Sovereign Nation of the Tagalog People Republic of the Tagalog People Haring Bayang Katagalugan Republika ng Katagalugan | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1896–1897 | |||||||||||
 Flag | |||||||||||
| Anthem: Marangál na Dalit ng̃ Katagalugan ("Honorable Hymn of the Tagalog Nation") | |||||||||||
| Status | Unrecognized state | ||||||||||
| Common languages | Tagalog,Philippine languages | ||||||||||
| Government | Revolutionary republic | ||||||||||
| Supreme President (Kataas-taasang Pangulo) / President of the Sovereign Nation (Pangulo ng Haring Bayan) | |||||||||||
• 1896–1897 | Andres C. Bonifacio | ||||||||||
| Legislature | Kataas-taasang Sanggunian (Supreme Council) | ||||||||||
| Historical era | Philippine Revolution | ||||||||||
| 23 August 1896 | |||||||||||
| 30 August 1896 | |||||||||||
| 1 September 1896 | |||||||||||
| 30 December 1896 | |||||||||||
| 31 December 1896 | |||||||||||
| 22 March 1897 | |||||||||||
| 10 May 1897 | |||||||||||
| Currency | Peso | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
| Today part of |  Philippines | ||||||||||
Tagalog Republic (Filipino:Republikang Tagalog;Spanish:República Tagala) is a term used to refer to tworevolutionary governments involved in thePhilippine Revolution against theSpanish Empire and thePhilippine–American War. Both were connected to theKatipunan revolutionary movement.
The termTagalog commonly refers to bothan ethno-linguistic group in thePhilippines andtheir language.Katagalugan often refers to the Tagalog-speaking regions of the island ofLuzon in the Philippine archipelago.
However, theKatipunan secret society extended the meaning of these terms to all of the natives in the Philippine islands. The society's primer explains its use ofTagalog in a footnote:[1][2]
| Original writing | ModernManila Tagalog translation | English translation |
|---|---|---|
| Sa salitáng tagalog katutura’y ang lahát nang tumubo sa Sangkapuluáng itó; sa makatuid,bisaya man,iloko man,kapangpangan man, etc., ay tagalog din. | Ang salitang Tagalog ay tumutukoy sa lahat ng ipinanganak sa kapuluang ito; samakatuwid, Bisaya man, Ilokano man, Kapampangan man, etc. ay Tagalog din. | The wordTagalog refers to all of those born in this archipelago; therefore, evenVisayans,Ilocanos,Kapampangans, etc. are also Tagalogs. |
The revolutionary Carlos Ronquillo wrote in his memoirs:[1][2]
| Original writing | Modern Manila Tagalog translation | English translation |
|---|---|---|
| Ang tagalog o lalong malinaw, ang tawag na "tagalog" ay waláng ibáng kahulugán kundi ‘tagailog’ na sa tuwirang paghuhulo ay taong maibigang manirá sa tabíng ilog, bagay na 'di maikakaila na siyáng talagáng hilig ng tanang anák ng Pilipinas, saa’t saán mang pulo at bayan. | Ang Tagalog o lalong malinaw, ang tawag na "Tagalog" ay walang ibang kahulugan kundi 'taga-ilog' na sa tuwirang pinanggalingan ay taong mahilig tumira sa tabing ilog, bagay na 'di maitatanggi na siyang talagang hilig ng lahat ng anak ng Pilipinas, saan mang pulo (o isla) at bayan. | Tagalog, or more precisely, the name"Tagalog", has no other meaning buttagailog which, directly to its root, refers to those who prefer to settle along rivers, truly a trait that cannot be denied to all those who are the children of the Philippines, in whichever island and town. |
In this respect,Katagalugan may be translated as the "Tagalog nation."[1][2]
Andrés Bonifacio, a founding member of theKatipunan and later its supreme head (Supremo), promoted the use ofKatagalugan for the Philippine nation. The term "Filipino" was then reserved for Spaniards born in the islands. By eschewing "Filipino" and "Filipinas" which had colonial roots, Bonifacio and his cohorts "sought to form a national identity."[1]
In 1896, the Philippine Revolution broke out after the discovery of theKatipunan by the authorities. Prior to the outbreak of hostilities, the Katipunan had become an open revolutionary government.[1][3][4] The American historianJohn R. M. Taylor, custodian of thePhilippine Insurgent Records, wrote:
TheKatipunan came out from the cover of secret designs, threw off the cloak of any other purpose, and stood openly for the independence of the Philippines. Bonifacio turned his lodges into battalions, his grandmasters into captains, and the supreme council of theKatipunan into the insurgent government of the Philippines.[1][2]
Several Filipino historians concur. According toGregorio Zaide:
TheKatipunan was more than a secret revolutionary society; it was, withal, a Government. It was the intention of Bonifacio to have theKatipunan govern the whole Philippines after the overthrow of Spanish rule.[1][4]
Likewise,Renato Constantino and others wrote that theKatipunan served as a shadow government.[5][6][7][8]
Influenced byFreemasonry, theKatipunan had been organized with "its own laws, bureaucratic structure and elective leadership".[1] For each province it involved, the Supreme Council coordinated provincial councils[2] which were in charge of "public administration and military affairs on the supra-municipal or quasi-provincial level"[1] and local councils,[2] in charge of affairs "on the district orbarrio level".[1]
In the last days of August 1896,Katipunan members met in Caloocan and decided to start their revolt[1] (the event was later called the "Cry of Balintawak" or "Cry ofPugad Lawin"; the exact location and date are disputed). A day after the Cry, the Supreme Council of the Katipunan held elections, with the following results:[1][2]
| Position | Name |
|---|---|
| Supreme President ( Kataas-taasang Pangulo,Presidente Supremo) | Andres C. Bonifacio |
| Secretary of War | Teodoro Plata |
| Secretary of State | Emilio Jacinto |
| Secretary of the Interior | Aguedo del Rosario |
| Secretary of Justice | Briccio Pantas |
| Secretary of Finance | Enrique Pacheco |
The above was divulged to the Spanish by theKatipunan memberPío Valenzuela while in captivity.[1][2]Teodoro Agoncillo thus wrote:
Immediately before the outbreak of the revolution, therefore, Bonifacio organized the Katipunan into a government revolving around a ‘cabinet’ composed of men of his confidence.[9]
Milagros C. Guerrero and others have described Bonifacio as "effectively" the commander-in-chief of the revolutionaries. They assert:
As commander-in-chief, Bonifacio supervised the planning of military strategies and the preparation of orders, manifests and decrees, adjudicated offenses against the nation, as well as mediated in political disputes. He directed generals and positioned troops in the fronts. On the basis of command responsibility, all victories and defeats all over the archipelago during his term of office should be attributed to Bonifacio.[1]
One name for Bonifacio's concept of the Philippine nation-state appears in survivingKatipunan documents:Haring Bayang Katagalugan ("Sovereign Nation of the Tagalog People", or "Sovereign Tagalog Nation") - sometimes shortened intoHaring Bayan ("Sovereign Nation").Bayan may be rendered as "nation" or "people". The termharing bayan (sometimesharingbayan) was Bonifacio'sneologism which sought to express and adapt in native terms the Western concept of "republic", from Latinres publica, meaning public thing orcommonwealth. Sinceharing bayan means both "sovereign nation" and "sovereign people", where sovereign power is held by the nation/people, his concept was essentially democratic and republican in nature.[1][2]
Thus Bonifacio is named as the president of the "Tagalog Republic" in an issue of the Spanish periodicalLa Ilustración Española y Americana published in February 1897 ("Andrés Bonifacio - Titulado "Presidente" de la República Tagala"). Another name for Bonifacio's government wasRepúblika ng Katagalugan (another form of "Tagalog Republic") as evidenced by a picture of a rebel seal published in the same periodical the next month.[1][2]
Official letters and one appointment paper of Bonifacio addressed to Emilio Jacinto reveal Bonifacio's various titles and designations, as follows:[1][2]
Republic of the Tagalog Nation Republic of the Archipelago of the Tagalog Nation Republika ng Katagalugan Republika ng Kapuluang Katagalugan | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1902–1906 | |||||||||
 Flag  Coat of arms | |||||||||
| Anthem: Marangal na Dalit ng Katagalugan | |||||||||
| Status | Unrecognized state | ||||||||
| Capital | Morong | ||||||||
| Government | Provisional government | ||||||||
| President | |||||||||
• 1902–1906 | Macario Sakay | ||||||||
| Vice President | |||||||||
• 1902–1906 | Francisco Carreón | ||||||||
| Historical era | Philippine–American War | ||||||||
• Declaration of Independence | 6 May 1902 | ||||||||
• Surrender ofMacario Sakay | 14 July 1906 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | Philippines | ||||||||
An 1897 power struggle at theImus Assembly inCavite led to command of the revolution shifting at theTejeros Convention, where a new insurgent government was formed withEmilio Aguinaldo as president. Bonifacio refused to recognize the new government after his election as Director of the Interior was questioned byDaniel Tirona. This led to theActa de Tejeros, theNaic Military Agreement and Bonifacio'strial and execution.
After Emilio Aguinaldo and his men were captured by the US forces in 1901, GeneralMacario Sakay, a veteranKatipunan member, re-established in 1902 the Tagalog Republic (Tagalog:Republika ng Katagalugan, orRepublika ng Kapuluang Katagalugan,kapuluan referring to the entire Philippine archipelago, as in "Philippine Islands" or "Islas Filipinas") as a continuation of Bonifacio's Katipunan government in contrast to Aguinaldo's Republic. Sakay was based in the mountains of Morong (today, the province ofRizal), and held thepresidency withFrancisco Carreón asvice president.[10] In April 1904, Sakay issued a manifesto declaring Filipino right toself-determination at a time when support forindependence was considered a crime by theAmerican colonial government.[11]
| Position | Name |
|---|---|
| Supreme President | Macario Sakay |
| Vice President | Francisco Carreón |
| Minister of War | Domingo Moriones |
| Minister of the Government | Alejandro Santiago |
| Minister of State | Nicolás Rivera |
The republic ended in 1906 when Sakay and his leading followers surrendered on July 14 to the American authorities upon being promisedamnesty and being convinced of the need for aPhilippine Assembly as a peaceful "gate to liberty". Instead they were arrested days later at a welcoming reception party in Cavite, imprisoned at the OldBilibid Prison in Manila, and the following year executed forbanditry.[11] Some of its survivors escaped to Japan to be joined withArtemio Ricarte, an exiled Katipunan veteran, who later returned to support theSecond Philippine Republic, a client state of Japan, during World War II.[12][13]
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