Nag Nathaiya is celebrated onChaturthi (fourth tithi) of Shukla Paksha, and commemorates godKrishna's victory over the serpentKaliya in theYamuna River. The festival symbolises the victory of good over evil, and devotees gather atVaranasi to celebrate the same.[18]
Prabodhini Ekadashi is observed on theEkadashi (eleventh lunar day) thithi ofShukla paksha (waning moon). The festival commemorates the awakening of godVishnu at the end of Chaturmāsya, a four-month period of rest and is considered an auspicious day for starting new ventures.[19] People dofasting and offersugercane to god on the day.[20]
ThePurnima (full moon day) of the month is celebrated as various festivals across theIndian subcontinent.Kartik Purnima is celebrated as Dev Deepavali by Hindus in parts of India, and involves fairs, pilgrimages, lamp-lighting and ritual bathing in sacred rivers.[21][22] TheAyyappan garland festival is celebrated inSabarimala on the day known as Tripuri Purnima.[23]
Karthika Deepam is a festival of lights observed mainly byHinduTamils.[24] The festival is celebrated on the full moon day of the month coinciding with theKṛttikānakshatra.[25] The festival is dedicated to godKartikeya and is commemorated by lightingdeepams outside and inside the homes.[26]
Sohrai is aharvest festival celebrated by tribal communities inJharkhand andWest Bengal. Observed on Amavasya (new moon day), it honours cattle, agricultural land and includes paying tribute to the ancestors, and community feasting.[29] Homes are cleaned and decorated, livestock bathed and offered special meals, and the walls of houses are adorned with Sohrai art.[30]
Jalaram Jayanti is a religious commemoration which celebrates the birth anniversary of Jalaram Bapu (1799-1881 CE), who lived inGujarat. The festival involves prayers, singing, and distribution of food.[31][32]
The second thithiDwitiya of the month's bright fortnight is celebrated as Bhaatri Dwitiya. During the festival, sisters entertain their brothers, following the legend ofYamuna, who entertained her brotherYama on the same day.[33]
^abAs per purnimanta tradition. The Hindu calendar follows two various systems:Amanta and Purnimanta. As per the amanta tradition, the lunar month ends on thenew moon day and as per the purnimanta tradition, it ends on thefull moon day. As a consequence, in the amanta tradition,Shukla paksha (waning moon) precedesKrishna paksha (waxing moon) in every lunar month, whereas the reverse happens in purnimānta tradition. Hence, Shukla paksha will always belong to the same month in both traditions, whereas Krishna paksha will always be associated with different but succeeding months in each tradition. The Amanta tradition is officially followed by theIndian national calendar.[1][2][3]
^Helene Henderson, ed. (2005).Holidays, festivals, and celebrations of the world dictionary (Third ed.).Detroit: Omnigraphics. p. xxix.ISBN978-0-780-80982-6.
^abcRobert Sewell; John Faithful Fleet (1989).The Siddhantas and the Indian Calendar.Asian Educational Services. p. 334.
^Vasudha Narayanan; Deborah Heiligman (2008).Celebrate Diwali. National Geographic Society. p. 31.ISBN978-1-4263-0291-6.Archived from the original on 2 January 2017. Retrieved14 October 2016.
^Gopal, Madan (1990). K.S. Gautam (ed.).India through the ages. Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. p. 78.
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