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Romanization scheme for Cantonese

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Jyutping

Jyutping Romanization

jyut6 ping3

Yuhtping

Literal meaning

Yue (i.e. Cantonese) spelling

Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Yuèpīn
Bopomofo	ㄩㄝˋ　ㄆㄧㄣ
Gwoyeu Romatzyh	Yuehpin
Wade–Giles	Yüeh⁴-pʻin¹
Tongyong Pinyin	Yuè-pin
IPA	[ɥê.pʰín]
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization	Yuhtping
Jyutping	jyut6 ping3
Canton Romanization	yüd⁶ ping³
IPA	[jyt̚˨.pʰɪŋ˧]

Cantonese language
This article is part ofthe series on the
Yue Chinese
Grammar
Measure words Pronouns
Orthography Transcription
Fanchit Braille Bopomofo Pinyin Yale Jyutping
Phonology
Nasal-stop alternation Changed tone Proper Cantonese pronunciation IPA
v t e

This article containsphonetic transcriptions in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA. For the distinction between[ ],/ / and ⟨ ⟩, seeIPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

TheLinguistic Society of Hong Kong Cantonese Romanization Scheme,^{[note 1]} also known asJyutping, is aromanisation system forCantonese developed in 1993 by theLinguistic Society of Hong Kong (LSHK).

The nameJyutping (itself the Jyutping romanisation of its Chinese name,粵拼) is acontraction of the official name, and it consists of the firstChinese characters of the termsjyut6 jyu5 (Chinese:粵語;lit. 'Cantonese language') andping3 jam1 (Chinese:拼音;lit. 'phonetic alphabet'; pronouncedpīnyīn inMandarin).

Despite being intended as a system to indicate pronunciation, it has also been employed inwriting Cantonese as an alphabetic language [zh]—in effect, elevating Jyutping from its assistive status to a written language.

Transliteration of Chinese
Mandarin
Modern Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Gwoyeu Romatzyh Spelling conventions Latinxua Sin Wenz Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II Tongyong Pinyin Wade–Giles Yale romanization Lessing-Othmer Simplified Wade Comparison chart
Late imperial Mandarin Morrison romanization Legge romanization Postal romanization EFEO
Sichuanese Sichuanese Pinyin Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz
Wu
General Wu Romanization of Wu Chinese
Wenzhounese Wenzhounese romanization
Yue
Cantonese Jyutping Yale romanization Cantonese Transliteration Scheme Hong Kong Government Macau Government Meyer–Wempe Sidney Lau S. L. Wong (phonetic symbols) S. L. Wong (romanization) ILE romanization Standard Romanization Barnett–Chao Comparison chart
Min
Hokkien Pe̍h-ōe-jī Modern Literal Taiwanese Phofsit Daibuun Habhunwe Latinxua Sin Bhundzi Bbánlám pìngyīm Daighi tongiong pingim TLPA Tâi-lô Comparison chart
Teochew Peng'im Pe̍h-ūe-jī
Fuzhounese Foochow Romanized Fuzhou Transliteration Scheme
Northern Min Kienning Colloquial Romanized
Pu-Xian Min Hinghwa Romanized
Hainanese Hainan Romanized (Haikou dialect) Hainanese Transliteration Scheme (Wenchang dialect)
Shao–Jiang Min Romanized Shaowu (Shaowu dialect)
Gan
Chang-Du Pinfa
Hakka
Meixian Pinfa Hagfa Pinyim
Sixian Pha̍k-fa-sṳ TLPA
Xiang
Chang–Yi Pinfa
Polylectal
General Chinese Romanized General Chinese
See also
Other transliterations Character-based General Chinese Cyrillization Xiao'erjing ʼPhags-pa script Bopomofo Taiwanese kana Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols Transcription into Chinese
By place Romanization in Hong Kong Romanization in Singapore Romanization in Taiwan
v t e

History

[edit]

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The Jyutping system^[1] departs from all previous Cantonese romanisation systems (approximately 12, includingRobert Morrison's pioneering work of 1828, and the widely usedStandard Romanization,Yale andSidney Lau systems) by introducing z and c initials and the use of eo and oe in finals, as well as replacing the initial y, used in all previous systems, with j.^[2]

In 2018, it was updated to include the -a and -oet finals, to reflect syllables recognized as part of Cantonese phonology in 1997 by the Jyutping Work Group of the Linguistic Society of Hong Kong.^[3]

Initials

[edit]

b /p/ 巴	p /pʰ/ 怕	m /m/ 媽	f /f/ 花
d /t/ 打	t /tʰ/ 他	n /n/ 那		l /l/ 啦
g /k/ 家	k /kʰ/ 卡	ng /ŋ/ 牙	h /h/ 蝦
gw /kʷ/ 瓜	kw /kʷʰ/ 誇			w /w/ 蛙
z /ts/ 渣	c /tsʰ/ 叉		s /s/ 沙	j /j/ 也

Finals

[edit]

aa /aː/ 沙	aai /aːi̯/ 徙	aau /aːu̯/ 梢	aam /aːm/ 三	aan /aːn/ 山	aang /aːŋ/ 坑	aap /aːp̚/ 圾	aat /aːt̚/ 剎	aak /aːk̚/ 客
a /ɐ/ ^[1]	ai /ɐi̯/ 西	au /ɐu̯/ 收	am /ɐm/ 心	an /ɐn/ 新	ang /ɐŋ/ 笙	ap /ɐp̚/ 濕	at /ɐt̚/ 失	ak /ɐk̚/ 塞
e /ɛː/ 些	ei /ei̯/ 四	eu /ɛːu̯/ 掉^[2]	em /ɛːm/ 舐^[3]		eng /ɛːŋ/ 鄭	ep /ɛːp̚/ 夾^[4]	et /ɛːt̚/ 噼	ek /ɛːk̚/ 石
i /iː/ 詩		iu /iːu̯/ 消	im /iːm/ 閃	in /iːn/ 先	ing /ɪŋ/ 星	ip /iːp̚/ 攝	it /iːt̚/ 洩	ik /ɪk/ 識
o /ɔː/ 疏	oi /ɔːy̯/ 開	ou /ou̯/ 蘇		on /ɔːn/ 看	ong /ɔːŋ/ 康		ot /ɔːt̚/ 喝	ok /ɔːk̚/ 索
u /uː/ 夫	ui /uːy̯/ 灰			un /uːn/ 寬	ung /ʊŋ/ 鬆		ut /uːt̚/ 闊	uk /ʊk/ 叔
	eoi /ɵy̯/ 需			eon /ɵn/ 詢			eot /ɵt̚/ 摔
oe /œː/ 鋸					oeng /œːŋ/ 商		oet /œːt̚/ ^[5]	oek /œːk̚/ 削
yu /yː/ 書				yun /yːn/ 孫			yut /yːt̚/ 雪
			m /m̩/ 唔		ng /ŋ̩/ 吳

Only the finalsm andng can be used as standalonenasal syllables.
^ Used for elided words in casual speech such asa6 in 四十四 (sei3 a6 sei3), elided fromsei3 sap6 sei3.^[3]
^^^ Referring to the colloquial pronunciation of these words.
^ Used for onomatopoeias such asoet6 for belching orgoet4 for snoring.

Tones

[edit]

Main article:Cantonese phonology § Tones

There are ninetones in six distincttone contours in Cantonese. However, as three of the nine areentering tones (入聲;jap6 sing1), which only appear in syllables ending withp,t, andk, they do not have separate tone numbers in Jyutping (though they do in theILE romanization of Cantonese; these are shown in parentheses in the table below). A mnemonic which some use to remember this is風水到時我哋必發達;fung1 seoi2 dou3 si4 ngo5 dei6 bit1 faat3 daat6 or "Feng Shui [dictates that] we will be lucky."

Tone name	jam1 ping4 (陰平)		jam1 soeng5 (陰上)		jam1 heoi3 (陰去)		joeng4 ping4 (陽平)		joeng4 soeng5 (陽上)		joeng4 heoi3 (陽去)		gou1 jam1 jap6 (高陰入)		dai1 jam1 jap6 (低陰入)		joeng4 jap6 (陽入)
(In English)	high level or high falling		mid rising		mid level		low falling		low rising		low level		entering high level		entering mid level		entering low level
Tone number	1		2		3		4		5		6		1 (7)		3 (8)		6 (9)
Contour^[4]	˥ 55	˥˧ 53	˧˥ 35		˧ 33		˨˩ 21	˩ 11	˩˧ 13		˨ 22		˥ 5		˧ 3		˨ 2
Character example	分	詩	粉	史	訓	試	焚	時	奮	市	份	是	忽	識	發	錫	佛	食
Character example	fan1	si1	fan2	si2	fan3	si3	fan4	si4	fan5	si5	fan6	si6	fat1	sik1	faat3	sek3	fat6	sik6

Comparison with Yale romanisation

[edit]

Jyutping and theYale romanisation of Cantonese represent Cantonese pronunciations with the same letters in:

Theinitials:b,p,m,f,d,t,n,l,g,k,ng,h,s,gw,kw,w.
Thevowel:aa (except when used alone),a,e,i,o,u,yu.
Thenasal stop:m,ng.
Thecoda:i,u,m,n,ng,p,t,k.

But they differ in the following:

Thevowelseo andoe represent/ɵ/ and/œː/ respectively in Jyutping, whereas theeu represents both vowels in Yale.
Theinitialj represents/j/ in Jyutping whereasy is used instead in Yale.
The initialz represents/ts/ in Jyutping whereasj is used instead in Yale.
The initialc represents/tsʰ/ in Jyutping whereasch is used instead in Yale.
In Jyutping, if noconsonant precedes the vowelyu, then the initialj is appended before the vowel. In Yale, the corresponding initialy is never appended beforeyu under any circumstances.
Jyutping defines fivefinals not in Yale:a/ɐ/, eu/ɛːu/,em/ɛːm/,ep/ɛːp/, oet/œːt/. These finals are used in colloquial Cantonese words, such asdeu6 (掉),lem2 (舐), andgep6 (夾).
To representtones, only tone numbers are used in Jyutping whereas Yale traditionally uses tone marks together with the letterh (though tone numbers can be used in Yale as well).

Comparison with ILE romanisation

[edit]

Jyutping andILE romanisation represent Cantonese pronunciations with the same letters in:

Theinitials:b,p,m,f,d,t,n,l,g,k,ng,h,s,gw,kw,j,w.
Thevowel:aa,a,e,i,o,u.
Thenasal stop:m,ng.
Thecoda:i (except for its use in thecoda/y/ in Jyutping; see below),u,m,n,ng,p,t,k.

But they have some differences:

Thevoweloe represents both/ɵ/ and/œː/ in ILE whereaseo andoe represent/ɵ/ and/œː/ respectively in Jyutping.
The vowely represents/y/ in ILE whereas bothyu (used in thenucleus) andi (used in thecoda of thefinal -eoi) are used in Jyutping.
The initialdz represents/ts/ in ILE whereasz is used instead in Jyutping.
The initialts represents/tsʰ/ in ILE whereasc is used instead in Jyutping.
To representtones, the numbers 1 to 9 are usually used in ILE, although the use of 1, 3, 6 to replace 7, 8, 9 for thechecked tones is acceptable. However, only the numbers 1 to 6 are used in Jyutping.

Examples

[edit]

Traditional	Simplified	Romanization
廣州話	广州话	gwong2 zau1 waa2
粵語	粤语	jyut6 jyu5
你好	你好	nei5 hou2

Sample transcription of one of the300 Tang Poems:

春曉孟浩然	ceon1 hiu2 maang6 hou6 jin4
春眠不覺曉，	ceon1 min4 bat1 gok3 hiu2,	Sleeping past sunrise in springtime.
處處聞啼鳥。	cyu3 cyu3 man4 tai4 niu5.	Everywhere one hears birdsong.
夜來風雨聲，	je6 loi4 fung1 jyu5 sing1,	Night brings the sound of wind and rain,
花落知多少？	faa1 lok6 zi1 do1 siu2?	I wonder how many flowers fell?

Jyutping input method

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TheJyutping method (Chinese:粵拼輸入法) refers to a family ofinput methods based on the Jyutping romanization system.

The Jyutping method allows a user to input Chinese characters by entering the Jyutping romanization of a Chinese character (with or without tone, depending on the system) and then presenting the user with a list of possible characters with that pronunciation.

As ofmacOS Ventura, Jyutping input withTraditional Chinese now comes standard onmacOS under the name "Phonetic – Cantonese".

List of Jyutping keyboard input utilities

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TypeDuck (TypeDuck 打得粵拼輸入法)
Online Jyutping Input Method (網上粵拼輸入法)
MDBG Type Chinese
LSHK Jyutping forMac (Mac OS 9 andmacOS) (The page also includes Yale input version 0.2)
Hong Kong Cantonese 2010 (via Microsoft Office IME 2010)
Cantonese Phonetic IME (廣東話拼音輸入法) (also called 'Cantonese Phonetic IME (CPIME) Jyutping' in Windows 10^[5])
RIME (小狼毫輸入法引擎)
Gboard

Footnotes

[edit]

^Chinese:香港語言學學會粵語拼音方案;Jyutping:hoeng1 gong2 jyu5 jin4 hok6 hok6 wui2 jyut6 jyu5 ping3 jam1 fong1 on3

References

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^"The Jyutping Scheme". The Linguistic Society of Hong Kong. Archived fromthe original on 26 April 2013. Retrieved3 January 2016.
^Kataoka, Shin; Lee, Cream (2008). "A System without a System: Cantonese Romanization Used in Hong Kong Place and Personal Names".Hong Kong Journal of Applied Linguistics:94–98.
^^a ^bLinguistic Society of Hong Kong (7 June 2022)."Jyutping Cantonese Romanization Scheme 粵拼方案制定的背景". Archived fromthe original on 2024-03-16. Retrieved2024-04-03.
^Matthews, S.; Yip, V.Cantonese: A Comprehensive Grammar; London: Routledge, 1994
^FAQ: How to select Cantonese Phonetic IME (CPIME) in Windows 10