| Kaloyan and Desislava | |
|---|---|
| Sebastocrators of Sredets (Sofia) | |
 | |
| Reign | 13th century |
| Issue | see below |
| House | Asen |
Kaloyan (Bulgarian:Калоян;Old Bulgarian:КАЛѠѢНЪ,Kalōjěnŭ) andDesislava (Bulgarian:Десислава;Old Bulgarian:ДЕСИСЛАВА,Desislava) were 13th-centuryBulgarian nobles,sebastocrators of Sredets (Sofia) and the surrounding region during theAsen dynasty of theSecond Bulgarian Empire. They are credited as main donors and patrons of theBoyana Church. Their portraits, created in 1259 by the painters ofTarnovo Artistic School in Boyana Church are considered by many leading experts as the firstRenaissance images in European art[1][2] Many art historians defined these frescoes as one of the most remarkable works of thePalaeologan Renaissance.[3]
Kaloyan may have been the grandson ofTsarIvan Asen I (1189–1196) from his younger son sebastocrator Alexander, as he is mentioned as a cousin of TsarConstantine Tih (1257–1277); however, his relation to the royal family may have been merely titular. Kaloyan was an opponent of TsarMichael Asen I's (1246–1256) pro-Byzantine policy and took part in the plot against him.[4]
Desislava is also noble ofAsen dynasty.
Kaloyan and Desislava are mainly known as the main donors of theBoyana Church, a medievalEastern Orthodox church inBoyana, Sofia.[4] An inscription from 1259 in the church describes Kaloyan's role in its construction; he is also referred to as a grandson of theSerbian king Saint Stephen.
It has been theorized that Kaloyan reconstructedRoman EmperorConstantine I's palace in Sofia and used it as his city residence.[5] Two other small churches in Sofia, St Petka the Old and St Nicholas, have also been attributed to his donorship.[6]
The Boyana church is well known worldwide for the high artistic value of its frescos dated from 1259. Kaloyan and Desislava are donors to the painters ofTarnovo Artistic School, the creators of these frescoes. The murals form a second layer over the paintings from earlier centuries and are one of the most complete and well-preserved monuments of Bulgarian mediaeval art. The more than 240 human images and a total 89 scenes are with marked individuality, convincing psychological characteristics and vitality, which present the exceptional achievements of Bulgarian medieval culture. With their vital, humanistic realism they are aRenaissance phenomenon at its culmination phase in the context of the common-European art.
The Boyana painters went beyond the limitations of the medieval thinking by presenting the man, the saints, the rulers and the entire world in a more modern light. They created a rich gallery of secular, spiritual and warriors portraits, where the skillfully depicted psychological characteristics were combined with individual physical beauty. According to many leading experts, the world-famous frescoes in the Boyana Church played an important role in the development of medieval European painting.[1]
Desislava is one of the most popular medieval Bulgarian women and she became a muse of many writers, poets and artists later. Desislava is considered as the epitome of Bulgarian women in literature and art, portrayed as a beautiful, free and independent. According to the historian Georgi Konstantinov she is evidence for the special place of women in the Bulgarian Middle Ages.[7]
Desislava Cove onNordenskjöld Coast inGraham Land,Antarctica is named after Desislava.
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