| Total population | |
|---|---|
| Approximately 40,000 (as of 1890) | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Nuristan,Afghanistan;Chitral,Pakistan | |
| Languages | |
| Nuristani languages | |
| Religion | |
| Islam (primarily), some still practicing traditionalHinduism | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Nuristanis,Dardic people,Kom people |
TheKatir (also spelledKati,Kator andKata) are aNuristani tribe inAfghanistan andPakistan.
TheKatir [ka 'tɘ] or Kata Kafir group wasnumerically the most dominant group of theSiah-Posh (Persian "Black Wearer/Clothed") tribes. They owned approximately forty villages in the Bashgul valley and numbered about 40,000 (1890).
The upper part of the Bashgul Valley ofNuristan (Afghanistan) is known as Katirgul. It is called Lutdeh inChitrali andKantozi inPashto.
According to George Scott Robertson, the KatirSiah-Posh clan settled in Katirgul valley was calledKamtoz (orCamtoz) in Pashto and Lutdehhchis in Chitrali (The Kafirs of the Hindu Kush, p 71). But American investigatorRichard Strand's website suggests that the nameKamtoz/Kamtozi may apply to all Katirs of the formerSiah-Posh group, including the Ramguli and Kulam Katirs[1].
Alternative names for Kamtoz areCamtozi,Kantozi. Despite their fiercely independent nature, the Katis, together with the Kom tribe, were tributary to the Mehtar ofChitral. The nature of this tributary relationship was inconsistent because the Katis and Koms would often raid Chitrali territory for livestock and head-hunting. In retaliation the Mehtars would invade the Bashgul Valley and enslave entire villages. During the reign of Mehtar Aman-ul-Mulk the relationship was formalized and the Kafirs would pay an annual tribute of slaves.
Numerous scholars have connected the names Katir/Kator/Kata andKam/Kom with ancientKambojas and identified theKafirs, especially theSiah-Posh Kafirs, as having descended from ancient. The Kata Tribe also lives in Chitral and very much mixed with Chitralis. There is a popular stone by the name of Kata Boht situated in Ozhore (Juwara) Valley Chitral. The Kata Tribe also lives in Ozhore and also other part of Chitral. The other fact is the tribe lives in Gram;gram is a Nuristani word (of Indo-Aryan origin) meaning "village" (as a "community"). In ancient times, people were considered rich according to their ownership of animals or land. As the Kata tribe in Chitral was considered to be relatively rich, over time, Chitrali speakers began to usekata to mean "rich" or "big".[1]
Kafiristan is a mountainous region of theHindu Kush that was isolated and politically independent until the conquest byAfghan conquest of 1896. The region became a refuge of an old group ofIndo-European people probably mixed with an older substratum, as well as a refuge of a distinct Kafiri group ofIndo-Iranian languages, forming part of the widerDardic languages. The inhabitants were known as "kafirs" due to their enduring polytheism (closely related to Vedic religion) while other regions around them became Muslim. However, the influence from district names in Kafiristan of Katwar or Kator and the ethnic name Kati has also been suggested. The Kafirs were divided intoSiyah-Posh, comprising five sub-tribes who spokeKatɘ language while the others were calledSafed-Posh comprising Paruni, Waigeli, Wamai and Ashkun.[2]
The Nuristani/Kafir people practiced a form of ancient Hinduism, infused with accretions developed locally.[3] Kafirs represent non-Rigvedic Aryans, identical with theDasas. That their ancestors were pre-Rigvedic Aryans can be inferred from linguistic, ethnological and theological evidence. The Kafiri/Nuristani languages contain certain phonetic features not found inIndo-Iranian languages. Their chief deity is Imra i.e.Yamaraja which was brought there by the Dasas who worshipped Asuras especially Yama andVaruna. Their primary goddess was Disani. They also worshippedIndra or Inder.[4]
On his way to India, Timur attacked the Siyah-Posh in 1398 A.D. after receiving complaints from the trading city ofAndarab by raids from Kafirs. He penetrated it from Khawak pass and restored an old fortress there.[5] Timur personally proceeded against the Kator/Katwar and sent a detachment of 10,000 soldiers againstSiyah-Poshas under Burhan Aglan and had the fort of Kator/Katwar deserted by Kafirs destroyed while the houses of the city were burnt.[6]
The Kafirs took refuge on top of a hill and many were killed in the ensuing clash. Some held out for three days but agreed to convert after Timur offered them the choice between death and Islam. They however soon apostatised and ambushed Muslim soldiers in the night. They were however repelled and a number of the Kafirs were killed, with 150 taken prisoner and later executed. Timur ordered his men "to kill all the men, to make prisoners of women and children, and to plunder and lay waste all their property." His soldiers carried out the order and he directed them to build a tower of skulls of the dead Kafirs. Timur had his expedition engraved on a neighboring hill in the month of Ramazan. His detachment sent against Siyah-Posh however met with disaster with Aglan routed and fleeing. A small detachment of 400 men under Muhammad Azad was sent and defeated the Kafirs, retrieving the horses and armour Aglan lost. Timur captured a few places later, though nothing more is stated, presumably he left the Siyah-Posh alone. He then proceeded to exterminate the rebellious Afghan tribes and crossed the Sindhu river in September 1398.[6]
The territory between Afghanistan andBritish India wasdemarcated between 1894 and 1896. Part of the frontier lying between Nawa Kotal in outskirts ofMohmand country andBashgal Valley on outskirts of Kafiristan were demarcated by 1895 with an agreement reached on 9 April 1895.[7] EmirAbdur Rahman Khan invaded Kafiristan in the winter of 1895-1896 and captured it in 40 days according to his autobiography. Columns invaded it from the west through Panjshir to Kullum, the strongest fort of the region. The columns from the north came throughBadakhshan and from the east throughAsmar. A small column also came from south-west throughLaghman. A small number of Kati refugee's escaped across the border into Kalash territory which was on the British side . Villages were founded in a number of valley's with Brumbutal in theBumboret valley and Kunisht in a neighbouring Kalash valley, however these to would become Islamic within a generation .[8] The Kafirs were converted to Islam and resettled in Laghman while the region was settled by veteran soldiers and other Afghans. Kafiristan was renamed asNooristan.[9]
The former Kafiristan's people were renamed Nuristani (The Enlightened Ones) from the proper noun Nuristan (Land of Enlightenment). Presently they are known by Nuristani Kata or simply Kata.[citation needed]
Georg Morgenstierne visited theBumboret Valley in 1929 during his field work onNuristani (Kafir) languages. He encountered the two last remaining unconverted "Kafir" priests of the region, called Bagashai and Kareik. Bagashai deceased after 1935.[10]
Around 1890, the Katir Kafirdivision was further sub-divided as under: