Kalinga | |
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     .jpg) (from top: left to right)Bum-bag Rice Terraces,Pasil Valley,Lubuagan Mountains,Mount Manting-oy,Mount Binuluan and Bulanao in Tabuk City | |
 Flag  Seal | |
 Location in the Philippines | |
OpenStreetMap  | |
| Coordinates:17°45′N121°15′E / 17.75°N 121.25°E /17.75; 121.25 | |
| Country | Philippines |
| Region | Cordillera Administrative Region |
| Founded | May 8, 1995 |
| Capital and largest city | Tabuk |
| Government | |
| • Governor | James S. Edduba (Lakas) |
| • Vice Governor | Jocel C. Baac (Aksyon) |
| • Legislature | Kalinga Provincial Board |
| Area | |
• Total | 3,231.25 km2 (1,247.59 sq mi) |
| • Rank | 41st out of 81 |
| Highest elevation | 2,617 m (8,586 ft) |
| Population (2024 census)[3] | |
• Total | 235,391 |
• Estimate (2020) | 220,329[2] |
| • Rank | 71st out of 81 |
| • Density | 72.8483/km2 (188.676/sq mi) |
| • Rank | 78th out of 81 |
| Demonyms |
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| Divisions | |
| • Independent cities | 0 |
| • Component cities | |
| • Municipalities | |
| • Barangays | 153 |
| • Districts | Legislative district of Kalinga |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (PHT) |
| IDD : area code | +63 (0)74 |
| ISO 3166 code | PH-KAL |
| Spoken languages | |
| Website | www |
Kalinga (IPA:[ka'liŋɡa]), officially theProvince of Kalinga (Ilocano:Probinsia ti Kalinga;Tagalog:Lalawigan ng Kalinga), is a landlockedprovince in thePhilippines situated within theCordillera Administrative Region inLuzon. Its capital (and largest city) isTabuk and bordersMountain Province to the south,Abra to the west,Isabela to the east,Cagayan to the northeast, andApayao to the north. Kalinga and Apayao are the result of the 1995partitioning of the former province ofKalinga-Apayao which was seen to better service the respective needs of the various indigenous peoples in the area.
PresidentEmilio Aguinaldo proclaimedLubuagan town theseat of government for 73 days from March 6, 1900, to May 18, 1900, before finally fleeing to his last hideout inPalanan.[4][5]
The province's name is derived from theIbanag andGaddang noun "kalinga", which means "enemy", "fighter", or "headtaker".[6]
Kalinga was taken fromCagayan andIsabela provinces and established by the US Government throughPhilippine Commission Act No. 1642 on May 9, 1907, as a sub-province of Lepanto-Bontoc.[7]
Kalinga was later organized as one of the sub-provinces ofMountain Province, created byAct No. 1876.[8]
In the early years, the subprovince underwent series of territorial changes. Part of Kalinga was transferred to another sub-provinceBontoc throughExecutive Order No. 53 in 1914. In the municipal district ofPinukpuk, barrios were moved toBalbalan in 1926; as well as parts of it toConner inApayao in 1927.[9]
Kalinga became part ofa province along with Apayao when the old Mountain Province was divided into four separate provinces throughRepublic Act No. 4695 in 1966.[8][10]Tabuc (Tabuk) was designated as the capital of Kalinga.[11]
The beginning months of the 1970s marked a period of turmoil and change in the Philippines, as well as in Kalinga-Apayao.[12] During hisbid to be the first Philippine president to be re-elected for a second term, Ferdinand Marcos launched an unprecedented number of public works projects. This caused[13][14] the Philippine economy took a sudden downwards turn known as the1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis, which in turn led to a period of economic difficulty and social unrest.[15][16]: "43" [17][18]
With only a year left in his last constitutionally allowed term as president Ferdinand Marcos placed the Philippines underMartial Law in September 1972 and thus retained the position for fourteen more years.[19] This period in Philippine history is remembered for the Marcos administration's record ofhuman rights abuses,[20][21] particularly targeting political opponents, student activists, journalists, religious workers, farmers, and others who fought against the Marcos dictatorship.[22] The Kalinga-Apayao became known as a flashpoint of conflict between the Marcos dictatorship and the various indigenous peoples who lived in the area, because of theChico River Dam Project,[23][24] which, even if only the most essential part of it were built, would have encompassed the municipalities ofTinglayan,Lubuagan,Pasil, and parts ofTabuk in Kalinga, as well as numerous municipalities inMountain Province; and would have displaced about 100,000 indigenous people.[25] Because the great value placed on deceased ancestors who were buried within these communities, the issue was not just one of livelihood, but also one of sacred grounds.[24] Marcos sent three armed brigades[24] to quell down the protests, resulting in heightened tensions in the area. In 1977 alone, numerous Kalinga dam protesters — including tribal leaders Lumbaya Aliga Gayudan and Macli-ing Dulag,[23] and even a 12-year-old child[24] — were rounded up by these forces and incarcerated for up to two months.[23][24]
The 24 April 1980 murder ofMacli-ing Dulag became a turning point when coverage of the murder led to public outrage. It was the first time since the 1972 declaration of Martial Law where the mainstream Philippine press managed to report on the arrests of civilians under Martial Law,[26] and the turn of public opinion against both the Chico River Dam and Martial law, coupled with the united anger of the various peoples of theCordillera Mountains led theFerdinand Marcos administration to give up on the dam project.[27] As a result, the Chico River Dam Project is now considered a landmarkcase study concerningancestral domain issues in the Philippines.[28][29]
After Marcos' 21 years in power were finally ended by the civilian-ledPeople Power Revolution in 1986, many of the activists who had joined the underground movement decided to "surface," as the new administration of Corazon Aquino released political prisoners and initiated peace talks.[30] However, anti-left sentiment in Aquino's new cabinet, which included figures who were aligned with theReform the Armed Forces Movement, made the peace process difficult, and negotiations eventually collapsed, and the insurgency in Kalinga-Apayao persisted.[31][32]
Another event in 1986 marked the beginning of political change in the region, however - the splitting of theCordillera People's Liberation Army from the New People's Army. Former Catholic priestConrado Balweg, who had left his calling and joined the NPA in 1979, had been having disagreements with the NPA leadership over tactics and objectives in the Cordillera for four years when he finally decided to split from the NPA in early April 1986,[33][citation needed] believing that Igorot interests were better served through regional struggles for liberation, rather than the national-scale conflict pursued by the NPA.[34]
In September 1986, the CPLA signed theMount Data Peace Accord with the government, which led to the creation of what became called theCordillera Autonomous Region, although attempts to ratify actual autonomy in the region have failed due to non-ratification during plebiscites.[35][36]
Along withAbra, Kalinga-Apayao became part of the territories in theCordillera Administrative Region which was created throughExecutive Order No. 220 in 1987.[37]
Kalinga was converted into a province on May 8, 1995 by virtue of RA No. 7878 when a majority of the voters in Kalinga-Apayao approved in a plebiscite the division of the province into two.[8][38]
The capital townTabuk became a component city by virtue ofRepublic Act No. 9404 which sought to convert the town into a city. The law was ratified on June 23, 2007. However, the cityhood status was lost twice in the years 2008 and 2010 after theLeague of Cities of the Philippines questioned the validity of the cityhood law. The cityhood status was reaffirmed after theSupreme Court of the Philippines finalized its ruling on February 15, 2011 which declared the cityhood law constitutional.
Kalinga covers a total area of 3,231.25 square kilometres (1,247.59 sq mi)[39] occupying the central section of theCordillera Administrative Region inLuzon. The province is bordered byMountain Province to the south,Abra to the west,Isabela to the east,Cagayan to the northeast, andApayao to the north.
Large swaths of the province's lowlands are opengrassland suitable for pasture, while the highlands have extensive areas oftropical rainforest. In higher elevations to the west, particularly in the mountains ofBalbalan, lie some of the most intactpine forests ofLuzon island.Rizal andTabuk with their flatlands are the biggest rice producers. Next in rice production are the mountainous area, and of note are thericeterraces of Balbalan, Lubuagan,Pasil,Pinukpuk,Tinglayan, andTanudan.
The province is drained mainly by theChico River, with itsheadwaters in theMountain Province and emptying into theCagayan River. The Chico River has severaltributaries:Bunog River in Tinglayan in the south; theTanudan andBiga Rivers in the east;Pasil River in the central area; andPoswoy,Dao-angan,Mabaca andSaltan Rivers in the west.
Several small lakes can also be found in Kalinga.
Kalinga comprises one component city and sevenmunicipalities, all encompassed by asingle legislative district.
Tabuk was proclaimed acomponent city in 2007, but in November 2008 theSupreme Court of the Philippines ruled that its cityhood was unconstitutional. However, Tabuk had its city status reinstated by the Supreme Court on December 22, 2009.[40]
The seven municipalities and one component city of the province comprise 153barangays, withBulanao inTabuk as the most populous in 2010, andAnggacan Sur inTanudan as the least. If the City of Tabuk is excluded,Pinukpuk Junction inPinukpuk municipality has the highest population.[39]
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
|---|---|---|
| 1903 | 17,660 | — |
| 1918 | 27,467 | +2.99% |
| 1939 | 31,320 | +0.63% |
| 1948 | 36,777 | +1.80% |
| 1960 | 59,927 | +4.15% |
| 1970 | 86,597 | +3.75% |
| 1975 | 102,110 | +3.36% |
| 1980 | 114,382 | +2.29% |
| 1990 | 137,055 | +1.83% |
| 1995 | 154,145 | +2.23% |
| 2000 | 174,023 | +2.63% |
| 2007 | 182,326 | +0.64% |
| 2010 | 201,613 | +3.73% |
| 2015 | 212,680 | +1.02% |
| 2020 | 229,570 | +1.62% |
| 2024 | 235,391 | +0.60% |
| Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[41][42][43] | ||
| Ethnicity | Number | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kalinga | 111,774 (64.37%) | |||
| Ilocano | 41,633 (23.98%) | |||
| Kankanaey | 4,421 (2.55%) | |||
| Ibontoc | 2,804 (1.61%) | |||
| Tagalog | 2,227 (1.28%) | |||
| Applai | 1,730 (1.00%) | |||
| Others | 8,115 (4.67%) | |||
| Not Reported | 930 (0.54%) | |||
| Other foreign ethnicity | 4 (0.002%) | |||
The population of Kalinga in the 2020 census was 229,570 people,[3] with a density of 71 inhabitants per square kilometre or 180 inhabitants per square mile.
On the 2000 census survey,Kalinga people comprised64.37% (111,774) of the total provincial population of 173,638.Ilocanos came in second at23.98% (41,633), while other ethnic groups in the province were theKankanaey at2.55% (4,421),Bontoc at1.61% (2,804),Tagalog at1.28% (2,227) andApplai at1% (1,730).[44]
The primary language spoken in Kalinga isKalinga, including its dialects ofBalangao,Butbut,Limos,Lower Tanudan,Lubuagan,Mabaka,Madukayang,Southern Kalingan, andUpper Tanudan.Gaddang, as well asIlocano,Tagalog, andEnglish are also spoken in aslingua francas with varying degrees of proficiency.
Poverty incidence of Kalinga
Source:Philippine Statistics Authority[45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52]
There are many sub-tribes in the province. The strong sense of tribal membership and filial loyalty results in frequent tribal unrest and occasional outright war. Due to the mountainous terrain and warrior-culture of the people, the Kalinga were able to preserve their culture despite centuries of occupation in the lowlands by theSpaniards,Americans, and theJapanese.
On February 22, 2019, theDepartment of Tourism announced the bid ofDigdiga Ni Tupayya, a Kalinga courtship dance, to be included in theUNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists.[53][54]
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Media related toKalinga (province) at Wikimedia Commons
Geographic data related toKalinga (province) atOpenStreetMapPlaces adjacent to Kalinga (province) | |
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 Province ofKalinga | |
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Tabuk (capital and largest city) | |
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