andKarluks.[8][clarification needed]
According toMukhamedzhan Tynyshpaev, the Katagans made Tursun Khan, the ruler of Tashkent, the major power ofKazakh Khan, who was defeated in war in 1628 by another Kazakh Khan, Esim Kham. Afterwards, the numerous and powerful Katagan tribe split into several: one part which kept the title Chanyshqyly became part of the Kazakhs ElderZhuz; other parts of Katagan became part of the Uzbeks, Karakalpaks and Kyrgyzs.
According toAbu al-Ghazi Bahadur in "Shedjere-iy Türk", the Kazakh Katagans were destroyed in 1628 with the assassination of Tursun Khan. The ease of their destruction is explained by the fact that most of the tribe left for Kashgaria at the end of the 16th century, the time ofYarkent Khanate'sAbdul Karim Khan's rule. They thus became few in number and very vulnerable. The Katagans who migrated to Kashgaria were headed by Ghazi Sultan, who was given the Kargarlyk land by the Khan of Yarkent. His descendants held state positions later on and the Katagans assimilated with the localUyghurs.
From Tynyshpaev's work "Kyrgyz-Kazakhs of XVII and XVIII centuries" (addition to materials about the history of the Kyrgyz-Kazakh people):
In 1627, the historian Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur fledKhiva from his brother Asfendiar and was received by Esim, who lived in the mountains ofTurkestan. Three months later, another Kazakh Khan, Tursun, who owned Tashkent, arrived. Esim handed an honorary refugee over to Tursun, with whom Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur moved to Tashkent. Further, Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur reports that two years later Esim Khan attacked Tursun Khan and "killed him and killed the Katagans".[This quote needs a citation]
Traditions that have survived among the clan of the Chanyshqyly in the Tashkent district state that their Khan was once Tursun, who was killed by Esim. After that, most of the Katagans fled toBukhara, and the remaining ones began to be named after the branch of the Chanyshqyly Katagans.
Chokan Valikhanov, speaking about the Elder Zhuz of Kazakh, notes:
Katagans are the most ancient people living in the south of Central Asia and Kazakhstan. At the beginning of the 17th century. they formed the main support force of the ruler of Tashkent – Tursun Khan, and in the middle of the 17th century, part of them became part of the Uzbeks, and the other part was part of the Kazakh Chanyshqy tribe.[9]
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