| Kampfgeschwader 26 | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Active | 1939–45 |
| Country |  Nazi Germany |
| Branch | Luftwaffe |
| Type | Bomber unit |
| Role | strategic bombing close air support anti-shipping aerial interdiction |
| Size | Air Force Wing |
| Nickname(s) | Löwen |
| Engagements | Polish Campaign German invasion of Denmark (1940) Norwegian Campaign Battle of France Battle of Britain Balkans Campaign German invasion of Yugoslavia Battle of Greece Battle of Crete Battle of the Mediterranean Siege of Malta Battle of the Atlantic Arctic Convoys of World War II Eastern Front Operation Torch Allied invasion of Sicily Italian Campaign Battle of Normandy |
| Insignia | |
| Identification symbol | Geschwaderkennung of1H |
Kampfgeschwader 26 (KG 26) "Löwengeschwader" (in EnglishBomberWing 26 aka"Lions' Wing" by virtue of its insignia) was a German air forceLuftwaffe bomber wing unit during World War II.Its units participated on all of thefronts in theEuropean Theatre until the end of the war. It operated three of the major German aircraftmedium bomber types; theHeinkel He 111,Junkers Ju 88 and theJunkers Ju 188. The unit engaged in bothstrategic bombing,close air support,anti-shipping andaerial interdiction operations. The majority of its operational life – not entirely unlike another Luftwaffe wing designatedKG 40 — was spent on anti-shipping missions.
Kampfgeschwader 26 was formed on 1 May 1939 atLüneburg withStab./KG 26 and I.Gruppe (Group).[1] II.Gruppe was formed nearLübeck Blankensee.[2] IIIGruppe was not formed until 1 November 1939 nearJesau (Kaliningrad Oblast). It was disbanded as redesignated K.Gr. 126. TheGruppe second formation took place on 20 February 1940 at Lübeck.[3]
During thePolish Campaign Stab./KG 26 operated from Gabbert under1. Fliegerdivision (1st. Air Division),Luftflotte 1 (Air Fleet 1). On 7 September the unit was placed under the command of 2. Fliegerdivision,Luftflotte 4. Stab./KG 26 was ordered to Lübeck-Blankensee in North West Germany on 12 September to begin operations in theNorth Sea.[4]II. Gruppe had 35 Heinkel He 111s with 31 serviceable on 1 September 1939. Based at Gabbert-Pomerania under 1. Fliegerdivision, Luftflotte 1.[2] It attacked targets aroundPoznań throughout the campaign, attackingrailway targets and Polish Army troop concentrations in the path of theGerman Fourth Army's advance between 2–4 September.[5] Operations shifted to airfields on 4–5 September in theŁódź andWarsaw area. On 7 September the units assaulted rail targets in the Lvov area in support of theGerman Fourteenth Army. I./KG 26 was withdrawn from operations over Poland on 12 September.[5]
Stab./KG 26 began operations from the Lübeck base under the command of 10. Fliegerdivision on 12 September.[4] I./KG 26 had played no part in the Polish Campaign. It had been ordered to Lübeck with 36 He 111s, 32 serviceable, under the command of 4. Fliegerdivision Luftflotte 2 for anti-shipping operations. On 1 September the unit conducted a reconnaissance over theThames Estuary. 1.Staffel attacked theRoyal Navyaircraft carrierHMS Ark Royal on 26 September. 3. Staffel conducted anti-shipping missions against Britain's east coast with some success.[6]
On 28 October 1939, a Heinkel He 111H bomber from KG 26, bearing theGeschwaderkennung of 1H+JA (the "A" denoting theGeschwaderstab or command flight), officially became the first German aircraft to be shot down on British soil by theRoyal Air Force. As it returned from a reconnaissance over theFirth of Clyde,Supermarine Spitfire fighters of602 and603 Squadron intercepted the bomber overInchkeith. It crash landed near the small hamlet ofHumbie, near the town ofDalkeith in East Lothian, Scotland,[4][7] and is often referred to as the 'Humbie Heinkel'.Archie McKellar was credited with the victory.[8]
On 22 February 1940, a Heinkel He 111 bomber from KG 26 bombed and sank theZ1 Leberecht Maass, who lost 280 of her crew and was survived by 60.[9][11] During operations to save the crew, theZ3 Max Schultz also sank when it hit a mine, losing all hands. A post-war investigation determined that she had drifted into a newly laid British minefield.[12] Hitler ordered a court of inquiry to be convened to investigate the cause of the losses and it concluded that both ships that been sunk by bombs from the He 111. The Kriegsmarine had failed to notify its destroyers that the Luftwaffe was making anti-shipping patrols at that time and had also failed to inform the Luftwaffe that its destroyers would be at sea.[9]
3. Staffel sank five small vessels near theFirth of Forth on 7 December 1939. On 16 March 1940 3.Staffel attackedScapa Flow and hitHMS Norfolk and one other ship, though the latter was not significantly damaged.[6]
The unit did participate inOperation Weserübung . Stab./KG 26 was placed underX Fliegerkorps. During the rapid 6 hourGerman invasion of Denmark (1940) the unit moved toAalborg Airport, Denmark on 12 April 1940. It relocated during theNorwegian Campaign toStavanger, thenTrondheim as theWehrmacht progressed northward.[4] I./KG 26 was based atMarx, nearWilhelmshaven and made cross-water attacks againstNorwegian Navy coastal batteries atKristiansand and nearOslofjord. On 10 April the unit made an attack on Scapa Flow to disrupt potential British Naval reinforcements toScandinavia. Afterwards I. Gruppe concentrated on direct ground assault on Allied Armies inNarvik–Harstad. On 17 April, near Stavanger,HMS Suffolk was attacked.[6] On 15 May I./KG 26 sank an unidentified transport vessel in Harstad Harbour. On 7 June 1940 made its last attack on Narvik harbour, which was aborted.[6]II./KG 26 carried out anti-shipping operations between Britain and Norway, January – August 1940. During the campaign in Norway the Gruppe made several attacks on Allied Destroyers, Cruisers and transports without success. On 18 April 1940HMS Warspite was damaged slightly by II./KG 26. The unit undertook tactical strikes against Norwegian Army positions in the south of the country until 1 May 1940. After a ten-day rest, began strikes against British Naval forces. On 9 June it sank two transports and attacked HMSArk Royal, west ofBodø.[5] The Gruppe lost only four or five aircraft in Norwegian operations.[5] Owing to operations over Norway, the unit did not participate in the earlyBattle of Britain operations (June – August 1940).[5]III. Gruppe began operations over Norway on 9 April and remained until the end of the campaign. It operated 33 He 111s, 26 serviceable machines in ground and maritime operations.[3] Incomplete loss records show that KG 26 lost at least 40 aircraft (70% or greater damage) from April 9 to June 9, 1940.[13]
Stab./KG 26 began operations with six He 111s, all operational. I./KG had 30 and 29.[6] II./KG 26 began operations on 1 September 1940 with 27 He 111s and only seven operational.[5] III./KG 26 had 26 He 111s, all operational early in the Battle. It participated in all operations until the Spring, 1941. It suffered heavy losses on 15 August 1940, when the Gruppe was intercepted out to sea when attempting to raidDishforth losing seven aircraft.[3] In December 1940 it made use of the SC 2500 bomb on raids against London.
KG 26 participated in theBattle of the Mediterranean,Battle of the Atlantic and operations on theEastern Front, against theArctic Convoys and theSoviet Navy over theBlack Sea.I./KG 26 operated off the United Kingdom's east coast from bases near Aalborg in Denmark. On 27 April it sank the catapult shipHMS Patia off the mouth of theRiver Tyne. By 15 June 1941 the Gruppe claimed oneCruiser, oneDestroyer, 21 smaller ships and 436,186 BRT ofmerchant shipping.[14]AfterOperation Barbarossa the unit was engaged in operations over ground along theMurmansk railway, the port of Murmansk andArkhangelsk, andBarents Sea. 3. Staffel and 2. Staffel withdrew to Italy to train in torpedo attack methods in February 1942.[14] In March–July 1942 the units interceptedConvoy PQ 11,PQ 15,PQ 16,PQ 17 andPQ 18. Against PQ 11 and 15 two ships were claimed sunk and one damaged. Against PQ 16 it claimed one sunk and two damaged. Intercepting PQ 17 two ships were claimed sunk and one damaged. Attacking PQ 18, the group carried out a massed torpedo attack known as theGolden Comb, developed as an anti-convoy measure. Several ships were claimed sunk, but for the loss of 12 He 111s and seven crews.[14] The unit had to be rebuilt owing to losses and was placed under the command ofLuftflotte 5 on 20 September 1942.[14]
II./KG 26 relocated to Sicily in January 1941 as part of Fliegerkorps X. After arriving, it lost six He 111s to an enemy air raid on 8 January 1941. On the night of 17/18 January 1941 12 He 111s were sent to bomb theSuez Canal. The range proved too great and I. Gruppe lost seven machines to fuel starvation. In the following weeks unsuccessful attacks were made on British warships in the Mediterranean. On 31 January it sank the freighter Sollum and minesweeper Huntley.The unit also took part in missions over Malta, losing its first aircraft on 8 February 1941. During theBalkans Campaign the unit moved toFoggia in northern Italy and conducted raids against Yugoslavia as part of VIII. Fliegerkorps.[15]6. Staffel, II.Gruppe, KG 26 (6.II./KG 26) was rebased atSaki, in theCrimea and began operations over theBlack Sea against theSoviet Navy. The unit claimed 20,000 BRT sunk in October–December 1941.[16]
III./KG 26 suffered a number of redesignations and was reformed four times. The first formation was ended on 20 February 1940, after being formed for the first time on 1 November 1939. I./KG 26 was renamed K.Gr. 26 on 20 February 1940. I./KG 26 was reformed on 20 February was a fresh formation for the second time. On 15 December 1941, the unit was renamed II./KG 100. That same day the third formation of III./KG 26 was made, with fresh personnel. In June 1942 the units was once again renamed, and its fourth formation was to continue until the disbanding of Kampfgeschwader 26 at the end of the war.[17]III./KG 26 largely undertook Army support missions units 1942 when it operated various staffel as anti-shipping units in France and Norway.
I./KG 26 leftGerman occupied Norway in November 1942. The Gruppe was ordered toGrosseto to counterOperation Torch, the American landings inMorocco andAlgeria on 8 November 1942. I./KG 26 attacked Allied shipping and lost 11 He 111s in November.[14] On 22 December 1942, Ju 88s from IIIGruppe', KG 26 torpedoed and damaged the BritishtroopshipCameronia.[18] Strikes were made all along the African coast. Allied air attacks cost the unit four aircraft on 8 February 1943 when the units base at Cagliari-Elmas, Sardinia was bombed.[14]In July 1943 the unit also contestedOperation Husky, the Allied invasion of Sicily. On 12 August the unit struck at Allied shipping in the western Mediterranean losing 10 machines for little result. On 8 September I./KG 26 attacked the Allied beaches atSalerno without success. In late August early September the unit moved to southern France at Salon-en-Provence. On 26 November 1943 the unit flew its last mission off North Africa. Until July 1944 I./KG 26 continued to fly anit-shipping missions offAnzio and western Italy.[14]In July it relocated to Denmark to rearm with Junkers Ju 88A-4 aircraft. It formed aEinsatzstaffel which was ordered to pick up torpedoes fromFlensburg for operations in theCrimea. However while en route, the unit ran intoUnited States Army Air ForceP-51 Mustangs and lost nine aircraft. I./KG 26 did convert onto the Ju 88, but owing to fuel shortages the unit was merged into I. and III./Kampfgeschwader 77 in early June.[14]
II./KG 26 operated in the Crimea and Mediterranean over the same period. In April – September 1942 it undertook missions over theKerch area. Among the ships attacked and sunk, the most notable success was a SovietSubmarine chaser, sunk on 6 July. A number of attacks were reported against SovietDestroyers andCruisers in August. The unit at this time was fragmented. 6staffel (or 6.II./KG 26) operated underII. Fliegerkorps,Luftflotte 2 in the Crimea, while 5staffel (5.II./KG 26) fought underLuftflotte 5.[16]In August 1942 6.II./KG 26 moved to Grosseto, Sicily. On 10 August 1942 it sank two freighters from the convoyPedestal. 6staffel continued operations off North Africa until May 1944. Other units, such as 4staffel remained based in the Crimea and attacked Soviet shipping during the German evacuation of the Crimea. Both 4 and 6staffeln relocated to Germany to retrain on the FuG 200 anti-shipping radar in April 1944.[16]In June 1944 4, 5 and 6.II./KG 26 were located to France. These units were constantly moved, participating in attacks against the Allied landings in Southern France underOperation Anvil. II./KG 26 also attacked Allied Shipping in theEnglish Channel and off theIsle of Wight at night after the AlliedNormandy Landings. In August 1944 II./KG 26 retreated intoBavaria, Germany after the defeat in France.[16]
III./KG 26 operated in the Mediterranean, France and Norway during July 1942 – August 1944. Its most notable action was attacking Convoy PQ 18 in September 1942, whilst operating from Banak, Norway. III. Gruppe lost 8 He 111s on that mission. Missions continued against the Torch, Anzio and Normandy landings. By June 1944 III./KG 26 had suffered 50% losses and reduced missions to 3 or 4 per week of a few aircraft. In August 1944 it was withdrawn to Germany to rearm with the Ju 88A-3 in September – October 1944. In December the unit was relocated toGardermoen, Norway.[19]
I./KG 26 was sent to Norway again after refitting in Denmark. It attacked several Allied convoys without result. On 10 January 1945 it was ordered to disband. Some pilots were sent to fighter units to retrain forDefense of the Reich duties. Other personnel were molded into Field Divisions in Denmark in February – March 1945.[19]II./KG 26 relocated to Banak, Norway on 25 October 1944. It undertook anti-shipping missions against convoy JW/RA 64 south of Bear Island on 7–10 February 1945. It claimed 8 hits. The next day it claimed hits on 11 freighters, two Cruisers and two destroyers. The British however stated that no hits were made. On 23 February 1945 it flew its last combat mission sinking the Liberty shipSS Henry Bacon.[20] In May 1945 it began to rescue encircled German soldiers from theCourland pocket as theRed Army closed in. The Gruppe's last operation, on 9 May 1945, was approved by theWestern Allies.[16] III./KG 26 also assisted in these operations. The twoGruppen surrender to Allied forces at Gardermoen and Trondheim, Norway on 9 May 1945.
The following commanders commander the Geschwader:[1]
Major-General Hans Siburg (1 May 1939 – September 1939)
OberstRobert Fuchs (29 September 1939 – June 1940)
Oberstleutnant KarlFreiherr von Wechmar (July 1940 – 19 November 1940)Killed in action
Oberst Robert Fuchs (November 1940 – acting)
Oberstlt Benno Kosch (25 November 1940 – 11 February 1941)
OberstAlexander Holle (December 1940 – June 1941)
General-MajorErnst-August Roth (15 December 1941 – 2 February 1942)
Oberst Karl Stockmann (November 1942 – 31 January 1943)
Oberstlt Werner Klümper (1 February 1943 – November 1944)
Oberstlt Wilhelm Stemmler (November 1944 – January 1945)
Oberstlt Georg Teske (February 1945 – 9 May 1945)
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