As of the 2000 census[update] it had a population of 29,000,[1] growing to 31,773 people in 2006; 16,032 persons of which wereHan, 7781 peopleHui, 7154 peopleUyghur, 628Mongol and 178 other ethnicities and an agricultural population of 1078 people.
The town has a strategic location, being located on theKaidu River (known in ancient times as the Liusha),China National Highway 314 and theSouthern Xinjiang Railway and is an important material distribution center and regional business hub. The town administers ten communities.[1] It has a predominatelyMuslim population and contains many mosques.
This 17th-century map shows Cialis (Karashar) as of one of the cities in the chain stretching fromHiarcan toSucieu
The modern town of Yanqi is situated about 24 kilometres (15 mi) west of the shallowLake Bosten. The lake is about 81 kilometres (50 mi) east to west and 48 kilometres (30 mi) north to south with a surface area of about 1,000 square kilometres (390 sq mi), making it one of the largest lakes in Xinjiang. It has been noted since Han times for its abundance of fish. The lake is fed by theKaidu River and the Konqi River[a] flows out of it pastKorla and across the Taklamakan Desert toLop Nur. There are numerous other small lakes in the region.
The city, referred to in classical Chinese sources as Yanqi, was located on the branch of theSilk Route that ran along the northern edge of theTaklamakan Desert in theTarim Basin.
The earliest known inhabitants of the area were anIndo-European people who apparently referred to themselves and the city asĀrśi (pronounced "Arshi"). Their language, since it was rediscovered in the early 20th century, has been known as "Tocharian A" (amisnomer resulting from an assumed relationship to theTukhara of Bactria). The people and city were also known asAgni, although this may have been a laterexonym, derived from the word for "fire" in anIndo-Iranian language such as Sanskrit (cognate to English "ignite"). The 7th centuryBuddhist monkXuanzang transliteratedAgni into Chinese asO-ki-ni 阿耆尼 (MCZS: *ʔɑ-ɡiɪ-ɳˠiɪstandard:Āqíní).[2][3]
Ārśi was bordered by relatedTocharian cultures, many of which also spoke related languages:Kuča (orKucha),Gumo (laterAksu) to the west,Turfan (Turpan) to the east and to the south,Krorän (Loulan).
In China,Han dynasty sources describe Yanqi (Ārśi /Agni) as a relatively large and important neighboring kingdom. According toBook of Han, the various states of the "Western Regions", including Yanqi, were controlled by the nomadicXiongnu, but later came under the influence of the Han dynasty, following a Hanshow of force againstDayuan (Fergana) in the late 2nd century BCE.[4]
The Tarim Basin in the 3rd century, showing the so-called Tocharian and related states.
From the 1st century BCE onwards, many populations in the Tarim Basin, including theĀrśi underwentconversion to Buddhism and, consequently, linguistic influence fromIndo-Iranian languages, such asPali,Sanskrit,Bactrian,Gandhari andKhotanese (Saka). The city ofĀrśi became commonly known asAgni, almost certainly derived from the Sanskrit अग्नि "fire". Names such asAgnideśa (अग्निदेश) andAgni-visaya, both of which are Sanskrit for "city of fire", are also recorded in Buddhist scriptures.
Soldiers from Karasahr, 8th century CE
According to theBook of the Later Han, GeneralBan Chao went on a punitive campaign against Yanqi in 94 CE after they attacked and killed the Protector GeneralChen Mu and Vice CommandantGuo Xun in 75 CE. The king of Yanqi was decapitated and his head displayed in the capital. Later rebellions were subdued by Ban Chao's sonBan Yong in 127 CE.
It has "15,000 households, 52,000 individuals, and more than 20,000 men able to bear arms. It has high mountains on all four sides. There are hazardous passes on the route to Qiuci (Kucha) that are easy to defend. The water of a lake winds between the four mountains, and surrounds the town for more than 30 li [12.5 km]."[5]
According toBook of Zhou (636 CE) the kingdom of Yanqi (Karashahr) was a small country with poor people and nine walled towns, and described the country and their custom thus:[6]
Marriage is about the same as among the Chinese. All the deceased are cremated and then buried. They wear mourning for seven full days, after which they put it off. The adult men all trim their hair to make a head decoration. Their written characters are the same as those of India.
It is their custom to serve "Heavenly God(s)" but they also show reverence and trust in the doctrines of theBuddha. They especially celebrate these days: The eighth day of the second month, and the eighth day of the fourth month. All the country abstains and does penance according to the teachings ofŚākya, and follows His Way.
The climate is cold, and the land good and fertile. For cereals, they have rice, millet, pulse, wheat, and barley. For animals, they have camels, horses, cows, and sheep. They raise silk-worms but do not make silk, merely using [the silk fiber] for padding. It is their custom to relish grape wine, and also to love music. It is some tenli north of a body of water, and has an abundance of fish, salt, and rushes. In the fourth year of the period Pao-ting, its king sent an envoy to present its renowned horses.[6][7]
Turkish dignitaries visiting kingVarkhuman inSamarkand. One of them is labeled as coming from Argi (Karashahr in modernXinjiang).Afrasiab mural, probably painted between 648 and 651 CE.[8][9]
By the mid-9th century, the area had been conquered by theUyghur Khaganate and theTocharian languages were fading from use.Agnideśa became widely known by theUyghur Turkic nameKarasahr (orKarashar), meaning "black city". The influence ofIslam grew, while older religions such as Buddhism andManichaenism declined.
Between the mid-13th century and the 18th century, Karasahr was part of theMongolChagatai Khanate.
Karashahr may have been known to late medieval Europeans asCialis,Chalis, orChialis,[b] althoughKorla,Krorän, and other city names are instead favored by some scholars.
In the early 17th century, the PortugueseJesuit lay brotherBento de Góis visited the Tarim Basin on his way from India to China (viaKabul andKashgar). De Góis and his traveling companions spent several months in the "Kingdom of Cialis", while crossing it with a caravan ofKashgarian merchants (ostensibly, tribute bearers) on their way toMing China. The travelers stayed in Cialis City for three months in 1605, and then continued, viaTurpan andHami (all parts of the "Kingdom of Cialis", according to de Góis), to the Ming border atJiayuguan.[12][13][14]
Kaidu River in Yanqi
The British travellerFrancis Younghusband briefly visited Karasahr in 1887 on his overland journey fromBeijing toIndia. He described it as being "like all the towns hereabouts, is surrounded by a mud wall, and the gateways are surmounted by the usual pagoda-like towers. There is a musketry wall round outside the main wall, but it is now almost in ruins. Inside the wall are someyamens, but only a few houses. Outside, to the south, are a few shops and inns."[15]
An early-20th-century traveler described the situation in Karashahr as follows:
"The whole of this district round Kara-shahr and Korla is, from a geographical and political point of view, both interesting and important; for whilst all other parts of Chinese Turkestan can only be reached either by climbing high and difficult passes—the lowest of which has the same elevation as Mont Blanc—or traversing extensive and dangerous waterless deserts of sand-hills, here we find the one and only convenient approach to the land through the valleys of several rivers in the neighbourhood of Ili, where plentiful water abounds in the mountain streams on all sides, and where a rich vegetation makes life possible for wandering tribes. Such Kalmuck tribes still come from the north-west to Tal. They are Torgut nomads who pitch their yurts round about Kara-shahr and live a hard life with their herds ...
Just as these Mongols wander about here at the present day, so the nomadic tribes of an earlier period must have used this district as their entrance and exit gate. The Tochari (Yue-chi) [Pinyin: Yuezhi], on their way from China, undoubtedly at that time passed through this gate to get into the Ili valley ..."[16]
^The period's books such asRicci &Trigault (1615),[10] or later works drawing on those (e.g.,Fang (1976)[11]) usually go forCialis, but some maps use the more anglicized form,Chialis.
^Gallagher, Louis J., ed. (1953). "Cathay and China proved to be identical".China in the Sixteenth Century: The journals of Mathew Ricci: 1583–1610. Translated by Gallagher. New York: Random House. book 5, chapter 12, pages 510-513. — This is an English translation of a 1615Latin work byRicci &Trigault.[10]
^Younghusband, Francis E. (2005) [1896].The Heart of a Continent (facsimile reprint ed.). London, UK: Elbiron Classics. pp. 143–144,ISBN1-4212-6551-6 (pbk),ISBN1-4212-6550-8 (hdcv).
^von Le Coq, A. (1985) [1928].Buried Treasures of Chinese Turkestan: An account of the activities and adventures of the second and third German Turfan expeditions. Translated by Barwell, Anna (Reprint ed.). London: Oxford University Press. pp. 145–146.
Hill, John E. (2004).The Peoples of the West from the Weilue 魏略by Yu Huan 魚豢: A third century Chinese account composed between 239 and 265 CE.Draft annotated English translation.
Hill, John E. (2009).Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A study of the silk routes during the later Han dynasty, 1st to 2nd centuries CE. Charleston, SC: BookSurge.ISBN978-1-4392-2134-1.
Puri, B.N. (2000) [1987].Buddhism in Central Asia. (reprint ed.) Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.
Saran, Mishi (2005).Chasing the Monk's Shadow: A journey in the footsteps of Xuanzang. New Delhi: Penguin / Viking.ISBN0-670-05823-8.
Stein, Aurel M. (1990) [1912].Ruins of Desert Cathay: Personal narrative of explorations in Central Asia and westernmost China, 2 vols. (reprint ed.) Delhi, IN: Low Price Publications.
Stein, Aurel M. (1980) [1921].Serindia: Detailed report of explorations in central Asia and westernmost China, 5 vols. (orig ed.) London & Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. (reprint ed.) Delhi, IN: Motilal Banarsidass.[1]
Stein Aurel M. (1981) [1928].Innermost Asia: Detailed report of explorations in central Asia, Kan-su and eastern Iran, 5 vols. (orig ed.) Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. (reprint ed.) New Delhi, IN: Cosmo Publications.
Yu, Taishan (March 2004).A History of the Relationships between the Western and Eastern Han, Wei, Jin, Northern and Southern Dynasties, and the Western Regions. Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations.Sino-Platonic Papers. Vol. 131.University of Pennsylvania.
Silk Road Seattle - University of Washington (The Silk Road Seattle website contains many useful resources including a number of full-text historical works, maps, photos, etc.)
