The name "Kanazawa" (金沢,金澤), which literally means "marsh of gold", is said to derive from the legend of the peasant Imohori Togoro (literally "Togoro Potato-digger"), who was digging for potatoes when flakes of gold washed up.The well in the grounds ofKenroku-en is known as 'Kinjo Reitaku' (金城麗澤) to acknowledge these roots. The area where Kanazawa is was originally known as Ishiura, whose name is preserved at the Ishiura Shrine near Kenrokuen. The area around Kanazawa was part of ancientKaga Province.
During theMuromachi period (1336 to 1573), as the power of the centralshōguns inKyoto was waning, Kaga Province came under the control of theIkkō-ikki, followers of the teachings of priestRennyo, of theJōdo Shinshū sect, who displaced the official governors of the province, the Togashi clan, and established a kind of theocratic republic later known as "The Peasants' Kingdom." Their principal stronghold was the Kanazawa Gobo, on the tip of the Kodatsuno Ridge.Backed by high hills and flanked on two sides by rivers, it was a natural fortress, around which acastle town developed. This was the start of what would become the city of Kanazawa.
Kanazawa Castle was enlarged during the late 16th century.
Maeda Toshiie and his successors greatly enlargedKanazawa Castle and carefully planned the layout of the surroundingjōkamachi to meet strategic and defensive concerns.[citation needed] On April 14, 1631, a fire consumed much of the city, including the castle.[citation needed] In 1632Maeda Toshitsune ordered the construction of a canal to bring water from the upperSai River to the castle to alleviate a water shortage problem. Water was drawn from far upstream, and channeled through kilometres of canals and pipes carefully laid at a 750:1 slope for about 3.3 kilometres (2.1 miles) to the castle.[citation needed] The water was fed to the castle under the moat that lay between it and what is now Kenrokuen by an artesian well. The large lake inKenrokuen, Kasumi-ga-Ike, acted as an emergency supply. Local legend has it that the lake has a plug, which could be pulled to increase the water in the moats. The series of moats were laid out in the early seventeenth century. Initially they were dry, but later connected to the rivers. The Inner Moat was dug in only 27 days, and averaged about four to five feet wide.[citation needed] The Outer Moat took a bit longer, and averages some six to nine feet in width. Though much of the Inner Moat has been filled in, large sections of the Outer Moat remain. The earth removed from the moat was piled into ridges along the inner side, as an added defence measure.[citation needed]
Kenroku-en lake acted as an emergency supply to the castle.
Before the Maeda clan arrived in Kanazawa, the town had a population of only 5,000.[4] However, thanks to Maeda efforts, that number rose quickly. By 1700, Kanazawa rivaled Rome, Amsterdam, and Madrid in size with its population of over 100,000.[5] The Maeda summoned samurai retainers to live in Kanazawa and offered a set of incentives to attract the artisans and merchants needed to support the samurai population.[6] Chartered merchants and artisans received economic, social, and political privileges in exchange for moving to the city: they were guaranteed business, exempt from certain taxes, and given pieces of land for shops and residences.[7] These merchants and artisans were at the top of thechōnin, or townsman, social class.
Other merchants and artisans, who made up the rest of thechōnin, came without such promises. Some were first hired as servants for samurai or wealthy merchant families and decided to stay in the city even after their contracts expired, though most moved to Kanazawa for no reason other than the commercial opportunities the city presented. The government further facilitated growth by responding to the needs of these newcomers with projects like the Sai River Project. Because the Sai River split in two and the castle was located in the center, a part of the riverbed was unusable. In the 1610s, the construction project diverted the secondary stream into the main river, thus creating usable land, where four new wards opened forchōnin settlement.[8] Some of these poorer merchants became successful enough to compete with chartered merchants for city administration positions, but many supported themselves by making and selling low cost goods, such as umbrellas and straw sandals, for mass consumption. This signifies that the commoner population of Kanazawa began to generate its own consumption demands, thus stimulating even more growth.[9]
Kanazawa flourished largely because of a mutually beneficial relationship between thedaimyō and thechōnin. The samurai relied on merchants and artisans for goods and services, while thechōnin were able to thrive because of the protection that thedaimyō provided. Coming out of theSengoku Period, castle towns were particularly appealing because of their security and defenses.[10] Kanazawa's growth was indicative of a larger trend in Japan from 1580 to 1700:urbanization. In those 120 years, the population of the country nearly doubled, reaching approximately 30,000,000, and the percentage of people living in urban towns of more than 10,000 residents grew more than tenfold.[11] Kanazawa continued to grow until 1710, when thechōnin population reached 64,987, and the city's total reached approximately 120,000. The population then stabilized.[12] Much of the economic and population growth in Kanazawa, as well as in other Japanese castle towns, occurred during Japan's closed country policy (sakoku). Beginning in the 1630s, Japan had little or no influence from other countries. However, this phase was clearly not a sign of backwardness or decline. The growth that Japan experienced while operating undersakoku policy was largely possible because of castle towns such as Kanazawa.[citation needed] They facilitated growth in a way that did not require foreign influence, thus contributing to the success and stability of Japan at the time.
The vast wealth of the Maeda was channeled into arts and crafts, rather than military pursuits, and Kanazawa became the centre of the "Million-koku Culture", which helped ease suspicions held by the shogunate over the domain's wealth and the status of itsdaimyō as an "Outer Lord" orTozama daimyō.[citation needed] The thirddaimyōMaeda Toshitsune, formed the "Kaga Workmanship Office" and promoted lacquer and gold-and-lacquer-work; and the fifthdaimyō,Maeda Tsunanori, collected works of art and artisans from all over the country.[citation needed] Kanazawa was one of the largest cities in Japan throughout the Edo period.[citation needed]
Following theMeiji restoration, the modern city of Kanazawa was created on April 1, 1889, with the establishment of the modern municipalities system.The borders of the city gradually expanded by annexing neighbouring towns and villages bringing the area of the city from its initial 10.40 square kilometers to its present 468.64 square kilometers.
The Fourth High School Memorial Museum of Cultural Exchange, Ishikawa
Kanazawa has amayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and aunicameral city legislature of 38 members. Since March 2022 the mayor is Takahasi Murayama. His predecessor was Yukiyoshi Yamano who had been mayor since December 2010.[13] Yamano resigned to run for the seat of governor of Ishikawa prefecture.
The city is the seat of the Ishikawa Prefectural Assembly, and contributes 16 of the 43 members of that body.
In terms of national politics, the city forms the Ishikawa 1st District with one seat in thelower house of theDiet of Japan.
Kanazawa is located in north-western Ishikawa Prefecture in theHokuriku region of Japan and is bordered by theSea of Japan to the west andToyama Prefecture to the east. The city sits between theSai andAsano rivers. The eastern portion of the city is dominated by theJapanese Alps. Parts of the city are within the borders of theHakusan National Park.
Kanazawa has ahumid subtropical climate (KöppenCfa) characterized by hot, humid summers and cold winters with heavy snowfall.[14] Average temperatures are slightly cooler than those of Tokyo, with means approximately 4 °C (39 °F) in January, 12 °C (54 °F) in April, 27 °C (81 °F) in August, 17 °C (63 °F) in October, and 7 °C (45 °F) in December. The lowest temperature on record was −9.4 °C (15.1 °F) on January 27, 1904, with a maximum of 38.5 °C (101.3 °F) standing as a record since September 8, 1902.[15] The city is distinctly wet, with an average humidity of 73% and 193 rainy days in an average year. Precipitation is highest in the autumn and winter; it averages more than 250 millimetres (10 in)/ month November through January when theAleutian Low is strongest, but it is above 125 millimetres (4.9 in) every month of the year.
Climate data for Kanazawa (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1882−present)
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Kanazawa is a regional commercial centre and transportation hub for Ishikawa Prefecture. It remains noted for its traditional handicrafts industry, including the production ofKutani ware ceramics, and is a major tourist destination.[20]
Hokuriku Gakuin University, a private Christian university which celebrated the 125th anniversary of its founding in 2010, with associated junior college
Hokuriku University – a private liberal arts college with a business management department specializing in foreign languages and a School of Pharmacy
Kanazawa University – is a largenational university that traces its history back to the founding of a small medical school in 1862. Its immediate predecessor was the Fourth Upper High School, one of the elite preparatory schools for theImperial Universities before the war. Many prominent politicians and other notables were graduates of 'Shiko', as it was known.
Kanazawa has 58 public elementary schools operated by the city government and one public elementary school operated by the national government (associated with Kanazawa University) and one private elementary school.
The city has 25 public middle schools operated by the city government, one public combined middle/high school operated by the Ishikawa Prefectural Board of Education, one public combined middle/high school operated by the national government (associated with Kanazawa University) and two private combined middle/high schools.
Aside from the above combined middle/high schools, Kanazawa has 11 public high schools operated by the Ishikawa Prefectural Board of Education, one public industrial high school operated by the city government and four private high schools.
Ishikawa Prefecture also operates five special education schools in Kanazawa.
Kanazawa is served by theJR WestHokuriku Main Line and theHokuriku Railroad. Since 14 March 2015, the city is also served by theHokuriku Shinkansen, shortening the trip from Tokyo to Kanazawa to around 2 and a half hours. With the opening of the Shinkansen line in March 2015, part of the Hokuriku Main Line which was formerly operated by JR West was separated and operated by thethird-sector companyIR Ishikawa Railway.
Kanazawa was one of the few major Japanese cities to be spared destruction byair raids duringWorld War II, and as a result, much of Kanazawa's considerable architectural heritage has been preserved.
Kenrokuen Garden is by far the most famous part of Kanazawa. Originally built as the outer garden ofKanazawa Castle, it was opened to the public in 1875. It is considered one of the "three great gardens of Japan" and is filled with a variety of trees, ponds, waterfalls and flowers stretching over 25 acres (10 ha). In winter, the park is notable for itsyukitsuri – ropes attached in a conical array to trees to support the branches under the weight of the heavy wet snow, thereby protecting the trees from damage.
Outside Kenrokuen is the Ishikawa-mon, the back gate to Kanazawa Castle. The original castle was largely destroyed by fire in 1888 but has been partially restored.The Seisonkaku Villa was built in 1863 byMaeda Nariyasu (13thdaimyō of Kaga Domin) for his mother, Takako. It was originally called Tatsumi Goten (Tatsumi Palace). Much of it has been dismantled, but what remains is one of the most elegant remaining feudal lord villas in Japan. The villa stands in a corner of Kenrokuen; separate admission fees apply. Notable features are the vividly coloured walls of the upper floor, with purple or red walls and dark-blue ceilings (red walls—benigara—are a Kanazawa tradition), and the custom-made English carpet in the audience chamber.
TheOyama-jinja shrine, which is considered anImportant Cultural Property, is also in Kanazawa. It is noted for its imposing three-story Shinmon gate influenced by Dutch design, built in 1875, with its brightly coloured stained-glass windows.
Kanazawa'sMyōryūji Temple also known as theNinja-dera (Ninja Temple) is an amalgamation of traditional temple architecture, hidden doors, passageways, and hidden escape routes. Local legend has it that the temple, with its hidden doors and passageways, was intended as a secret refuge for the local rulers in the case of an external threat.
Kanazawa boasts numerousEdo period (1603–1867) formergeisha houses in the Higashi Geisha District, across theAsano river (with its old stone bridge) out from central Kanazawa. Nearby is the Yougetsu Minshuku which sits at one end of one of the most photographed streets in Japan. This area retains the look and feel of pre-modern Japan, its two-story wooden façades plain and austere. The effect is accentuated by the early morning mist. At night, the street is lit by recreatedTaishō-period streetlamp.
Houses were taxed on the width of the frontage, leading to the development of many long, thin houses. Unlike samurai houses, they were built right up to the road and directly abutted their neighbours. They were two-storied, though the upper floor was used mainly for storage, particularly at the front of the house, above the shop area. One feature of Kanazawa merchant houses is the long earth corridor that runs from the front door to the rear of the house. This was usually on one side, and the rooms opened off it. The typical merchant's house, would have the shop area, then a couple of inner rooms, with the most important room at the back, facing the inner garden. Beyond that was the kitchen area, and at the rear of the house would be a thick-walled fireproof storehouse.
Though very few from the Edo period remain, the basic style remained unchanged until the World War II. One notable feature of the design is the 'sode-utatsu' wings extending forward on the sides of the upper floor. Their exact purpose is not certain, but one theory is that they were wind blockers, which is logical given Kanazawa's weather. Snow was also a significant factor in house design. The roofs sloped into a central garden that was designed to allow snow to collect as much as to provide light to the rear. While the sea of black-glazed tiles sparkling in the sun is a common tourist image of Kanazawa today, the traditional architectural style used wooden boards held down by stones. Due to the heavy snowfalls of the Japan Sea coast, traditional tiles were considered to be too heavy. The use of tiles on the frontage and boards under the eaves is to prevent snow damage.
Large-scale reorganization of the samurai areas took place in 1611. Areas had been ordained by income. As the total income of the domain had increased fourfold in the past couple of decades, there was some reorganization to be done. And room had to be found for the 14 families with incomes over 3,000koku and their retainers, not to mention the large number of samurai who arrived fromTakaoka (in Toyama Prefecture) with Maeda Toshitsune, the third lord, when he took up his position. The richest families were moved out of the castle and given massive estates throughout the city. Their own retainers were housed in huge complexes nearby. The most notable example in Kanazawa is Honda-machi, where the retainers of the rich and powerful Honda family lived, in what was almost a town within a town.
In most cases, even with large fiefs like Sendai and Satsuma, samurai tended to live on their own land. But in Kaga all samurai, regardless of income, lived in Kanazawa. When Kanazawa was finished in more or less its final form in the late 17th century, over three-quarters of it was samurai housing. Nearest the castle were the huge estates of the Eight Houses (chief vassals) and their own retainers. For every 100 koku of income, a samurai was given about 550 square metres of land, and average of the "middle-class" samurai was 800, which is huge compared to modern Japanese housing. The richest vassal family, the Hondas, had a 50,000koku income. The minimum fordaimyo level was 10,000koku, and apart from the Eight Houses, some twelve families had incomes in excess of this. Kanazawa was filled with huge mansions.
Size and location of samurai housing was determined by income and standing. The richest and most powerful samurai in Kanazawa had their own men, often hundreds of them, who were housed in large areas that usually adjoined the main house. Samurai houses shared a similar basic pattern: a single-floored residence, usually fairly square or rectangular in plan, surrounded by a garden – both the vegetable and the decorative kinds. The roof was gabled and faced the road. The boundary wall was usually made of beaten earth, topped with tiles. There are a number of them around in the city, most notably in the Nagamachi area. The size and height of the wall and the entry gate were also dictated by rank. Samurai over 400koku in income had a stable gate, used to house guards and horses.
Though the Nagamachi area is promoted in the tourist brochures as the 'samurai area', the overwhelming majority of the houses are not samurai houses, but modern post-war housing. There are very few genuine samurai houses in Kanazawa. (This is because after the Meiji Restoration the samurai found themselves bereft of their traditional income, and many of them ended up selling off their estates, which were turned into fields before being redeveloped as modern housing before World War II.)
One distinctive aspect of Kanazawa, and other castle towns, is the clustering of temples near the entrances. When Kanazawa was ruled by theIkkō, the temples were allJōdo Shinshū, the Ikkō sect. After theIkkō were defeated, other sects moved in:Sōtō,Shingon,Hokke, Ji, etc. They were placed in their present locations by around 1616. In the Teramachi ("temple town" area), they were lined up side by side along a long straight road leading to the foot of Nodayama. Defensive purposes have often been argued for this type of planning, and it is true that the wide spaces, thick walls, and large halls of temples were able to be used as emergency fortifications. However, to what extent this influenced the layout is not certain. It was, in Kanazawa's case at least, never put to the test.
On the other side of town, the Utatsuyama temple district, at the foot of the hill of the same name, has smaller temples and twisty roads.
Hyakumangoku Matsuri and Asano-gawa Enyukai are the major festivals held in Kanazawa.
Kanazawa-haku is gold that is beaten into a paper-like sheet.Gold leaf plays a prominent part in the city's cultural crafts, to the extent that there is theKanazawa Yasue Gold Leaf Museum. It is found throughout Kanazawa and Ishikawa; Kanazawa produces 99% of Japan's high-quality gold leaf. The gold leaf that covers the famousGolden Pavilion in Kyoto was produced in Kanazawa. Gold leaf is even put into food. The city is famous for tea with gold flakes, which is considered by the Japanese people to be good for health and vitality. Kanazawa lacquerware (Kanazawa shikki), a high-quality lacquerware traditionally decorated with gold dust, is also well known.
'Cultural landscape in Kanazawa. Tradition and culture in the castle town' has been designated anImportant Cultural Landscape.[21]
Kanazawa is known for its traditional Kaga Cuisine, with seafood a specialty. Thesake produced in this region, derived from the rice grown inIshikawa Prefecture with the considerable precipitation of theHokuriku region, allowing for an ample supply of clean, fresh water is considered to be of high quality. Omicho market is a market in the middle of the city, originally open-air, and now covered, which dates back to the Edo period. Most of the shops there sell seafood.
^Turnbull, Stephen (2000).The Samurai Sourcebook. London: Cassell & C0. p. 230.ISBN1854095234.
^Totman, Conrad (1993).Early Modern Japan. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 152.
^McClain, James (1982).Kanazawa: A Seventeenth-Century Japanese Castle Town. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 2.
^McClain, James (Summer 1980). "Castle Towns and Daimyo Authority: Kanazawa in the Years 1583-1630".Journal of Japanese Studies.6 (2): 274.doi:10.2307/132323.JSTOR132323.
^McClain, James (Summer 1980). "Castle Towns and Daimyo Authority: Kanazawa in the Years 1583-1630".Journal of Japanese Studies.6 (2):279–85.doi:10.2307/132323.JSTOR132323.
^McClain, James (Summer 1980). "Castle Towns and Daimyo Authority: Kanazawa in the Years 1583–1630".Journal of Japanese Studies.6 (2):284–88.doi:10.2307/132323.JSTOR132323.
^McClain, James (Summer 1980). "Castle Towns and Daimyo Authority: Kanazawa in the Years 1583-1630".Journal of Japanese Studies.6 (2):284–288.doi:10.2307/132323.JSTOR132323.
^McClain, James (Summer 1980). "Castle Towns and Daimyo Authority: Kanazawa in the Years 1583–1630".Journal of Japanese Studies.6 (2): 297.doi:10.2307/132323.JSTOR132323.
^McClain, James (1982).Kanazawa: A Seventeenth-Century Japanese Castle Town. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 1.
^McClain, James (Summer 1980). "Castle Towns and Daimyo Authority: Kanazawa in the Years 1583–1630".Journal of Japanese Studies.6 (2): 274.doi:10.2307/132323.JSTOR132323.
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