Kara Del 哈密國 | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| c. 1389–1513 | |||||||||||
 Location of Kara Del | |||||||||||
| Status | Vassal of theMing dynasty (1404–1513) | ||||||||||
| Capital | Qamil (Hami) | ||||||||||
| Common languages | Mongolian,Old Uyghur language | ||||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||||
| Khan | |||||||||||
| Historical era | Post-classical | ||||||||||
• Gunashiri breaks away fromNorthern Yuan dynasty | c. 1389 | ||||||||||
• Kara Del acceptsMing supremacy | 1404 | ||||||||||
• Conquered byEsen of the Northern Yuan | 1430s | ||||||||||
• Coup staged by pro-Mongol faction | 1463 | ||||||||||
• Ming restores Gunashiri dynasty | 1467 | ||||||||||
• Mansur Khan from theChagatai Khanate overthrows the Gunashiri dynasty and the region converts to Islam | 1513 | ||||||||||
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| Today part of | China | ||||||||||
Kara Del orQara Del was a kingdom that existed in Kumul orHami, in present-dayXinjiang. It was founded by theYuan prince Gunashiri, a descendant ofChagatai Khan, in the late 14th century (c. 1389), and ruled by theChagatayids thereafter until 1463. From 1380s, it began to pay tribute to theMing dynasty. From 1406, it was governed by Ming under the "Hami Guard" (Chinese:哈密衛); however, sometimes it was still under the influence of theNorthern Yuan, and the ruler was called the Obedient King (Chinese:忠順王) under theJimi system. It was destroyed in 1513 as a result of the wars between theMing dynasty and theOirats, as well as dynastic succession struggles.
In 1389, theBuddhist Chagataid prince Gunashiri broke away from theNorthern Yuan dynasty, which had fallen under the reign ofJorightu Khan Yesüder, an Arig-Bokid prince. He established himself in Qamil (Hami) by 1390 and ruled over a Uyghur population. The next year, theMing dynasty occupied his territory and forced him to submit, although he remained in control of his territory.[1][2]
In 1404, Gunashiri's successor Engke Temiir accepted the establishment of aMing guard and becameHami Prefecture.[2] However the Ming did not directly govern Hami or collect taxes. Engke Temiir was granted the titleZhongshunwang (meaning the obedient prince) by the Ming court.[3] During the 1430s, Kara Del submitted to theOirats. The Uyghurs of Hami came into regular contact with Mongols in southwesternInner Mongolia. Several Uyghur chiefs became major leaders of the western Mongols, leading to the spread of Uyghurjin as a clan name in theOrdos area.[2]
In 1446, disturbances broke out in Hami. Ming forces under Ren Li occupied the city and deported 1,230 people to the east ofJiayuguan.[4]
In 1463 the khan was overthrown by a pro-Mongol faction and a serious succession crisis ensued. From 1467, the Ming emperors repeatedly reinstalled members of Gunashiri's house but the situation in Hami never stabilized. Hami was conquered byMansur Khan, the ruler ofMoghulistan in 1513.[2] Kara Del officially converted to Islam in 1513.[5]
It was reported that between Khitay and Khotan the Sarigh Uyghur tribes who were "impious" resided, and they were targeted for ghazat (holy war) by Mansur Khan following 1516.[6][7] After the islamization of Kara Del,Uyghur fell into disuse until the 20th century, except as a local term for Muslim Turks in Hami and Turpan. In 1923,Uyghur was revived again as a general designation forXinjiang'sTarim Basin oasis dwellers.[2]
Buddhism survived in Uyghurstan (Turfan and Qocho) during the Ming dynasty.[8]
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According to Japanese Wikipedia (ja:グナシリ):
Rivalry between Nugandaširi (努溫答失里) (1460–1472) and Baγ Temür (把塔木兒) (1466–1472)
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