Kansai opened on 4 September 1994 to relieve overcrowding atOsaka International Airport, also called Itami Airport, which is closer to Osaka. It consists of two terminals: Terminal 1 and Terminal 2. Terminal 1, designed by Italian architectRenzo Piano, is the longest airport terminal in the world with a length of 1.7 km (1+1⁄16 mi). The airport serves as an internationalhub forAll Nippon Airways,Japan Airlines, andNippon Cargo Airlines and as a hub forPeach, the first internationallow-cost carrier in Japan.[9] It is also the north Pacific hub forFedEx Express, which obtainedfifth freedom rights under the 1998 U.S. and Japan air agreement and established the hub in 2014.[10][3]
In 2019, 31.9 million passengers used the airport, making it thethird busiest in Japan. The freight volume was 802,162 tonnes total: 757,414 t international (18th in the world) and 44,748 t domestic.[11] The 4,000 m × 60 m (13,120 ft × 200 ft) second runway was opened on 2 August 2007. As of June 2014[update], Kansai Airport has become an Asian hub, with 780 weekly flights to Asia and Australasia (including 119 freight), 59 weekly flights to Europe and the Middle East (5 freight), and 80 weekly flights to North America (42 freight).[12]
In 2020, Kansai was ranked the tenth-best airport in the world bySkytrax and received its awards for Best Airport Staff in Asia, World's Best Airport Staff, and World's Best Airport for Baggage Delivery.[13][14]
Third floor boarding lobby, within the longest airport terminal in the world
In the 1960s, when theKansai region was rapidly losing trade to Tokyo, planners proposed a new airport nearKobe and Osaka. The city's original international airport,Itami Airport, located in the densely populated suburbs ofItami andToyonaka, was surrounded by buildings; it could not be expanded, and many of its neighbours had filed complaints because ofnoise pollution problems.[15] The demand of expansion also limited by the geographical factor where the area around Itami airport is surrounded by the mountainous area, forcing the only choice viable in that time is to build it offshore.[16]
After the protests surrounding New Tokyo International Airport (nowNarita International Airport), which was built withexpropriated land in a rural part ofChiba Prefecture, planners decided to build the airport offshore. The new airport was part of a number of new developments to revitalize Osaka, which had been losing economic and cultural ground to Tokyo for most of the century.[17]
Initially, the airport was planned to be built near Kobe, but the city of Kobe refused the plan, so the airport was moved to a more southerly location on Osaka Bay.[18] There it could be open 24 hours per day, unlike its predecessor in the city.[19][20]
Satellite photo of Kansai Airport (lower-right island) inOsaka Bay.Kobe Airport is being built on the unfinished island near the middle of the photo. Central Osaka is in the upper-right corner, along withOsaka International.Airport map
An artificial island,4 km (2+1⁄2 mi) long and2.5 km (1+1⁄2 mi) wide, was proposed. Engineers needed to overcome the extremely high risks of earthquakes andtyphoons (withstorm surges of up to 3 m or 10 ft). The water depth is 18 metres (59 ft) on top of 20 metres (66 ft) of softHolocene clay which holds 70% water.[21][22][23][24] A million sand drains were built into the clay to remove water and solidify the clay.[23][24]
Construction started in 1987. The sea wall was finished in 1989 (made of rock and 48,000tetrapods).[25] Three mountains were excavated[26] for 21 million cubic metres (27 million cubic yards),[27][28] and 180 million cubic metres (240 million cubic yards) was used to construct island 1.[22] Over three years, 10,000 workers using 80 ships took 10 million man-hours to complete the 30-or-40-metre (100 or 130 ft)[22] layer of earth over the sea floor and inside the sea wall. In 1990, a three-point-seven-five-kilometre (2.33 mi) bridge was completed to connect the island to the mainland atRinku Town, at a cost of $1 billion.[29] Completion of the artificial island increased the area of Osaka Prefecture just enough so that it is no longer the smallest prefecture in Japan (Kagawa Prefecture is now the smallest).[30]
The bidding and construction of the airport was a source of international trade friction during the late 1980s and early 1990s. Prime MinisterYasuhiro Nakasone responded to American concerns, particularly fromSenatorFrank Murkowski, that bids would be rigged in Japanese companies' favour by providing special offices for prospective international contractors,[31] which ultimately did little to ease the participation of foreign contractors in the bidding process.[32] Later, foreign airlines complained that two-thirds of the departure hall counter space had been allocated to Japanese carriers, disproportionately to the actual carriage of passengers through the airport.[33]
The island had been predicted to sink 5.7 m (18 ft 8 in) by the most optimistic estimate as the weight of the material used for construction compressed the seabed silts. However, by 1999, the island had sunk 8.2 m (26 ft 11 in) – almost 50% more than predicted. The project became the most expensive civil works project in modern history after twenty years of planning, three years of construction and US$15bn of investment. Much of what was learned went into the successful artificial islands in silt deposits forNew Kitakyushu Airport,Kobe Airport, andChubu Centrair International Airport. The lessons of Kansai Airport were also applied in the construction ofHong Kong International Airport.[34]
In 1991, theterminal construction commenced. To compensate for the sinking of the island, adjustable columns were designed to support the terminal building. These are extended by inserting thick metal plates at their bases. Government officials proposed reducing the length of the terminal to cut costs, but architectRenzo Piano insisted on keeping the terminal at its full planned length.[35]
The airport's opening date was decided by theMinistry of Transportation in 1993, mainly to avoid confusion from airliners and airports who are not used to the airport and the peak July-August travel season.[36]
The construction of Kansai International Airport received much attention from local newspapers, particularly Osaka editions of major national newspapers, than those of Tokyo.[37]
Just before the airport was opened, the Ministry of Transportation approved the landing fee for its international flights at 2400 yen a tonne.[38]
The airport was opened on 4 September 1994,[39][40] being the first in Japan to operate 24 hours a day.[41][40] Over 31 airlines from 26 countries operate at the new airport.[41]
Within two weeks after its opening, the airport was reported to had a "poor start": travel agencies in Tokyo were not interested in using the airport for their packages as the number of international flights was fewer than at Narita; one member of a travel agency said that the airport had no major advantage over the one in Narita and another said that the airport being "no better than a local airport". The airport also had problems with flight timetables.[42]
On 17 January 1995, Japan was struck by theGreat Hanshin earthquake, theepicenter of which was about 20 km (12 mi) away from KIX and killed 6,434 people on Japan's main island ofHonshū. Itsearthquake engineering, particularly the use of sliding joints, allowed the airport to emerge unscathed. Even the glass in the windows remained intact. On 22 September 1998, the airport survived a typhoon with wind speeds over 60 m/s (130 mph).[43]
On 19 April 2001, the airport was one of ten structures given the "Civil Engineering Monument of the Millennium" award by theAmerican Society of Civil Engineers.[44]
As of 2008[update], the total cost of Kansai Airport was $20 billion including land reclamation, tworunways, terminals, and facilities. Most additional costs were initially due to the island's sinking, caused by the soft soils of Osaka Bay, which was anticipated by designers. The sink rate fell from 50 cm (20 in) per year during 1994 to 7 cm (3 in) per year in 2008.[45]
Kansai International Airport with the terminal building in the background4th floor ticketing hall, illustrating the terminal's airfoil roof
Opened on 4 September 1994, the airport serves as a hub for several airlines such as All Nippon Airways, Japan Airlines, and Nippon Cargo Airlines. It is the international gateway for Japan'sKansai region, which contains the major cities of Kyoto, Kobe, and Osaka. Other Kansai domestic flights fly from the older but more conveniently located Osaka International Airport in Itami, or from the newer Kobe Airport.[18]
The airport had been deeply in debt, losing $560 million in interest every year. Airlines had been kept away by high landing fees (about $7,500 for aBoeing 747), the second most expensive in the world after Narita's. In the early years of the airport's operation, excessive terminal rent and utility bills for on-site concessions also drove up operating costs: some estimates before opening held that a cup of coffee would have to cost US$10.[46] Osaka business owners pressed the government to take a greater burden of the construction cost to keep the airport attractive to passengers and airlines.[47]
On 17 February 2005,Chubu Centrair International Airport opened inNagoya, just east of Osaka. The opening of the airport was expected to increase competition between Japan's international airports. Despite this, passenger totals were up 11% in 2005 over 2004, and international passengers increased to 3.06 million in 2006, up 10% over 2005. Adding to the competition were the opening of Kobe Airport, less than 25 km (16 mi) away, in 2006 and the lengthening of the runway atTokushima Airport inShikoku in 2007. The main rationale behind the expansions was to compete withIncheon International Airport andHong Kong International Airport as a gateway to Asia, as Tokyo area airports were severely congested. Kansai saw a 5% year-on-year increase in international traffic in summer 2013, largely supported bylow-cost carrier traffic toTaiwan and Southeast Asia overcoming a decrease in traffic to China and South Korea.[48]
The airport authority was allotted four billion yen in government support for fiscal year 2013, and the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport and the Ministry of Finance agreed to reduce this amount in stages through fiscal year 2015, although local governments in the Kansai region have pressed for continued subsidies.[49]
Kansai has been marketed as an alternative to Narita Airport for international travelers from theGreater Tokyo Area. By flying to Kansai fromHaneda Airport and connecting to international flights there, travelers can save the additional time required to get to Narita: up to one and a half hours for many residents ofKanagawa Prefecture and southern Tokyo.
Second phase of Kansai International Airport under construction
The airport was at its limit during peak times, owing especially to freight flights, so a portion of Phase II expansion—the second runway—was made a priority.[50] Thus, in 2002, believing that the sinking problem was almost over, the airport operators started to construct a 4,000 m (13,000 ft) second runway and terminal.[51]
The second runway opened on 2 August 2007, but with the originally planned terminal portion postponed. This lowered the project cost toJPY¥910 billion (approx. US$8 billion), saving ¥650 billion from the first estimate.[52] The additional runway development, which was opened in time for theIAAF World Athletics Championships inOsaka, has expanded the airport size to 10.5 square kilometres (2,600 acres). The second runway is used for landings and when there are incidents prohibiting takeoff from runway A. The new runway allowed the airport to start 24-hour operations in September 2007.[53][54]
A new terminal building opened in late 2012.[55] There are additional plans for several new aprons, a third runway (06C/24C) with a length of 3,500 m (11,483 ft), a new cargo terminal and expanding the airport size to 13 km2 (5 sq mi). However, the Japanese government has currently postponed these plans due to funding problems.[56]
ThenOsaka Prefecture governorToru Hashimoto has been a vocal critic ofItami Airport, arguing that theChuo Shinkansenmaglev line will make much of its domestic role irrelevant, and that its domestic functions should be transferred to Kansai Airport in conjunction with upgraded high-speed access to Kansai from central Osaka.[57] In 2009, Hashimoto also publicly proposed moving the functions ofMarine Corps Air Station Futenma to Kansai Airport as a possible solution for the political crisis surrounding the base.[58]
In May 2011, theDiet of Japan passed legislation to form a new Kansai International Airport Corporation using the state's existing equity stake in Kansai Airport and its property holdings at Itami Airport. The move was aimed at offsetting Kansai Airport's debt burden.[59]
The merger of the Itami and Kansai airport authorities was completed in July 2012. Shortly following the merger, Kansai Airport announced a 5% reduction in landing fees effective October 2012, with additional reductions during overnight hours when the airport is underutilized, and further discounts planned for the future, including subsidies for new airlines and routes. As of October 2012[update] these moves were intended to bring Kansai's fees closer to the level ofNarita International Airport, where landing fees were around 20% lower than Kansai's, and to improve competitiveness with other Asian hubs such asIncheon International Airport in South Korea.[60]
KIAC conducted a public tender to sell the operating rights for Kansai andItami Airport in May 2015.Orix andVinci Airports were the sole bidders for the 45-year contract, at a price of around $18 billion.[62] The new operating company,Kansai Airports, took over on 1 April 2016.[63] It is 80% owned by Orix and Vinci, with the remaining 20% owned by Kansai-based enterprises such asHankyu Hanshin Holdings andPanasonic.[64]
On 4 September 2018, the airport was hit byTyphoon Jebi. The airport had to pause operations after seawater surges inundated the island; runways were hit, and the water reached up to the engines of some aircraft.[65] The situation was further exacerbated when a large tanker crashed into the bridge that links the airport to the mainland, effectively stranding the people remaining at the airport.[66] All flights at the airport were canceled until 6 September, at which datePrime Minister Shinzō Abe announced the airport would partially resume domestic operations.[67][68]
Train services to the airport resumed from 18 September 2018 after repair works to theKansai Airport Line andNankai Airport Line were completed, and the airport resumed regular operations on 1 October 2018. Repairs to the damaged section of the Sky Gate Bridge R were finally completed on 8 April 2019, restoring traffic both to and from the mainland completely.
The main KIX passenger terminal, Terminal 1, is a single four-storey building designed byRenzo Piano Building Workshop (Renzo Piano andNoriaki Okabe), and has a gross floor space of 296,043 square metres (3,186,580 sq ft). As of 2018[update], at a total length of 1.7 km (1.1 mi) from end to end, Terminal 1 is the longest airport terminal in the world.[69] It has a sophisticatedpeople mover system called theWing Shuttle, which moves passengers from one end of the pier to the other.
The terminal's roof is shaped like anairfoil. This shape is used to promote air circulation through the building: giantair conditioning ducts blow air upwards at one side of the terminal, circulate the air across the curvature of the ceiling, and collect the air through intakes at the other side.Mobiles are suspended in the ticketing hall to take advantage of the flowing air.
The ticketing hall overlooks the international departures concourse, and the two are separated by a glass partition. During Kansai's early days, visitors were known to throw objects over the partition to friends in the corridor below. The partition was eventually modified to halt this practice.
On 23 June 2017, at the terminal's promotion space, a game experience area known as "Nintendo Check In" opened. In this game experience area, guests arriving at Terminal 1 can playNintendo Switch games free of charge. There is a statue of Mario at the experience area, along with Super Mario Cappy caps fromSuper Mario Odyssey for passengers to take photos with. There alsoAmiibo figurines on display there. In the northern and southern arrival routes of Terminal 1, there are decorations of Nintendo characters likeMario,Luigi,Princess Peach, and others welcoming arriving passengers.[70]
Peach requested that Terminal 2 have a simplified design in order to minimize operating costs.[72] The terminal is a single-story building, thus eliminating the cost ofelevators. Passageways to aircraft have no air conditioning.[73] The terminal also has nojet bridges, having one boarding gate for domestic departures and one boarding gate for international departures. In case of rain, passengers are lent umbrellas to use as they walk to the aircraft.[74]
Terminal 2 is not directly connected to Terminal 1 or toKansai Airport Station. Free shuttle buses run between the two terminals, and between Terminal 2 and the railway and ferry stations. It is also possible to walk between the terminals through the KIX Sora Park, a four-hectare park located adjacent to Terminal 2.[75]
Kansai International Airport is connected only by theSky Gate Bridge R, a combined road and railroad bridge, to Rinku Town and the mainland. The lower level of the bridge is used by two railroad operators:JR West andNankai Electric Railway.
Rail connections to and from Kansai Airport are expected to further improve access to and fromUmeda with the opening of theNaniwasuji Line in 2031.[198]
Kansai Airport Limited ExpressHaruka operated by JR West
Kansai Airport Transportation Enterprise[199] and other bus operators offer scheduled express bus services, called "Airport Limousines", for Kansai International Airport.
Two six storey parking structures, called P1 and P2, are located above a railroad terminal station, while the other two level parking facilities, called P3 and P4, are situated next to "Aeroplaza", a hotel complex.
The airport is only accessible from the Sky Gate Bridge R, a part of Kansai Airport Expressway. The expressway immediately connects toHanshin Expressways Route 5, "Wangan Route", andHanwa Expressway.
Kensetsu-to, the headquarters ofPeach Aviation and the Kansai International Airport Land Development Co., Ltd.Sky Gate Bridge to the mainland
Kansai Airport Agency Company Building (航空会社北ビル,Kūkō Kaisha Kita Biru) – Houses the Kansai Airport Agency Co., Ltd. (株式会社 関西エアポートエージェンシー,Kabushiki Kaisha Kansai Eapōto Ējenshī)[200][201]
Kensetsu-to (建設棟,Kensetsu-tō)
The head office of the Kansai International Airport Land Development Co., Ltd. / KALD (関西国際空港用地造成株式会社,Kansai Kokusai Kūkō Yōchi ZōseiKabushiki Kaisha) is on the fourth floor.[202]
Aeroplaza (エアロプラザ,Earopuraza) is located on the west side ofKansai Airport Station. It includes a hotel, restaurants, rental car counters, and other businesses[205]
Hotel Nikko Kansai Airport (north portion of Kansai Airport)[5]
Head office of Peach Aviation was previously located on the third floor (central portion of Kansai Airport)[206][207]
Osaka international post office (As of 2010[update] carrying about 19,000 tonnes per year of international postal matter)
Oil tanker berths (three berths) and Fuel Supply center
Airport access bridge ("The Sky Gate Bridge R"), which as of 2013 is the longesttruss bridge in the world at 3,750 m (12,303 ft).[208] The double-decker bridge consists of a lower deck devoted to rail, with the upper for road.
^"'국제선 재개' 이스타항공, 9월 20일 도쿄·오사카 노선 취항" ['Resuming international route' Eastar Jet, launches Tokyo·Osaka in 20 September] (in Korean). Yonhap News Agency. 18 July 2023.
^"なにわ筋線「北梅田～ＪＲ難波・南海新今宮」の鉄道事業許可" [Railway business license for Naniwasuji Line "Kita Umeda-JR Namba / Nankai Shin-Imamiya"](PDF).Japan Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport (MLIT) (in Japanese). 9 July 2019.Archived(PDF) from the original on 3 July 2021. Retrieved7 February 2021.
^090406a.pdfArchived 25 April 2012 at theWayback Machine. Kansai International Airport Land Development Co., Ltd. Retrieved on 2 November 2011. "Kansai Airport Agency Company Building (4F) 1 Senshu-Kuko Kita, Izumisano, Osaka 549-0001"
^会社情報 (in Japanese). Kansai Airport Agency. Archived fromthe original on 17 November 2011. Retrieved2 November 2011."〒５４９－０００１ 大阪府泉佐野市泉州空港北１番地航空会社北ビル４Ｆ"
^見学ホール (in Japanese). Kansai International Airport Land Development Co., Ltd. Archived fromthe original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved1 November 2011.〒549–0001 大阪府泉佐野市泉州空港北一番地 建設棟4F.
^"Privacy Policy." Peach Aviation. Retrieved on 23 July 2011. "Peach Aviation Limited Kensetsu-to fifth floor, 1-Senshukuko-kita, Izumisano-shi, Osaka, Japan 549-8585" –Japanese: "〒549-8585 大阪府泉佐野市泉州空港北一番地 建設棟5階 Peach Aviation株式会社"
^"About Us." Peach. Retrieved on 1 November 2011. "Izumisano-shi, Osaka, Japan 549-8585"Address in Japanese: "大阪府泉佐野市"
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