TheKarakalpaks, orQaraqalpaqs (/ˈkærəkɑːlpɑːks,-pæks/ⓘ;Karakalpak:Qaraqalpaqlar, Қарақалпақлар, قاراقلپقلر), are aTurkic ethnic group native toKarakalpakstan inNorthwestern Uzbekistan. During the 18th century, they settled in the lower reaches of theAmu Darya and in the (former)delta of Amu Darya on the southern shore of theAral Sea.[8] The nameKarakalpak comes from two words:qara meaning 'black' andqalpaq meaning 'hat'. The Karakalpaks number nearly 871,970 worldwide, out of which about 726,000 live in theKarakalpakstan region ofUzbekistan.[1][9]
The word Karakalpak is derived from theRussian Cyrillic spelling of their name and has become the accepted name for these people in the West.[10]The Karakalpaksendonymically refer to themselves asQaraqalpaqs, while theUzbeks call themQoraqalpoqs. The word means "blackkalpak" and has caused much confusion in the past, since historians linked them with other earlier peoples (such asCherniye Klobuki), who have borne the appellation "black hat" in Slavic vernacular.
Many accounts continue to link the present-day Karakalpaks with the Turkic confederation known as theCherniye Klobuki of the 11th century, whose name also means "black hat" in Russian. Cherniye Klobuki were mercenary military troops of theKievan Rus. Apart from the fact that their names have the same meaning, there is no archaeological or historical evidence to link these two groups.
Recent archaeological evidence indicates that the Karakalpaks may have formed as a confederation of different tribes at some time in the late 15th or the 16th centuries at some location along theSyr Darya or its southernZhany Darya outlet, in proximity to theKazakhs of theLesser Horde. This would explain why their language, customs, and material culture are so similar to that of the Kazakhs.[12]
The Karakalpak population is mainly confined to the central part ofKarakalpakstan that is irrigated by theAmu Darya. The largest communities live inNukus, the capital of Karakalpakstan and the surrounding large towns, such asKhodjeyli,Shimbay,Takhiatash,Shomanay andKungrad. Although their homeland bears their name, the Karakalpaks are not the largest ethnic group living in Karakalpakstan. They are increasingly being outnumbered by Uzbeks, many of whom are being encouraged to move into the rich agricultural region aroundTurtkul andBeruniy.
Rural Karakalpaks mainly live on former collective or state farms, most of which have been recently privatised. Many rural Karakalpaks have been seriously affected by the desiccation of theAral Sea, which has destroyed the local fishing industry along with much of the grazing and agricultural land in the north of the delta. The majority of Karakalpakstan is occupied by desert: theKyzyl Kum on the eastern side, the barrenUstyurt Plateau to the west and now the growingAralkum to the north, once the bed of the former Aral Sea.
Due to the geography and history of the Karakalpak people, Karakalpak has been influenced by Uzbek, Mongol,Tajik andRussian. A Karakalpak-Uzbekpidgin language is often spoken by those bilingual in both languages.
Karakalpaks are primarily followers of theHanafi School ofSunniIslam. It is probable they adopted Islam between the 10th and 13th centuries, a period when they first appeared as a distinct ethnic group.
Dervish orders such as theNaqshbandi,Kubrawiya,Yasawi andQalandari are fairly common in the region. The religious order that established the strongest relationship with the people of the region is the Kubrawiya, which hasShi'i adherents.
Modern Turkic PeoplePCA Analysis, including the Karakalpaks. Modelled proportions ofAncient Northeast Asian ancestry (ANA,), as well as Chinese Yellow River (YR_NLA,) andSintashta () ancestry.[14]
Since ancient times, among the Karakalpaks, legends and traditions have been told and passed down from generation to generation about the origin of the tribes and peoples who inhabitedKhorezm, aboutKayumars,Jamshid,Siyavush,Rustam,Tomiris,Iskander (Alexander the Great), about the female kingdom, Mount Tok,Genghis Khan, Guldursun,Dede Korkut. Legends that are very popular among the Karakalpaks include the legends aboutAyaz-Kala (Ayaz fortress),Guldursun, the fortress of the Forty Girls (Karakalpian: Qırq-qız-kale), Mount Tok (Karakalpian: Toq-taw).[15]
The history of Karakalpak national literature begins with the formation of the Karakalpaks as a people from the 2nd half. XVI century, from the time they were mentioned in historical chronicles under the name "Karakalpaks". Appeared in the XIV-XV centuries. and in the 1st half. XVI century in theGolden Horde,White Horde and the Great Nogai Union, literary monuments and the work of the poets who lived in those times should be considered common to the modernKazakh,Nogai and Karakalpak peoples. Songs composed in the XIV-XVI centuries. in the Nogai Union, scientists called them "Nogai songs". The same name is also used byShoqan Valikhanov, who divides the heritage created by the people into 3 groups and calls the 3rd group "Nogai songs", indicating the time of their appearance – the XIV-XVI centuries. – and noting their commonality for the Kazakh, Karakalpak, Kyrgyz, Nogai peoples.[16]
In the political development of the Karakalpaks, the 18th century was the most difficult and tragic time. Many Kazakh clans were subject to theKalmyks. Many Karakalpaks were forced to flee to the lower reaches of theSyr Darya. Since 1810, the historical fate of the Karakalpaks has been closely connected with the history of theKhiva Khanate. The poor were hired as farm laborers by the rich and by officials, which testified to the strengthening of class stratification and contradictions between the Karakalpaks. In the 18th century Along with rich oral folk art, a literary heritage itself arose, which had specific creative features, the authors of which were known. These include the zhyrau-storyteller Zhien zhyrau (Karakalp. Jiyen jıraw). There were other poets in that era, but neither their names nor the works they created have survived to our time. Poems differ from folklore in certain ways in terms of theme, style, realism and are in the nature of written literature.
The awakened class consciousness became for those who lived in the 19th century. classical poets as a determining factor. It formed the ideological essence of the works of such major representatives of Karakalpak classical poetry of the 19th century asAjiniyaz,Berdakh. They wrote about the hard life and struggle of the people, their dissatisfaction with the feudal order.[17] Satire also developed. The anecdotesJoker Omirbek, a defender of the poor and a wit, a follower ofKhoja Nasreddin, were actively retold.[18] The annexation of Karakalpakstan toRussia did not free its population from exploitation and oppression.
^Марғулан Ә. (1971).Шоқан жэне "Манас". Алматы 1971.
^Муминов И. (1957).Из истории развития общественно-философской мысли в Узбекистане. Ташкент. p. 49.
^С. П. Толстов, Т. А. Жданко, С. Камалов (1964).Очерки истории Каракалпакской АССР: С древнейших времен до 1917 г, Том 1. Ташкент: Наука 1964. pp. 125.–431.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
^Мамедов Н.М. (2007)."Каракалпакская литература". Мутарджим. p. 230.
James Stuart Olson, Nicholas Charles Pappas:An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet empires. Greenwood Publishing Group 1994,ISBN0-313-27497-5, pp. 343–345 (online copy, p. 345, atGoogle Books)
David J. Phillips:Peoples on the Move: Introducing the Nomads of the World. William Carey Library 2001,ISBN0-87808-352-9, p. 304 (online copy, p. 304, atGoogle Books)
1 Central Asian (i.e.Turkmeni,Afghani andIranian)Turkmens, distinct from Levantine (i.e.Iraqi andSyrian) Turkmen/Turkoman minorities, who mostly adhere to an Ottoman-Turkish heritage and identity.2 In traditional areas of Turkish settlement (i.e. formerOttoman territories).
1These are traditional areas of settlement; the Turkic group has been living in the listed country/region for centuries and should not be confused with modern diasporas. 2State with limited international recognition.
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