Chemical compound
Kaempferol (3,4′,5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone) is a naturalflavonol , a type offlavonoid , found in a variety of plants and plant-derived foods includingkale ,beans ,tea ,spinach , andbroccoli .[ 1] [ 2] ethanol ,ethers , andDMSO . Kaempferol is named for 17th-century German naturalistEngelbert Kaempfer .[ 3]
Kaempferol is a secondary metabolite found in many plants, plant-derived foods, and traditional medicines.[ 4]
Kaempferol is common inPteridophyta ,Pinophyta , andAngiospermae . Within Pteridophyta and Pinophyta, kaempferol has been found in diverse families. Kaempferol has also been identified inDicotyledons andMonocotyledons of Angiosperms.[ 4] [ 5] apples ,[ 6] grapes ,[ 6] tomatoes ,[ 6] green tea ,[ 6] potatoes ,[ 5] onions ,[ 4] broccoli ,[ 4] Brussels sprouts ,[ 4] squash ,[ 4] cucumbers ,[ 4] lettuce ,[ 4] green beans ,[ 4] peaches ,[ 4] blackberries ,[ 4] raspberries ,[ 4] spinach .[ 4] Aloe vera [ 4] Coccinia grandis [ 4] Cuscuta chinensis [ 7] Euphorbia pekinensis [ 4] Glycine max [ 4] Hypericum perforatum [ 4] Pinus sylvestris [ 8] Moringa oleifera [ 9] Rosmarinus officinalis [ 4] Sambucus nigra [ 4] Toona sinensis [ 4] Ilex [ 4] endive .[ 10]
Foods Kaempferol(mg/100 g)
capers , raw259[ 11] saffron 205[ 11] capers , canned131[ 11] arugula , raw59[ 11] kale , raw47[ 11] mustard greens , raw38[ 11] ginger 34[ 11] common bean , raw26[ 11] chinese cabbage , raw23[ 11] dill , fresh13[ 11] garden cress , raw13[ 11] chive , raw10[ 11] dock , raw10[ 11] endive , raw10[ 11] collard , raw9[ 11] broccoli , raw8[ 11] fennel leaves7[ 11] goji berry , dried6[ 11] drumstick leaves, raw6[ 11] chard , raw4[ 11]
The biosynthesis of kaempferol occurs in four major steps:[ 4]
The amino acid phenylalanine is formed from theShikimate pathway , which is the pathway that plants use in order to make aromatic amino acids. This pathway is located in the plantplastid , and is the entry to the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids.[ 12]
Thephenylpropanoid pathway is the pathway that converts phenylalanine into tetrahydroxychalcone. Flavonols, including kaempferol, are products of this pathway.[ 13]
^ Holland TM, Agarwal P, Wang Y, Leurgans SE, Bennett DA, Booth SL,Morris MC (2020-01-29)."Dietary flavonols and risk of Alzheimer dementia" .Neurology .94 (16):e1749 – e1756 .doi :10.1212/WNL.0000000000008981 .ISSN 0028-3878 .PMC 7282875 PMID 31996451 . ^ Bertolucci V, Ninomiya AF, Longato GB, Kaneko LO, Nonose N, Scariot PP, Messias LH (2025-01-12)."Bioactive Compounds from Propolis on Bone Homeostasis: A Narrative Review" .Antioxidants .14 (1): 81.doi :10.3390/antiox14010081 ISSN 2076-3921 .PMC 11762496 PMID 39857415 . ^ Kaempferol atMerriam-Webster .com; retrieved October 20, 2017^a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Calderón Montaño JM, Burgos Morón E, Pérez Guerrero C, López Lázaro M (April 2011). "A review on the dietary flavonoid kaempferol".Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry .11 (4):298– 344.doi :10.2174/138955711795305335 .PMID 21428901 . ^a b Liu RH (May 2013)."Health-promoting components of fruits and vegetables in the diet" .Advances in Nutrition .4 (3):384S – 392S .doi :10.3945/an.112.003517 .PMC 3650511 PMID 23674808 . ^a b c d Kim SH, Choi KC (December 2013)."Anti-cancer Effect and Underlying Mechanism(s) of Kaempferol, a Phytoestrogen, on the Regulation of Apoptosis in Diverse Cancer Cell Models" .Toxicological Research .29 (4):229– 234.Bibcode :2013ToxRe..29..229K .doi :10.5487/TR.2013.29.4.229 .PMC 3936174 PMID 24578792 . ^ Donnapee S, Li J, Yang X, Ge AH, Donkor PO, Gao XM, Chang YX (November 2014). "Cuscuta chinensis Lam.: A systematic review on ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacology of an important traditional herbal medicine".Journal of Ethnopharmacology .157 (C):292– 308.doi :10.1016/j.jep.2014.09.032 .PMID 25281912 . ^ de la Luz Cádiz-Gurrea M, Fernández-Arroyo S, Segura-Carretero A (November 2014)."Pine bark and green tea concentrated extracts: antioxidant activity and comprehensive characterization of bioactive compounds by HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS" .International Journal of Molecular Sciences .15 (11):20382– 20402.doi :10.3390/ijms151120382 PMC 4264173 PMID 25383680 . ^ Anwar F, Latif S, Ashraf M, Gilani AH (January 2007)."Moringa oleifera: a food plant with multiple medicinal uses" .Phytotherapy Research .21 (1):17– 25.doi :10.1002/ptr.2023 PMID 17089328 . ^ DuPont MS, Day AJ, Bennett RN, Mellon FA, Kroon PA (June 2004). "Absorption of kaempferol from endive, a source of kaempferol-3-glucuronide, in humans".European Journal of Clinical Nutrition .58 (6):947– 954.doi :10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601916 .PMID 15164116 .S2CID 25720976 . ^a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "USDA Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Foods, Release 3" (PDF) . U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2011.^ Vogt T (January 2010)."Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis" .Molecular Plant .3 (1):2– 20.doi :10.1093/mp/ssp106 PMID 20035037 . ^ Flamini R, Mattivi F, De Rosso M, Arapitsas P, Bavaresco L (September 2013)."Advanced knowledge of three important classes of grape phenolics: anthocyanins, stilbenes and flavonols" .International Journal of Molecular Sciences .14 (10):19651– 19669.doi :10.3390/ijms141019651 PMC 3821578 PMID 24084717 .
Food antioxidants Fuel antioxidants Measurements
Flavonols and their conjugates
Backbone
Flavonols
O -Methylated flavonols
Derivative flavonols
Pyranoflavonols
Furanoflavonols
Semisynthetic
Receptor (ligands )
CB1 Tooltip Cannabinoid receptor type 1
Agonists(abridged,full list ) Inverse agonists Antagonists
CB2 Tooltip Cannabinoid receptor type 2
Agonists 2-AG 2-AGE (noladin ether) 3,3'-Diindolylmethane 4-O-Methylhonokiol α-Amyrin · β-Amyrin A-796,260 A-834,735 A-836,339 AM-1172 AM-1221 AM-1235 AM-1241 AM-2232 Anandamide AZ-11713908 Cannabinol Caryophyllene CB-13 CBS-0550 CP 55,940 GW-405,833 (L-768,242) GW-842,166X HU-308 JTE 7-31 JWH-007 JWH-015 JWH-018 JWH-73 JWH-133 L-759,633 L-759,656 Lenabasum (anabasum) Magnolol MDA-19 Nabitan NADA Olorinab (APD-371) PF-03550096 S-444,823 SER-601 Serinolamide A UR-144 Tedalinab THC (dronabinol) THCV Tetrahydromagnolol Virodhamine Antagonists
NAGly GPR18)
GPR55
GPR119
Transporter (modulators )
eCBTs Tooltip Endocannabinoid transporter
Enzyme (modulators )
Others Others: 2-PG (directly potentiates activity of 2-AG at CB1 receptor) ARN-272 (FAAH-like anandamide transporter inhibitor)
ER Tooltip Estrogen receptor
Agonists Steroidal: 2-Hydroxyestradiol 2-Hydroxyestrone 3-Methyl-19-methyleneandrosta-3,5-dien-17β-ol 3α-Androstanediol 3α,5α-Dihydrolevonorgestrel 3β,5α-Dihydrolevonorgestrel 3α-Hydroxytibolone 3β-Hydroxytibolone 3β-Androstanediol 4-Androstenediol 4-Androstenedione 4-Fluoroestradiol 4-Hydroxyestradiol 4-Hydroxyestrone 4-Methoxyestradiol 4-Methoxyestrone 5-Androstenediol 7-Oxo-DHEA 7α-Hydroxy-DHEA 7α-Methylestradiol 7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone 8,9-Dehydroestradiol 8,9-Dehydroestrone 8β-VE2 10β,17β-Dihydroxyestra-1,4-dien-3-one (DHED) 11β-Chloromethylestradiol 11β-Methoxyestradiol 15α-Hydroxyestradiol 16-Ketoestradiol 16-Ketoestrone 16α-Fluoroestradiol 16α-Hydroxy-DHEA 16α-Hydroxyestrone 16α-Iodoestradiol 16α-LE2 16β-Hydroxyestrone 16β,17α-Epiestriol (16β-hydroxy-17α-estradiol) 17α-Estradiol (alfatradiol )17α-Dihydroequilenin 17α-Dihydroequilin 17α-Epiestriol (16α-hydroxy-17α-estradiol) 17α-Ethynyl-3α-androstanediol 17α-Ethynyl-3β-androstanediol 17β-Dihydroequilenin 17β-Dihydroequilin 17β-Methyl-17α-dihydroequilenin Abiraterone Abiraterone acetate Alestramustine Almestrone Anabolic steroids (e.g.,testosterone andesters ,methyltestosterone ,metandienone (methandrostenolone) ,nandrolone andesters , many others; via estrogenic metabolites)Atrimustine Bolandiol Bolandiol dipropionate Butolame Clomestrone Cloxestradiol Conjugated estriol Conjugated estrogens Cyclodiol Cyclotriol DHEA DHEA-S ent -EstradiolEpiestriol (16β-epiestriol, 16β-hydroxy-17β-estradiol) Epimestrol Equilenin Equilin ERA-63 (ORG-37663) Esterified estrogens Estetrol Estradiol Estramustine Estramustine phosphate Estrapronicate Estrazinol Estriol Estrofurate Estrogenic substances Estromustine Estrone Etamestrol (eptamestrol) Ethinylandrostenediol Ethinylestradiol Ethinylestriol Ethylestradiol Etynodiol Etynodiol diacetate Hexolame Hippulin Hydroxyestrone diacetate Lynestrenol Lynestrenol phenylpropionate Mestranol Methylestradiol Moxestrol Mytatrienediol Nilestriol Norethisterone Noretynodrel Orestrate Pentolame Prodiame Prolame Promestriene RU-16117 Quinestradol Quinestrol Tibolone Xenoestrogens: Anise -related (e.g.,anethole ,anol ,dianethole ,dianol ,photoanethole )Chalconoids (e.g.,isoliquiritigenin ,phloretin ,phlorizin (phloridzin) ,wedelolactone )Coumestans (e.g.,coumestrol ,psoralidin )Flavonoids (incl.7,8-DHF ,8-prenylnaringenin ,apigenin ,baicalein ,baicalin ,biochanin A ,calycosin ,catechin ,daidzein ,daidzin ,ECG ,EGCG ,epicatechin ,equol ,formononetin ,glabrene ,glabridin ,genistein ,genistin ,glycitein ,kaempferol ,liquiritigenin ,mirificin ,myricetin ,naringenin ,penduletin ,pinocembrin ,prunetin ,puerarin ,quercetin ,tectoridin ,tectorigenin )Lavender oil Lignans (e.g.,enterodiol ,enterolactone ,nyasol (cis -hinokiresinol) )Metalloestrogens (e.g.,cadmium )Pesticides (e.g.,alternariol ,dieldrin ,endosulfan ,fenarimol ,HPTE ,methiocarb ,methoxychlor ,triclocarban ,triclosan )Phytosteroids (e.g.,digitoxin (digitalis ),diosgenin ,guggulsterone )Phytosterols (e.g.,β-sitosterol ,campesterol ,stigmasterol )Resorcylic acid lactones (e.g.,zearalanone ,α-zearalenol ,β-zearalenol ,zearalenone ,zeranol (α-zearalanol) ,taleranol (teranol, β-zearalanol) )Steroid -like (e.g.,deoxymiroestrol ,miroestrol )Stilbenoids (e.g.,resveratrol ,rhaponticin )Synthetic xenoestrogens (e.g.,alkylphenols ,bisphenols (e.g.,BPA ,BPF ,BPS ),DDT ,parabens ,PBBs ,PHBA ,phthalates ,PCBs )Others (e.g.,agnuside ,rotundifuran ) MixedSERMs Tooltip Selective estrogen receptor modulators ) Antagonists Coregulator-binding modulators: ERX-11
GPER Tooltip G protein-coupled estrogen receptor
Agonists Antagonists Unknown
PR Tooltip Progesterone receptor
Agonists Testosterone derivatives: Progestins:6,6-Difluoronorethisterone 6,6-Difluoronorethisterone acetate 17α-Allyl-19-nortestosterone Allylestrenol Altrenogest Chloroethynylnorgestrel Cingestol Danazol Desogestrel Dienogest Ethinylandrostenediol Ethisterone Ethynerone Etonogestrel Etynodiol Etynodiol diacetate Gestodene Gestrinone Levonorgestrel Levonorgestrel esters (e.g.,levonorgestrel butanoate )Lynestrenol Lynestrenol phenylpropionate Metynodiol Metynodiol diacetate Norelgestromin Norethisterone (norethindrone) Norethisterone esters (e.g.,norethisterone acetate ,norethisterone enanthate )Noretynodrel Norgesterone Norgestimate Norgestrel Norgestrienone Norvinisterone Oxendolone Quingestanol Quingestanol acetate Tibolone Tigestol Tosagestin ; Anabolic–androgenic steroids:11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone 11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone dodecylcarbonate 19-Nor-5-androstenediol 19-Nor-5-androstenedione 19-Nordehydroepiandrosterone Bolandiol Bolandiol dipropionate Bolandione Dimethisterone Dienedione Dienolone Dimethandrolone Dimethandrolone buciclate Dimethandrolone dodecylcarbonate Dimethandrolone undecanoate Dimethyldienolone Dimethyltrienolone Ethyldienolone Ethylestrenol (ethylnandrol) Methyldienolone Metribolone (R-1881) Methoxydienone (methoxygonadiene) Mibolerone Nandrolone Nandrolone esters (e.g.,nandrolone decanoate ,nandrolone phenylpropionate )Norethandrolone Normethandrone (methylestrenolone, normethandrolone, normethisterone) RU-2309 Tetrahydrogestrinone Trenbolone (trienolone) Trenbolone esters (e.g.,trenbolone acetate ,trenbolone enanthate )Trendione Trestolone Trestolone acetate MixedSPRMs Tooltip Selective progesterone receptor modulators ) Antagonists
mPR Tooltip Membrane progesterone receptor PAQR Tooltip Progestin and adipoQ receptor )
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