Kalgoorlie–Boulder | |
|---|---|
 Kalgoorlie Court House and Post Office | |
  Kalgoorlie–Boulder | |
| Coordinates:30°44′56″S121°27′57″E / 30.74889°S 121.46583°E /-30.74889; 121.46583 | |
| Country | Australia |
| State | Western Australia |
| LGA | |
| Location | |
| Established | 1893 |
| Government | |
| • State electorate | |
| • Federal division | |
| Area [3] (2011 urban) | |
• Total | 75.1 km2 (29.0 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 383 m (1,257 ft) |
| Population | |
| • Total | 29,072 (2021 census)[2] |
| • Density | 387.11/km2 (1,002.6/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (AWST) |
| Mean max temp | 25.2 °C (77.4 °F) |
| Mean min temp | 11.6 °C (52.9 °F) |
| Annual rainfall | 265.6 mm (10.46 in) |
Kalgoorlie–Boulder (or justKalgoorlie) is a city in theGoldfields–Esperance region ofWestern Australia, located 595 km (370 mi) east-northeast ofPerth at the end of theGreat Eastern Highway. It is referred to as Kalgoorlie–Boulder as the surrounding urban area includes the historic townsite ofBoulder and thelocal government area is theCity of Kalgoorlie–Boulder.
Kalgoorlie–Boulder lies on the traditional lands of theWangkatja group of peoples. The name "Kalgoorlie" is derived from theWangai wordKarlkurla orKulgooluh, meaning "place of thesilky pears".[4] The city was established in 1893 during theWestern Australian gold rushes. It soon replacedCoolgardie as the largest settlement on theEastern Goldfields. Kalgoorlie is the ultimate destination of theGoldfields Water Supply Scheme and theGolden Pipeline Heritage Trail. The nearbySuper Pit gold mine was Australia's largestopen-cut gold mine for many years.
During August 2021, Kalgoorlie–Boulder had an estimated urban population of 29,072,[2] a slight decline from the recent peak of 32,966 in 2013.[5]
Kalgoorlie–Boulder lies on the traditional lands of theWangkatja people. Languages including Wangkatja,[6][7] part of the Wati language family,[8] continue to be spoken there today.[9]
In the winter of 1893, prospectorsPatrick (Paddy) Hannan,Tom Flanagan, and Dan Shea were travelling to Mount Youle, when one of their horses cast a shoe. During the halt in their journey, the men noticed signs of gold in the area around the foot of what is now the Mount Charlotte gold mine, located on a small hill north of the current city, and decided to stay and investigate. On 17 June 1893, Hannan filed a Reward Claim, leading to hundreds of men swarming to the area in search of gold, and Kalgoorlie, originally called Hannan's Find, was born.[10]
During the ensuing gold rush, significant deposits ofcalaverite were discovered, but ignored as it was believed at the time that this was a mineral akin tofool's gold. The calaverite was subsequently used for construction in the town, including for buildings and paving. When it was realised in 1896 that calaverite is a compound oftellurium with actual gold, there was a rush to demolish any such structures in order to extract the gold therein. Nearly every structure created in the previous three years was scrapped in the process.[11]
The population of the town was 2,018 (1,516 males and 502 females) in 1898.[12]
The mining of gold, along with other metals such asnickel, has been a major industry in Kalgoorlie ever since, and today employs about one-quarter of Kalgoorlie's workforce and generates a significant proportion of its income. The concentrated area of large gold mines surrounding the original Hannan's find is often referred to as the Golden Mile, and was sometimes referred to as the world's richest square mile of earth.
In 1901, the population of Kalgoorlie was 4,793 (3,087 males and 1,706 females) which increased to 6,790 (3,904 males and 2,886 females) by 1903.[13]
The3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) narrow-gaugeGovernmentEastern Goldfields Railway line reachedKalgoorlie station in 1896, and the main named railway service from Perth was the overnight sleeper trainThe Westland, which ran until the 1970s. In 1917, a4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm)standard gaugerailway line was completed, connecting Kalgoorlie toPort Augusta,South Australia, across 2,000 kilometres (1,243 mi) of desert, and consequently the rest of the eastern states. Thestandardisation of the railway connecting Perth (which changed route from the narrow-gauge route) in 1968 completed theSydney–Perth railway, making rail travel from Perth toSydney possible; theIndian Pacific rail service commenced soon after. During the 1890s, the Goldfields area boomed as a whole, with an area population exceeding 200,000, composed mainly of prospectors. The area gained a reputation for being a "wild west", notorious for its bandits and prostitutes. This rapid increase in population and claims of neglect by the state government in Perth led to the proposition of the new state ofAuralia, but with the sudden diaspora after the Gold Rush, these plans fell through.
Places, famous or infamous, for which Kalgoorlie is noted include itswater pipeline, designed byC. Y. O'Connor and bringing in fresh water fromMundaring Weir near Perth, itsHay Street brothels, itstwo-up school, the goldfields railway loopline, the Kalgoorlie Town Hall, the Paddy Hannan statue/drinking fountain, theSuper Pit, and Mount Charlotte lookout. Its main street isHannan Street, named after the town's founder. One of the infamous brothels also serves as a museum and is a major national attraction.
Kalgoorlie and the surrounding district were served by an extensive collection of suburban railways and tramways, providing for both passenger and freight traffic.[14]
In 1989, theTown of Kalgoorlie andShire of Boulder formally amalgamated to create the City of Kalgoorlie–Boulder, adjoining the two towns into what is now the fifth most populous city in Western Australia.[15]
On 20 April 2010, Kalgoorlie was shaken by anearthquake that reached 5.0 on theRichter scale. The epicentre was 30 km north east of the town.[16] The quake caused damage to a number of commercial hotels and historic buildings along Burt Street in Boulder. The entire Burt St. precinct was evacuated until 23 April. Work in the Superpit and many other mines around Kalgoorlie was stopped. Two people suffered minor injuries as a result of the quake.[17]
According to the2021 census, there were 29,072 people in the Kalgoorlie–Boulder Significant Urban Area:
Kalgoorlie has ahot semi-arid climate (BSh) bordering both ahot desert climate (BWh) and acool semi-arid climate (BSk) with hot summers and mild winters. The average annual rainfall is 260 mm (10 in) on an average of 68 days and, while the average rainfall is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year, there is considerable variation from year to year.
January is the hottest month, with an average maximum temperature of 33.6 °C (92.5 °F), but temperatures above 40.0 °C (104.0 °F) occur nearly once a week when hot, dry, north to northeasterly winds arrive. Such high temperatures are usually followed by a cool change from the south, and occasionally with a thunderstorm.
By contrast, winters are cool, with July average maximum and minimum temperatures being 16.7 °C (62.1 °F) and 5.0 °C (41.0 °F), respectively. Cold, wet days with a maximum below 12.0 °C (53.6 °F) occur about once every winter. The lowest maximum temperature recorded is 7.2 °C (45.0 °F), on 19 July 1961. Overnight temperatures fall below freezing about four times in a typical winter. Such events occur on clear nights following a day of cold southerly winds.
| Climate data for Kalgoorlie | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 46.5 (115.7) | 46.5 (115.7) | 44.5 (112.1) | 40.1 (104.2) | 33.4 (92.1) | 27.6 (81.7) | 28.7 (83.7) | 32.0 (89.6) | 37.9 (100.2) | 40.9 (105.6) | 42.9 (109.2) | 45.0 (113.0) | 46.5 (115.7) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 33.6 (92.5) | 32.1 (89.8) | 29.5 (85.1) | 25.3 (77.5) | 20.6 (69.1) | 17.5 (63.5) | 16.7 (62.1) | 18.6 (65.5) | 22.3 (72.1) | 25.8 (78.4) | 28.9 (84.0) | 31.9 (89.4) | 25.2 (77.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 18.2 (64.8) | 17.8 (64.0) | 16.0 (60.8) | 12.8 (55.0) | 8.7 (47.7) | 6.2 (43.2) | 5.0 (41.0) | 5.5 (41.9) | 8.0 (46.4) | 11.0 (51.8) | 14.0 (57.2) | 16.5 (61.7) | 11.6 (52.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 8.8 (47.8) | 8.5 (47.3) | 5.7 (42.3) | 1.7 (35.1) | −1.8 (28.8) | −3.0 (26.6) | −3.4 (25.9) | −2.4 (27.7) | −0.6 (30.9) | −1.0 (30.2) | 3.1 (37.6) | 5.5 (41.9) | −3.4 (25.9) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 23.6 (0.93) | 31.2 (1.23) | 24.0 (0.94) | 20.0 (0.79) | 26.5 (1.04) | 28.9 (1.14) | 24.9 (0.98) | 21.4 (0.84) | 14.0 (0.55) | 14.8 (0.58) | 17.8 (0.70) | 16.4 (0.65) | 264.8 (10.43) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.2mm) | 3.9 | 4.5 | 4.3 | 3.2 | 7.1 | 8.7 | 9.2 | 7.5 | 5.6 | 4.3 | 4.1 | 3.8 | 68.3 |
| Average afternoonrelative humidity (%) | 24 | 30 | 32 | 38 | 44 | 48 | 46 | 39 | 31 | 27 | 25 | 24 | 34 |
| Averagedew point °C (°F) | 8 (46) | 10 (50) | 9 (48) | 8 (46) | 6 (43) | 5 (41) | 4 (39) | 3 (37) | 3 (37) | 3 (37) | 5 (41) | 6 (43) | 6 (42) |
| Mean dailysunshine hours | 11.4 | 11.2 | 9.9 | 7.1 | 7.0 | 6.6 | 6.5 | 6.6 | 8.6 | 10.9 | 11.6 | 11.7 | 9.1 |
| Source 1: Bureau of Meteorology[18] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Time and Date (dewpoints 1985–2015)[19] Weather Atlas (sun hours)[20] | |||||||||||||
Kalgoorlie–Boulder is a regional centre and has a Chamber of Commerce[22] and a Chamber of Minerals and Energy.[23]
Since 1992, Kalgoorlie has been home to theDiggers & Dealers conference, held annually in August. It is Australia's premier international mining conference.[24]
TheFimiston Open Pit (Super Pit) is anopen-cut gold mine about 3.6 km (2.2 mi) long, 1.6 km (1.0 mi) wide, and over 600 m (1,969 ft) deep. Originally consisting of a large number ofunderground mines, including the Paringa, Oroya, Brown Hill, Chaffers, and Hainault mines, they were consolidated into a single open pit mine in 1989.[25][26] A visitor centre overlooks the mine, which operates 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. The mine blasts at 1:00 pm every day, unless winds would carry dust over the town. Each of the massive trucks carries 225 tonnes of rock and the round trip takes about 35 minutes, most of that time being the slow uphill haul. Employees must live in Kalgoorlie; there's nofly-in, fly-out operation. The current life of mine plan covers operation until 2035, with investigations for mine extension ongoing.[27]
Kalgoorlie once had a thriving sex industry, with parts ofHay Street once being considered Kalgoorlie'sred-light district. Originally,brothels were only allowed to operate in Hay Street. While there were once a number of brothels in Kalgoorlie, this has since decreased.[28]
Prostitutes from all over the world moved to Kalgoorlie for employment in the town's sex work industry.[29]
Today, only one brothel remains in Kalgoorlie: Questa Casa (Italian for "This House"; locally known as the "Pink House"). Questa Casa claims to be Australia's oldest operating brothel, having begun operations in 1904.[28] Questa Casa now only employs twosex workers, but also serves as an adult tourist attraction.[29]
The demise of the red light district has largely been attributed to the rescinding of theContainment Policy in 1994. TheContainment Policy was an informal policy that restricted all sex work in Kalgoorlie to one street: Hay Street. Nevertheless, "skimpy barmaids" (female bartenders who wear sexually provocative clothing, usually flying into Kalgoorlie from elsewhere) are known to occasionally sell sex.[29]
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Kalgoorlie–Boulder has a dynamic and diverse cultural scene.[30][31]
Kalgoorlie–Boulder has many arts organisations and practising artists.[32]
Kalgoorlie–Boulder's location, being roughly 600 km from Perth, enjoys high levels of participation inAustralian rules football (theGoldfields Football League),netball, basketball,rugby league,soccer,field hockey, andcricket. Other popular sports in Kalgoorlie include tennis,lawn bowls,roller derby,rugby union, and swimming.
Kalgoorlie also has an international squash tournament held every year at the YMCA.
In a statewide sense, the semiprofessionalGoldfields Giants basketball team competes in theState Basketball League, and were league champions in 2007 and 2008.
TheGoldfields Titans play in theWestern Australia Rugby League Harvey Norman Premiership state rugby league competition. Home games are at the Oasis playing fields on Saturday afternoons.
Horse racing is also very popular in the city, and Kalgoorlie–Boulder is home to the internationally recognised[citation needed] annual "Race Round".
Every year the annualKalgoorlie Desert Race is held. It is a gruelling off-road race.
Given the wealth of its yesteryear, Kalgoorlie features many elaborate heritage buildings that have been retained. Kalgoorlie–Boulder – the largest settlement for many hundreds of kilometres, with many employees at the Super Pit – is the centre of the area's social life. Of particular interest is the Kalgoorlie–Boulder Racecourse, ahorse racing venue. Two grass sports ovals and a cinema showing recent international releases are in the area.
Well known in the area are the Kalgoorlie,[33] Geraldton,[34] Perth,[35] and Albany[36] skimpy barmaids,[37] mostly flown in,[38] employed by pubs likeExchange Hotel,[39] who walk around "scantily clad"[40] in bikini, lingerie[41] orburlesque outfits to attract punters and who expect a fee[42] in return.[43]
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Kalgoorlie has historical hotels still in operation:
Many hotels have been put to private use, including:
Hotels that have disappeared from the city include:
The Kalgoorlie–Boulder metropolitan area consists of the following suburbs:[51]
Known as the home of the Super Pit, it is one of Kalgoorlie–Boulder's historical suburbs featuring many buildings and landmarks dating as far back as 1882. It was once the central business district for the Town of Boulder, but since amalgamation with Kalgoorlie, it is now more of a historical local centre. Boulder has its own post office, town hall and many hotels along its main thoroughfare, Burt Street. A significant refurbishment has been commenced as part of the 'Royalties for Regions' initiative.
A new housing suburb located next to theKalgoorlie–Boulder Airport, which was recently expanded.
This area derives its name from the golf course that once occupied the area. It was released to provide affordable property to a growing population in Kalgoorlie–Boulder. Fairways features a private primary school, church, caravan park and small business.
Adeline was originally constructed around 1970 by the State Housing Commission. The suburb was built on the "Radburn concept", with houses facing away from the street and common pathways linking homes. The area has been plagued by antisocial problems. In 2003, a significant urban renewal project was commenced, including the renaming of the suburb toGolden Grove and re-aligning of homes. The project has seen some success but has yet to fully eliminate antisocial problems within the area.[52]
See Broadwood.
Located in Kalgoorlie's far north. Hannans was the first suburb to have its own independent shopping centre ("Hannans Boulevard") which includes a IGA SuperMarket (formally Coles supermarket). The area also has a primary school and an 18-hole golf course. The original course was not formally grassed but was recently refurbished. Several surrounding golf clubs joined together to form one club known as 'The Goldfields Golf Club'. A dam has been constructed to service what is now a luxury desert golf course and club. Alongside the golf course project has been the development and release of Greenview estate. It lies on the western border of Hannans. This ongoing project has been designed as an environmentally friendly estate, and will eventually consist of over 2000 homes, apartments and facilities such as parks and schools. As one of Kalgoorlie's highest growth areas there has been a proposal for a new alternative route, out of the suburb onto the Kalgoorlie Bypass, to avoid traffic problems on the already heavily used Graeme Street which is a direct route to the city centre. Other developments include 'Karkurla Rise' and 'Karkurla View' which have added an additional 400 homes to the area.
The central business district. Hannan Street, named after Paddy Hannan, is Kalgoorlie's main street and stretches the length of the suburb. The western side of the suburb consists of housing and some light industry. The eastern side contains retail chains, banks, the police station, court house, restaurants, hotels, tourist attractions, schools, university, and a TAFE.
One of Kalgoorlie's oldest suburbs. Much like other older suburbs, almost every street is parallel with Hannan Street in Central Kalgoorlie. Streets are noticeably wide. It houses North Kalgoorlie Primary School, small businesses, a medical practice, a hotel, tavern and a non-maintained 18-hole golf course.
Much smaller today than it originally was before the Super Pit expansion, Mullingar is located at the far east end of Lamington, between the northern Goldfields railway and Goldfields Highway.
Officially O'Connor is the south-east section of the suburb of Somerville. Much of the area is increasingly now known as O'Connor. It is home to a primary school (O'Connor Primary School), a private high school (Goldfields Baptist College), and shopping facilities. It also houses the city's only recreation centre.
A narrow suburb following Piccadilly street between Central Kalgoorlie and Lamington. It features the city's regional hospital, small businesses, a hotel, sporting arena and two grassed ovals.
Somerville marks the end of Great Eastern Highway that stretches between Kalgoorlie–Boulder and Perth. Much of the area is now referred to locally as O'Connor. Somerville contains a residential area, schools, retail shops, light industry and some horse stables. In the past it also contained market gardens.
Stretching from Boundary Street, Kalgoorlie to Holmes Street, Golden Grove and bordering with Central Kalgoorlie, O'Connor and Golden Grove, South Kalgoorlie is mostly residential but also contains the Kalgoorlie–Boulder Racecourse, schools, some light industrial and small businesses. The suburb was expanded in the mid-1990s to include a sub-division named "Sport of Kings" on Maxwell Street, using a surplus of land from the racecourse.
A residential-only subdivision within Fairways estate along Burt Street.
Kalgoorlie's main industrial area, it is the first suburb as you approach Kalgoorlie on the Great Eastern Highway. It features the city's airport, as well as small, medium, and heavy industrial areas. Currently under expansion further west (ANZAC Drive Industrial Estate).
The western tip of Lamington was built in the 1980s. It includes one shop, sporting facilities and anarboretum nature reserve.
This small existing area features mostly housing with one small primary school. It is also home to the Mount Charlotte gold mine (past production of about 5,000,000 ounces of gold), the Cassidy Shaft and Nanny Goat Hill (Mt Gleddon). Kalgoorlie Consolidated Gold Mines, owner of the Super Pit to the south on the Golden Mile, from 2015 mined theHidden Secret orebody, between 215 metres (705 ft) and 440 metres (1,440 ft) below the surface of Williamstown, using Mount Charlotte's Cassidy Shaft as access.[54][55]
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The town is located on the mainEast-West rail corridor across Australia. TheTranswa Prospector operates once to twice daily passenger train services from Kalgoorlie to Perth. TheIndian Pacific train also stops here, operating weekly in each direction.
Town bus services are provided byTransGoldfields, there are three town routes as well as school services.Transwa also operates road coaches that service the town.
Commercial air services connect Kalgoorlie–Boulder with Melbourne and Perth, operating out of theKalgoorlie–Boulder Airport. Airlines that provide regular flights includeAlliance Airlines,Qantas,QantasLink andVirgin Australia. There is a locally owned and operated charter company with a flight school,Goldfields Air Services.[56]
Kalgoorlie is linked to Perth by theGreat Eastern Highway, and is also on theGoldfields Highway.
Radio
Radio Services available in Kalgoorlie:
Television
Television services available include:
The programming schedule is mainly the same as the Seven, Nine and Ten stations in Perth with variations for news bulletins, sport telecasts such as theAustralian Football League andNational Rugby League, children's and lifestyle programs and infomercials orpaid programming.
Seven maintains a newsroom in the city. The Seven bureau provides coverage of the surrounding area for the station's nightly 30-minute local news program,Seven News, at 5:30pm on weeknights.
AFoxtel subscription television service is available via satellite.
Newspapers
The local newspaper for the Kalgoorlie–Boulder and Goldfields region isThe Kalgoorlie Miner.
Newspapers from Perth, includingThe West Australian andThe Sunday Times, are also available, as well as national newspapers such asThe Australian and theAustralian Financial Review.
There are 10 primary schools, four high schools and one university in the Kalgoorlie–Boulder area.
Notable people from or who have lived in Kalgoorlie include:
Kalgoorlie...wouldn't exist if it wasn't for mining and... brothels
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Kalgoorlie–Boulder travel guide from Wikivoyage
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