On June 23, 1971, thePrime Minister's Office (PMO) announced that Prime MinisterPierre Trudeau's wife of four months,Margaret Trudeau (née Sinclair),[1] was pregnant and due in December.[2][3] Justin Trudeau was born on December 25, 1971, at 9:27 pmEST at theOttawa Civic Hospital.[4] He is the second child in Canadian history to be born to a prime minister in office; the first wasJohn A. Macdonald's daughter Margaret Mary Theodora Macdonald (February 8, 1869 – January 28, 1933). Trudeau's younger brothersAlexandre "Sacha" (born December 25, 1973) andMichel (October 2, 1975 – November 13, 1998) were the third and fourth.[5][6]
Trudeau wasbaptized with his father's niece Anne Rouleau-Danis as godmother and his mother's brother-in-law Thomas Walker as godfather,[22][23] atOttawa's Notre Dame Basilica on the afternoon of January 16, 1972, which marked his first public appearance.[24] and given the names "Justin Pierre James".[25] On April 14, 1972, Trudeau's father and mother hosted a gala at theNational Arts Centre, at which visiting U.S. presidentRichard Nixon said, "I'd like to toast the future prime minister ofCanada, to Justin Pierre Trudeau" to which Pierre Trudeau responded that should his son ever assume the role, he hoped he would have "the grace and skill of the president".[26] Earlier that day, first ladyPat Nixon had visited him in his nursery and gifted him a stuffed toySnoopy.[27][28]
Childhood
Trudeau's parents announced their separation in 1977, when he was five years old; his father was given primary custody.[29] There were repeated rumours of a reconciliation for many years afterwards.[30] However, his mother eventually filed for ano-fault divorce which theSupreme Court of Ontario granted in 1984;[31] his father had announced his intention to retire as prime minister a month earlier.[32] Eventually, his parents came to an amicable joint-custody arrangement and learned to get along quite well. Interviewed in October 1979, hisnanny Dianne Lavergne was quoted, "Justin is a mommy's boy, so it's not easy, but children's hurts mend very quickly. And they're lucky kids, anyway."[33] Of his mother and father's marriage, Trudeau said in 2009, "They loved each other incredibly, passionately, completely. But there was 30 years between them, and my mom never was an equal partner in what encompassed my father's life, his duty, his country."[34] Trudeau has three half-siblings, Kyle and Alicia, from his mother's remarriage to Fried Kemper,[35] and Sarah, from his father's relationship withDeborah Coyne.[36]
Trudeau watching a parade in Ottawa, June 1978
Trudeau lived at24 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, the official residence of Canada's prime minister, from his birth until his father's government was defeated in the1979 federal election. The Trudeaus were expected to move intoStornoway, the residence of theleader of the Official Opposition, but because of flooding in the basement, Prime MinisterJoe Clark offered themHarrington Lake, the prime minister's official country retreat inGatineau Park, with the expectation they would move into Stornoway at the start of July.[37] However, the repairs were not complete, so Pierre Trudeau took a prolonged vacation with his sons to theNova Scotia summer home of his friend, Member of ParliamentDon Johnston, and later sent his sons to stay with their maternal grandparents inNorth Vancouver for the rest of the summer while he slept at his friend's Ottawa apartment. Trudeau and his brothers returned to Ottawa for the start of the school year but lived only on the top floor of Stornoway while repairs continued on the bottom floor.[38] His mother purchased and moved into a new home nearby at 95 Victoria Street in Ottawa'sNew Edinburgh neighbourhood in September 1979.[39][40] Pierre Trudeau and his sons returned to the prime minister's official residence afterthe February 1980 election that returned him to the Prime Minister's Office.[41]
His father had intended Trudeau to begin his formal education at a French-language lycée, but Trudeau's mother convinced his father of the importance of sending their sons to a public school.[42] In the end, Trudeau was enrolled in 1976 in theFrench immersion program atRockcliffe Park Public School. It was the same school his mother had attended for two years while her father was a member of Parliament.[43] He could have been dropped off by limousine, but his parents elected he take theschool bus albeit with aRoyal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) car following.[44][45][46][47] This was followed by one year at the privateLycée Claudel d'Ottawa.[48][49]
After his father's retirement in June 1984, his mother remained at her New Edinburgh home while the rest of the family moved into his father's home at 1418 Pine Avenue, Montreal known asCormier House;[50] the following autumn, he began attending the privateCollège Jean-de-Brébeuf, his father's alma mater. The school had begun as a Jesuit school but was non-denominational by the time Justin matriculated.[51][52] In 2008, Trudeau said that of all his early family outings he enjoyed camping with his father the most, because "that was where our father got to be just our father – a dad in the woods".[53] During the summers his father would send him and his brothers to Camp Ahmek, onCanoe Lake inAlgonquin Provincial Park, where he would later work in his first paid job as acamp counsellor.[49][54][55][56][57]
Trudeau and his brothers were given shares in twonumbered companies by their father: the first containing a portfolio of securities, from which they receive regular dividends, up to $20,000 per year; and the second which receives royalties from their father's autobiography and other sources, about $10,000 a year.[58] As of August 2011, the first numbered company had assets of $1.2 million.[59] The Trudeau brothers were also given a country estate of about 50 hectares in the Laurentians with a home designed by the esteemed Canadian architectArthur Erickson, and theCormier House in Montreal.[60][58][61] The country estate land was estimated to be worth $2.7 million in 2016.[61]
University and early career
Trudeau has a Bachelor of Arts degree in literature fromMcGill University and a Bachelor of Education degree from theUniversity of British Columbia. In his first year at McGill, Trudeau became acquainted with his futureprincipal secretary,Gerald Butts, through their mutual friend, Jonathan Ablett.[62] Butts invited Trudeau to join the McGill Debating Union.[63] They bonded while driving back to Montreal after a debate tournament atPrinceton University.[62] After graduation, Trudeau stayed in Vancouver where he became a substitute teacher at local schools such asKillarney Secondary and worked permanently as a French and math teacher at the privateWest Point Grey Academy. He became a roommate at theDouglas Lodge[64] with fellow West Point Grey Academy faculty member and friend Christopher Ingvaldson.[62][65] From 2002 to 2004, he studied engineering at theÉcole Polytechnique de Montréal, affiliated withUniversité de Montréal, but did not graduate.[66] He started a master's degree in environmental geography at McGill but withdrew from the program to seek public office.[67]
In August 2000, Trudeau attended the Kokanee Summit inCreston, British Columbia, to raise funds in honour of his brother Michel Trudeau and other avalanche victims. After the event, an unsigned editorial in theCreston Valley Advance (a local newspaper) accused Trudeau of having groped an unnamed female reporter while at the music festival. The editorial stated Trudeau provided a "day-late" apology to the reporter, saying, "If I had known you were reporting for a national paper, I never would have been so forward".[68][69] In 2018, Trudeau was questioned about the groping incident but said he did not remember any negative incidents from that time. His apology and later statement about the event have been described as hypocritical, while responses to the story have described it as awitch hunt or non-story.[70]
In October 2000, Trudeau, then 28, emerged as a prominent figure after delivering a eulogy athis father's state funeral.[71][72][73] TheCanadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) received numerous calls to rebroadcast the speech after its initial transmission, and leading Quebec politicianClaude Ryan described it as "perhaps ... the first manifestation of a dynasty".[74] A book issued by the CBC in 2003 included the speech in its list of significant Canadian events from the past fifty years.[75]
In 2007, Trudeau starred in the two-partCBC Television miniseriesThe Great War, which gave an account of Canada's participation in the First World War. He portrayed his fifth cousin, twice removed,[76] MajorTalbot Mercer Papineau, who was killed on October 30, 1917, during theBattle of Passchendaele.[77] Trudeau is one of several children of former prime ministers who have become Canadian media personalities. The others areBen Mulroney (son ofBrian Mulroney),Catherine Clark (daughter of Joe Clark), and Trudeau's younger brother, Alexandre.[78] Ben Mulroney was a guest at Trudeau's wedding.[79]
Advocacy
Trudeau (middle) in 2007 with "Maison des Grands-Parents" cofounders Lucille Girard and Jacqueline Desjardins, during the 15th anniversary of the non-profit seniors organization.
Trudeau and his family started the Kokanee Glacier Alpine Campaign for winter sports safety in 2000, two years after his brother Michel died in an avalanche during a ski trip.[80] In 2002, Trudeau criticized the Government of British Columbia's decision to stop its funding for a public avalanche warning system.[81][82]
From 2002 to 2006, Trudeau chaired theKatimavik youth program, a project started by longtime family friendJacques Hébert.[83][84]
In 2005, Trudeau fought against a proposed $100-millionzinc mine that he argued would poison theNahanni River, aUnited Nations World Heritage Site located in theNorthwest Territories. He was quoted as saying, "The river is an absolutely magnificent, magical place. I'm not saying mining is wrong ... but that is not the place for it. It's just the wrong thing to be doing."[90][91]
On September 17, 2006, Trudeau was the master of ceremonies at a Toronto rally organized byRoméo Dallaire that called for Canadian participation in resolving theDarfur crisis.[92][93][94]
Following his father's death, Trudeau became more involved with the Liberal Party throughout the 2000s. Along with OlympianCharmaine Crooks, he co-hosted a tribute to outgoing prime ministerJean Chrétien at the party's2003 leadership convention, and was appointed to chair a task force on youth renewal after the party's defeat in the2006 federal election.[97][98]
In October 2006, Trudeau criticizedQuebec nationalism by describing political nationalism generally as an "old idea from the 19th century", "based on a smallness of thought" and not relevant to modern Quebec. This comment was seen as a criticism ofMichael Ignatieff, then a candidate in the2006 Liberal Party leadership election, who was promoting recognition ofQuebec as a nation.[99][100] Trudeau later wrote a public letter on the subject, describing the idea of Quebec nationhood as "against everything my father ever believed".[101][102]
Trudeau announced his support for leadership candidateGerard Kennedy shortly before the 2006 convention and introduced Kennedy during the candidates' final speeches.[103] When Kennedy dropped off after the second ballot, Trudeau joined him in supporting the ultimate winner,Stéphane Dion.[104][105]
Rumours circulated in early 2007 that Trudeau would run in anupcoming by-election in the Montreal riding ofOutremont. The Montreal newspaperLa Presse reported despite Trudeau's keenness, Liberal leader Stéphane Dion wanted Outremont for a star candidate who could help rebuild the Liberal Party. Instead, Trudeau announced that he would seek the Liberal nomination in the nearby riding of Papineau for the next general election.[106][107][108] The riding, which had been held for 26 years byAndré Ouellet, a senior minister under his father, had been in Liberal hands for 53 years before falling to theBloc Québécois in 2006.[109]
On April 29, 2007, Trudeau won the Liberal party's nomination, winning 690 votes to 350 forMary Deros, a Montreal city councillor, and 220 forBasilio Giordano, the publisher of a local Italian-language newspaper.[110]
Prime MinisterStephen Harper called an election forOctober 14, 2008, by which time Trudeau had been campaigning for a year in Papineau. On election day, Trudeau narrowly defeated Bloc Québécois incumbentVivian Barbot.[111] Following his election win,Edward Greenspon, editor-in-chief ofThe Globe and Mail, noted that Trudeau would "be viewed as few other rookie MPs are—as a potential future Prime Minister—and scrutinized through that lens".[53]
TheConservative Party won aminority government in the 2008 election, and Trudeau entered parliament as a member of theOfficial Opposition. Trudeau's first legislative act was a motion that called for the creation of a "national voluntary service policy for young people".[112] He later co-chaired the Liberal Party's April 2009 national convention inVancouver, and in October of the same year he was appointed as the party's critic for multiculturalism and youth.[113]
In September 2010, he was reassigned as critic for youth, citizenship, and immigration.[114] During that time, he criticized the government's legislation targeting human smuggling, which he argued would penalize the victims ofsmuggling.[115]
Trudeau sparked controversy when it was revealed that he earned $1.3 million in public speaking fees from charities and school boards across Canada, $277,000 of which Trudeau received after becoming an MP.[116][117]
He encouraged an increase of Canada's relief efforts after the2010 Haiti earthquake, and sought more accessible immigration procedures for Haitians moving to Canada in the time of crisis. His own riding includes a significant Haitian community.[118]
Trudeau was re-elected in Papineau in the2011 federal election, as the Liberal Party fell to third-party standing in the House of Commons with only thirty-four seats. Ignatieff resigned as party leader immediately after the election, and rumours again circulated that Trudeau could run to become his successor. On this occasion, Trudeau said, "I don't feel I should be closing off any options... because of the history packaged into my name, a lot of people are turning to me in a way that... to be blunt, concerns me."[119][120] Weeks after the election, Toronto MPBob Rae was selected as the interim leader until the party's leadership convention, which was later decided to be held in April 2013. Rae appointed Trudeau as the party's critic for post-secondary education, youth and amateur sport.[121] After his re-election, he travelled the country hosting fundraisers for charities and the Liberal Party.[122][123][124][125]
Trudeau wanted to take part in a charity boxing match on behalf of the cancer research fundraising event Fight for the Cure, but was having difficulty finding a Conservative opponent until Conservative senatorPatrick Brazeau agreed when asked on Trudeau's behalf by their mutual hairdresser Stefania Capovilla.[126][127] The fight took place on March 31, 2012, at the Hampton Inn in Ottawa, and it was broadcast live onSun News with commentary byEzra Levant andBrian Lilley. Trudeau won in the third round; the result was considered an upset.[126][128]
Leader of the Liberal Party
Earlier speculation
After Dion's resignation as Liberal leader in 2008, Trudeau's name was mentioned as a potential candidate with polls showing him as a favourite among Canadians for the position.[129][130]
However, Trudeau did not enter the race andMichael Ignatieff was named leader in December 2008.[131] After the party's poor showing in the 2011 election, Ignatieff resigned from the leadership and Trudeau was again seen as a potential candidate to lead the party.[132]
Trudeau at a demonstration in Ottawa against tuition fees, February 2012
Following the election, Trudeau said he was undecided about seeking the leadership;[133] months later on October 12 atWilfrid Laurier University, he announced he would not seek the post because he had a young family.[134] When interim leaderBob Rae, who was also seen as a frontrunner, announced he would not be entering the race in June 2012, Trudeau was hit with a "tsunami" of calls from supporters to reconsider his earlier decision to not seek the leadership.[135]
Opinion polling conducted by several pollsters showed that if Trudeau were to become leader the Liberal Party would surge in support, from a distant third place to either being competitive with the Conservative Party or leading them.[136] In July 2012, Trudeau stated that he would reconsider his earlier decision to not seek the leadership and would announce his final decision at the end of the summer.[137][138]
On September 26, 2012, multiple media outlets started reporting that Trudeau would launch his leadership bid the following week.[139][140] While Trudeau was seen as a frontrunner for the leadership of the Liberal Party, he was criticized for his perceived lack of substance.[141][142] During his time as a member of Parliament, he spoke little on policy matters and it was not known where he stood on many issues such as the economy and foreign affairs.[143][144] Some strategists and pundits believed the leadership would be the time for Trudeau to be tested on these issues; however, there was also fear within the party that his celebrity status and large lead might deter other strong candidates from entering the leadership race.[145][146][147]
On October 2, 2012, Trudeau held a rally in Montreal to launch his bid for the leadership of the Liberal Party.[148] The core people on his campaign team were considered longtime friends, and all in their 30s and 40s. His senior advisor was Gerald Butts, the former president ofWWF-Canada who had previously been principal secretary to former Ontario premierDalton McGuinty. Other senior aides included campaign managerKatie Telford, and policy advisors Mike McNeir andRobert Asselin, who had all worked for recent Liberal Party leaders.[149] His brother Alexandre also took a break from his documentary work to be a senior advisor on Trudeau's campaign.[150]
During the leadership campaign, three by-elections were held onNovember 26, 2012. The ridingCalgary Centre was expected to be a three-way race between the Conservatives, Liberals and Green Party. A week before by-election daySun Media reported on comments Trudeau had made in a 2010 interview withTélé-Québec, in which he said, "Canada isn't doing well right now because it's Albertans who control our community and socio-democratic agenda." Trudeau's campaign advisor said that the comments were being brought up now because of the close race in Calgary Centre.[151] The following day, Trudeau apologized, saying he was wrong to use "Alberta" as "shorthand" in referring to Stephen Harper's government.[152] The Conservatives held onto Calgary Centre in the by-election by less than 1,200 votes. Liberal candidateHarvey Locke said he lost the by-election on his own and that comments made by Trudeau did not influence the outcome.[153]
Fellow leadership candidateMarc Garneau, seen as Trudeau's main challenger in the race, criticized Trudeau for not releasing enough substantial policy positions. Garneau called on him to release more detailed policies before members and supporters begin to vote.[154] Garneau later challenged Trudeau to a one-on-one debate, and said that if Trudeau could not defend his ideas in a debate against him, he wouldn't be able to do so against Prime Minister Harper.[155] Trudeau clashed in debates with challengerJoyce Murray, who was the only Liberal leadership candidate to speak out strongly in favour of electing the House of Commons with a system ofproportional representation. She challenged Trudeau over his support for apreferential ballot voting system.[156]
On March 13, 2013, Garneau dropped out of the leadership race, saying that polling conducted by his campaign showed he would be unable to defeat Trudeau.[157][158]
With Joyce Murray, the last challenger, receiving significant press time, more Liberal politicians and public figures declared themselves for Trudeau. Trudeau was declared the winner of the leadership election on April 14, 2013, garnering 80.1% of 30,800 votes.[159] Joyce Murray finished in second place with 10.2%, ahead of Martha Hall Findlay's 5.7%.[160] Trudeau had lost only five ridings, all to Murray and all in BC.[161]
During the leadership campaign, Trudeau pledged to park all his assets, exclusive of real estate holdings, into ablind trust which is atypical for opposition MPs, including leaders. According to documents obtained by theOttawa Citizen, he fulfilled the pledge in July 2013 when the blind trust was set up byBMO Private Banking.[165]
Trudeau launched an internet video the week before the 2014 Liberal party convention titled "An economy that benefits us all" in which he narrates his economic platform. He said that Canada's debt to GDP ratios have come down in recent years and now it's time for Ottawa to "step up".[166]
On October 19, 2015, after the longest official campaign in over a century, Trudeau led the Liberals to a decisive victory in thefederal election. The Liberals won 184 of the 338 seats, with 39.5% of the popular vote, for a strong majority government;[167][168] a gain of 150 seats compared to the 2011 federal election.[167]
This was the second-best performance in the party's history. The Liberals won mostly on the strength of a solid performance in the eastern half of the country. In addition to taking all of Atlantic Canada and Toronto,[167] they won 40 seats in Quebec—the most that the Liberals had won in that province since Trudeau's father led them to a near-sweep of the province in 1980, and also the first time since then that the Liberals won a majority of Quebec's seats in an election. The 150-seat gain was the biggest numerical increase for a single party since Confederation and marked the first time that a party had rebounded from third place in the Commons to a majority government.
In addition to the appeal of his party's platform, Trudeau's success has been credited to his performance both on the campaign trail and televisedleaders' debates exceeding the lowered expectations created by Conservative advertisements and conservative media outlets.[169][170][171]
The Trudeau Liberals slogan during the 2015 campaign was "Real Change"
Trudeau declared victory shortly afterCBC News projected that he had won a majority government. He began his speech with a reference to former Liberal prime ministerWilfrid Laurier's "sunny ways" (French:voies ensoleillées) approach to bringing Canadians together despite their differences. According to Trudeau, Laurier "knew that politics can be a positive force, and that's the message Canadians have sent today".[172] Harper announced his resignation as the leader of the Conservative Party that night.[173][174]
Trudeau and the rest of theCabinet were sworn in byGovernor GeneralDavid Johnston on November 4, 2015. He said that his first legislative priority was to lower taxes for middle-income Canadians and raise taxes for the top 1% of income earners after parliament was reconvened on December 3, 2015.[175] Trudeau also issued a statement promising to rebuild relations withIndigenous peoples in Canada and run an open, ethical and transparent government.[176] On November 5, 2015, during the first Liberal caucus meeting since forming a majority government, the party announced that it would reinstate the mandatory long-form census that had been scrapped in 2010, effective with the 2016 census.[177][178]
His environmental policy included introducing new commitments to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 30% before 2030, and to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050.[186] His main tool for reaching this target is a federalcarbon pricing policy.[187] Trudeau's parliament also adopted legislation for marine conservation,[188] banning six commonsingle-use plastic products,[189] and strengthening environmental impact assessments.[190] Trudeau pledged to ban single use plastic in 2019. In 2022, his government announced a ban on producing and importing single use plastic from December 2022. The sale of those items will be banned from December 2023 and the export from 2025.[191] However, Trudeau is in favour of oil and gas pipelines to bring Canadian fossil fuel resources to foreign markets.[192]
Before winning the 2015 election, Trudeau promised to accept 50,000 refugees from Syria and Iraq by the end of 2016.[193][194][195] In 2016, Trudeau's advisors recommended drastically increasing immigration levels to stimulate the economy.[196] Despite warnings about the impact of rapid population growth onhousing andservices, Trudeau's government increased targets each year, reaching almost 1 million newcomers (permanent and temporary residents) in both 2022 and 2023.[197][198][199] In November 2022, the Trudeau government announced that Canada would admit500,000 immigrants per year by 2025.[200] Trudeau initiated measures to combat housing inflation such as banning foreign buyers and creating theHousing Accelerator Fund, but asserted in a May 2024 interview that, "housing needs toretain its value".[201][202] In October 2024, as Canadians endured cost of living and housing crises, and as Trudeau's unpopularity grew, he announced cuts to immigration targets in a video message.[203][204][205][206] This had little effect on Trudeau's approval rating, however, which had plummeted from 65% in 2016 to 22% in December 2024.[207][208] In 2024, food bank usage was also at an all-time high and more working people than ever were using food banks,[209] which occurred amidstglobal food crises at the time. Reports released in early 2025 suggested that population growth would not be significantly slowed even with the Trudeau government's proposed cuts.[210][211][212]
On September 22, 2023,Yaroslav Hunka, a Ukrainian Canadian who fought in theSS Division Galicia of the military wing of theNazi Party, theWaffen-SS, was invited to the House of Commons of Canada to be recognized by SpeakerAnthony Rota, the Member of Parliament for Hunka's district. Hunka received twostanding ovations from all house members, including Justin Trudeau, other party leaders, and visiting Ukrainian presidentVolodymyr Zelenskyy. The incident, seen as a political blunder[213][214] and a scandal, such that it drew comparisons to the most embarrassing moments in Canada's history,[215] was leveraged by the Russian establishment to further its justifications forwaging war in Ukraine. Trudeau said, "this is a mistake that deeply embarrassed parliament and Canada", and apologized to President Zelenskyy.[216]
Trudeau was prime minister during the worldwideCOVID-19 pandemic. His government's response to the pandemic included funds for provinces and territories to adapt to the new situation, funds for coronavirus research, travel restrictions, screening of international flights, self-isolation orders under theQuarantine Act, an industrial strategy, and a public health awareness campaign. Initially, Canada faced a shortage ofpersonal protective equipment, as the Trudeau government had cut PPE stockpile funding in the previous years.[220][221]
The spread of COVID-19 in Canada continued beyond the initial outbreak, with a strong second wave in the fall of 2020 and an even more serious third wave in the spring of 2021.[229][230] Throughout the crisis, Trudeau periodically extended the scope and duration of thefederal aid programs. The2021 Canadian federal budget planned to phase them out by the end of September 2021, and projected a $354.2-billion deficit in the 2020–21 fiscal year.[231] While CERB was indeed phased out on September 26, theCanada Recovery Benefit (CBR) continued to provide support until October 23.[232] TheCanada Worker Lockdown Benefit was introduced that month to replace the CBR, and expanded during the spread of theOmicron variant in December 2021.[233]
On January 29, the first day of protest atParliament Hill, Trudeau moved to an undisclosed location.[234][235] According toThe Guardian, the demonstration developed to express a number of "antigovernment grievances", particularly against Trudeau.[236] On January 31, Trudeau called the protests an "insult to truth".[237] On February 3, he said that a military response was "not in the cards right now".[238] On February 11,Reuters reported that Trudeau promised the US "quick action" regarding protesters who have forcefully blocked theAmbassador Bridge on the US-Canada border, the continent's "busiest land border crossing".[239] Trudeau subsequently indicated that there would be "robust police intervention" and called for all protesters to "go home".[240]
Trudeau invoked theEmergencies Act on February 14, 2022, for the first time since it was enacted in 1988, as a result of the public order emergency caused by the demonstrations in Ottawa.[241] On February 23, 2022, Trudeau announced that the federal government would revoke the emergency declaration. Later that day, the governor general signed a proclamation revoking it.[242][243] A year later, on February 17, 2023, a judicial inquiry into the use of theEmergencies Act concluded that the Trudeau government met the legal threshold required to invoke the act.[244] In early 2024,Federal Court judgeRichard Mosley ruled that the federal government's invocation of the Emergencies Act to end the 2022 convoy protest was "not justified" and infringed onCharter rights. As of June 2024[update], the federal government planned to appeal the ruling.[245][246]
On September 11, 2019, Trudeau visited Governor GeneralJulie Payette, to request the dissolution of Parliament, and formally triggering an election.[247] Prior to the formal start of the campaign, Trudeau announced his intention to only participate in the threeleaders' debates, two organized by theLeaders' Debates Commission, and one organized byTVA.[248] Other leader's debates were either cancelled or took place with an empty podium left on stage for Trudeau.[249][250]
In September 2019, controversial pictures and video were published showing Trudeau inbrownface andblackface.[251] On September 18, 2019,Time magazine published a photograph of Trudeau wearing brownface makeup in the spring of 2001, at anArabian Nights-themed gala, while Trudeau was a teacher atWest Point Grey Academy.[252] Trudeau publicly apologized, agreeing the photo was racist and saying: "I shouldn't have done that. I should have known better and I didn't. I'm really sorry."[253] He further went on to say "It was something that I didn't think was racist at the time, but now I recognize it was something racist to do".[254] Trudeau also admitted to wearing blackface makeup in high school while singing "Day-O" at a talent show that was subsequently published byGlobal News.[255] A third instance, a video, of Trudeau in racist dress was also published.[255] After this video was published, Trudeau admitted he could not remember how often he had worn blackface makeup.[256] In the days following the scandal,pollsters pointed out that many Canadians either were not bothered by the scandal or had accepted Trudeau's apology.[257][258][259][260] Additionally, some minority community groups, racialized commentators and some of Trudeau's opponents came to his defence.[261][262][263][264] Others were more critical, including members of his own party.[265]
While Trudeau's Liberal Party lost 20 seats in the House of Commons (lowering its total from 177 to 157) from the time of dissolution, they still won the most seats of any party—enough to allow Trudeau to form a minority government.[266][267] For the first time since 1979, the party that garnered the largest share of the national popular vote did not win the most seats; the Liberals under Trudeau had 33.1% of the popular vote, while the Conservatives underAndrew Scheer had 34.4%.[268][269]
On August 15, 2021, Trudeau advised Governor GeneralMary Simon to dissolve parliament, scheduling an election for September 20.[270] The election was called on the same day as theFall of Kabul. In the first two weeks of the campaign, Trudeau received criticism for not acting fast enough in the face of the2021 Taliban offensive to evacuate Canadian citizens and Afghans who supported Canada's military and diplomatic efforts during theWar in Afghanistan.[271] The Liberals called the election to win amajority government and govern alone.[272]
In the 2021 federal election, Trudeau secured a third mandate and his second minority government after winning 160 seats. However, the Liberals came in second in the national popular vote, behind the Conservatives.[273] They received 32.6% of the popular vote, the lowest percentage of the national popular vote for a governing party in Canadian history.[274] The results were mostly unchanged from the 2019 federal election.[275]
Confidence and supply agreement
On March 22, 2022, the Liberals and the NDP entered asupply and confidence agreement, in which the NDP committed to supporting the Liberals in allvotes of confidence for the duration of the 44th Parliament.[276] In exchange, the Liberal Party would back key NDP priorities, including nationaldental care for low-income Canadians, nationalpharmacare, labour reforms for federally-regulated workers, and new taxes on financial institutions.[276]
In September 2024, the NDP pulled their support and ended the supply and confidence agreement.[277] The Conservative Party made three failedno-confidence motions in September, October, and December,[278][279] all of which did not receive NDP support. On December 20, 2024, NDP leaderJagmeet Singh pledged to put forward another no-confidence motion and vote out Trudeau's government.[280]
In 2016, Trudeau lifted visa requirements for Mexican citizens. Asylum claims by Mexicans grew from 110 in 2015 to 24,000 in 2023. Visas and some restrictions were reinstated in 2024.[286][287]
In January 2017, Trudeau wrote, "To those fleeing persecution, terror & war, Canadians will welcome you, regardless of your faith. Diversity is our strength #WelcomeToCanada," onTwitter. As a result, irregular border crossing increased, mainly atRoxham Road.[288][289] Increased strain on services in Quebec and Ontario, and criticism over the unsustainable influx of claimants, appeared to influence the decision to close Roxham Road in March 2023; however, the new terms of theCanada–United States Safe Third Country Agreement (STCA) had been arranged the previous year.[290] After irregular border crossings were shut down, asylum claims surged at airports.[291]
WhenDonald Trump became president in 2017,Canada-US relations deteriorated. TheTrump administration forced the renegotiation ofNAFTA to create theCUSMA, in which Canada made significant concessions in allowing increased imports of Americanmilk, weakening Canada's dairysupply management system.[292][293] Donald Trump also implementedtariffs on Canadiansteel andaluminum, to which Trudeau retaliated by imposing tariffs on American steel, aluminum and a variety of other American products.[294]
Canada's relationship withChina also deteriorated during Trudeau's time as prime minister. The turmoil led to thearrest of Meng Wanzhou at theVancouver International Airport in December 2018 at the behest of theUnited States,[295] and thearrest of Michael Spavor and Michael Kovrig in China 12 days later.[296] Trudeau appointed Liberal advisor,Dominic Barton (McKinsey & Company,Century Initiative) ambassador to China in 2019. While Barton negotiated the release of Spavor and Kovrig, Canada-China trade reached historic highs. Barton resigned in December 2021, "amidst growing pressure from...President Joe Biden for Ottawa to take a tougher stance with Beijing."[297] As Wanzhou, Spavor and Kovrig were released at the exact same time in September 2021, many observers speculated they were exchanged as part of a deal between the United States and China.[298] Trudeau greeted Spavor and Kovrig at the airport upon their repatriation. In 2024, Spavor was awarded $7 million in compensation for his arrest and detainment. Although Trudeau repeatedly claimed the two were arbitrarily targeted, it was later reported Spavor had unwittingly participated in espionage by sharing information on North Korea with Kovrig who then passed it onto the Canadian government.[299][300]
In a similar fashion, Canada's relationship withSaudi Arabia was also put under strain, as human rights groups called on Trudeau to stop selling military equipment to that country under a deal struck by the Harper government. In 2018, Saudi Arabia recalled its Canadian ambassador and froze trade with the country in response to Canada's call for the Saudis to release opposition bloggerRaif Badawi. However, in 2019, Canada doubled its weapons sales to Saudi Arabia, despite a "moratorium on export permits following thekilling of the Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi and mounting civilian deaths from theSaudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen."[301]
In 2020, Canada lost its bid to join theUnited Nations Security Council. This was the second time Canada had failed an attempt to join the Security Council, the first time being in 2009 under Prime Minister Stephen Harper.[302]
Trudeau announces the Government of Canada's response to U.S. tariffs, 2025
Following Donald Trump'ssecond inauguration in January 2025,Canada-US relations again deteriorated. On March 4, 2025, President Trump imposed25% tariffs on Canadian exports, 10% tariffs on Canadian energy products, with an exemption for the automotive industry set to expire on April 2. In retaliation, Trudeau announced countermeasures, with Canada imposing 25% tariffs on $30 billion worth of U.S. goods, effective March 5, 2025. These retaliatory tariffs were set to increase to $155 billion worth of U.S. products within 21 days and would remain in place until the U.S. trade actions were withdrawn.[308][309]
On March 8, while giving a speech at the National Forum on Combatting Antisemitism, Trudeau identified himself as a Zionist.[310]
Canadian opposition parties demanded a public inquiry into election interference. Rejecting a full public inquiry, Trudeau nominated formerGovernor General of CanadaDavid Johnston to investigate the allegations. Johnston delivered a report in May 2023, which described China's interference as a danger to Canadian democracy, stated that some of the media reports were partially incorrect, and that the Canadian intelligence services and Canadian government needed to make several improvements to counter the threat and protect members of Parliament.[315]
Following Johnston's resignation on June 9, Justin Trudeau commissioned Québec justice Marie-Josée Hogue to preside over thePublic Inquiry into Foreign Interference in Federal Electoral Processes and Democratic Institutions. In May 2024, the inquiry issued its preliminary report, finding that China engaged in foreign interference in both elections, but the interference did not affect the ultimate result of either election.[316]
Ethics
Trudeau was criticized by opposition members in November 2016 for his fundraising tactics, which they saw as "cash for access" schemes.[317] Trudeau attended fundraisers where attendees paid upwards of $1500 for access to him and other cabinet members.[318][319] In some instances, the events were attended by foreign businessmen who needed government approval for their businesses.[320] Trudeau defended his fundraising tactics, saying that they were not in breach of any ethics rules. He also stated that he was lobbied at the fundraisers but not influenced.[319] In 2017, Trudeau introduced legislation that would eliminate such exclusive events by requiring increased transparency for political fundraisers.[321]
In January 2017, theethics commissioner,Mary Dawson, began an investigation into Trudeau for a vacation he and his family took toAga Khan IV's private island in theBahamas.[322][323] The ethics commissioner's report, released in December 2017, found that Trudeau had violated four provisions of the 2006Conflict of Interest Act.[324] He became the first prime minister to break the modern federal conflict of interest law.[325][326] In 2022, it was reported that theRoyal Canadian Mounted Police had considered bringing criminal charges against Trudeau over the affair.[327][328]
In February 2018, Trudeau was criticized when his government invitedKhalistani nationalistJaspal Atwal to the Canadian High Commission's dinner party in Delhi. Atwal had previously been convicted for the shooting and attempted murder of Indian Cabinet ministerMalkiat Singh Sidhu in 1986, as well as the assault on former BC premierUjjal Dosanjh in 1985. Following the dinner, the PMO rescinded the invitation, and apologized for the incident.[329]
On February 8, 2019,The Globe and Mail reported that sources close to the government said that the Prime Minister's Office had allegedly attempted to influenceAttorney GeneralJody Wilson-Raybould concerning an ongoing prosecution ofSNC-Lavalin. The charges allege that between 2001 and 2011, SNC-Lavalin paid CA$48 million in bribes inLibya to officials in the government ofMuammar Gaddafi. When asked about the allegations, Trudeau said that the story in theGlobe was false and that he had never "directed" Wilson-Raybould concerning the case.[330] Wilson-Raybould did not comment on the matter, citingsolicitor-client privilege.[331] Soon after, Trudeau voluntarily waived privilege and cabinet confidences, permitting her to speak.[332] On February 11, the ethics commissioner announced the opening of an investigation into the allegations. Trudeau said he "welcomed the investigation".[333][334] TheJustice Committee of the House of Commons has conducted a series of hearings on the alleged interference.[335][336][337] The investigation heard from several witnesses, including Jody Wilson-Raybould, who submitted as evidence a telephone call she secretly recorded between herself andPrivy Council ClerkMichael Wernick, which was subsequently released to the public.[338] On the recording, Wernick is heard asking to understand why the "DPA route" is not being used, stating that people were "talking past each other", and suggesting Trudeau obtain independent legal advice from former Supreme Court chief justiceBeverly McLachlin. Wilson-Raybould is heard suggesting that Trudeau would be "breaching a constitutional principle of prosecutorial independence". On March 19, 2019, the Liberal committee members voted as a bloc to shut down the Justice Committee's investigation.[339]
Following complaints by opposition parties that the Trudeau family had ties toWE Charity, the ethics commissioner on July 3, 2020, announced an investigation into Trudeau's and the government's decision to have the charity administer a summer, student-grant program which could assist students financially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Trudeau responded by saying WE was the charity that had the capability to administer such a program. WE and the federal government decided to "part ways" leaving administration of the grant program to the federal government.[345][346][347]
WE Charity was criticized for its close ties to the Trudeau family; the investigation came after revelations that Trudeau's mother, brother, and wife were paid nearly $300,000 in total to speak at WE Charity events.[348][349][350]On July 16, 2020, the ethics commissioner also announced the investigation was being expanded to include Finance MinisterBill Morneau.[351] Trudeau was ultimately cleared of any wrongdoing by the ethics commissioner though Morneau was found to have broken the conflict of interest law.[352]
Following the 2021 federal election, the Liberals faced declining poll numbers and disappointing results inby-elections, including losses insafe seats such asToronto—St. Paul's inToronto andLaSalle—Émard—Verdun inMontreal.[353] The months following these losses saw frequent media stories about internal frustration and discontent with Trudeau's leadership. This appeared to culminate in a caucus meeting where multiple members called on Trudeau to resign. Trudeau emerged from this meeting stating that the party remained "strong and united".[354]
On December 16, 2024,Chrystia Freeland resigned asDeputy Prime Minister andMinister of Finance, hours before she was due to release the government's fall economic statement.[359] Freeland was often nicknamed the "minister of everything", and widely seen as a potential successor to Trudeau for the leadership of theLiberal Party.[360][361] In her resignation letter, Freeland reported Trudeau had asked her to resign as finance minister and that she would be offered another Cabinet position. She instead decided to resign altogether from his Cabinet, saying that "to be effective, a Minister must speak on behalf of the Prime Minister and with his full confidence. In making your decision, you made clear that I no longer credibly enjoy that confidence."[362]
Freeland's resignation came amid threats from the incomingTrump administration to impose25% tariffs upon Canada,[363] as well as Freeland's reported opposition to Trudeau's promise of $250 cheques to working Canadians who earned $150,000 or less in 2023.[364] The resignation raised speculation as to the future of Trudeau's leadership, with renewed calls for his resignation emerging from Liberal MPs.[363][365] The government's economic statement, released later that day, showed a deficit of $61.9 billion for 2023–24, exceeding the previous target of $40.1 billion or less, and left Trump's tariff threats largely unaddressed.[366]
On January 6, 2025, citing that Canada "[deserved] a real choice in thenext election", and that he was facing "internal battles" he felt would be a distraction, Trudeau announced during a news conference atRideau Cottage that he would tender his resignation as leader of the Liberal Party, and as prime minister of Canada after the party elects his successor.[367] He also announced that Governor GeneralMary Simon wouldprorogue Parliament until March 24, while the party organizes and holds itsnext leadership election. On January 15, Trudeau subsequently confirmed he would not seek re-election in his riding ofPapineau.[368] On March 9, the Liberal Party electedMark Carney as the new leader, and the transition of power from Trudeau to Carney began the following day.[369] On March 14, Trudeau formally notified the governor general of his resignation. Carney was sworn in as the 24thprime minister of Canada later that morning.[370]
Trudeau first metSophie Grégoire when they were both children growing up in Montreal; Grégoire was a classmate and childhood friend of Trudeau's youngest brother, Michel.[374] They reconnected as adults in June 2003, when Grégoire, by then a Quebec television personality, was assigned as Trudeau's co-host for a charity ball; they began dating several months later. Trudeau and Grégoire became engaged in October 2004 and married on May 28, 2005, in a ceremony at Montreal's Sainte-Madeleine d'Outremont Church.[375] They have three children: a son,Xavier, a daughter, Ella-Grace, and a second son, Hadrien.[376]
In June 2013, two months after Trudeau became the leader of the Liberal Party, the couple sold their home in theCôte-des-Neiges neighbourhood of Montreal.[377] They began living in a rented home in Ottawa'sRockcliffe Park, the neighbourhood near where Trudeau resided as a child during his father's time as prime minister.[377]
On August 18, 2014, an intruder broke into the house while Grégoire and the couple's three children were sleeping and left a threatening note; however, nothing was stolen and there was no damage to the property. Following the incident, Trudeau, who was inWinnipeg at the time of the break-in, stated his intention to inquire with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police about his home security.[378] After his 2015 electoral victory, Trudeau opted to live atRideau Cottage, on the grounds ofRideau Hall.[379]
On August 2, 2023, Trudeau announced he and Grégoire had separated.[380] On August 21, Trudeau said he was focusing on his children and the future.[381]
Trudeau's father was a devoutCatholic[385] and his mother converted fromAnglicanism to Catholicism just before their wedding.[386] Trudeau himself became alapsed Catholic at age 18, as he felt that much of his day-to-day life was not addressed by the formality and structure of the church.[47][387] Trudeau described his faith during this period as "like so many Catholics across this country, I said, 'OK, I'm Catholic, I'm of faith, but I'm just not really going to go to church. Maybe on Easter, maybemidnight Mass at Christmas.'"[47][387] After the death of his brother Michel in 1998, Trudeau was persuaded by a friend to participate in anAlpha course, during which he regained his faith.[47][387] In 2011, Trudeau stated, "My own personal faith is an extremely important part of who I am and the values that I try to lead with."[388]
Honours
According to Canadian protocol, as a former prime minister, he is styled "The Right Honourable" for life.
August 23, 2024: Trudeau was awarded this distinction by PresidentVolodymyr Zelenskyy for outstanding contributions to strengthening Ukrainian-Canadian relations, supporting Ukraine's state sovereignty, and territorial integrity.[391]
Following the death of his father, Pierre Trudeau, on September 8, 2000, Justin Trudeau inherited his father’s arms and crest,[393] which had originally been granted by theCanadian Heraldic Authority on December 7, 1994.[394]
^"The Bernards of Palace Anne".Bandon Cork Ancestors and Genealogy Heritage Roots Ireland.Archived from the original on April 7, 2016. RetrievedSeptember 4, 2016.
^Gillespie, Mike (January 17, 2015)."It's 'Justin Pierre James' – Trudeau baby baptized".The Ottawa Journal. RetrievedNovember 12, 2015.Justin remained perfectly quiet when the prime minister and his wife took their places in the baptistry, accompanied by Mr. Trudeau's niece, Marie Anne Rouleau-Danis, and a stand-in for Thomas Walker, the PM's brother-in-law, who, along, with Mrs. Roulea-Danis, are the baby's godparents.
^Catling, Len (May 18, 2016)."O'Connor returns home to Ottawa, meets Prime Minister". The University of British Columbia Athletic.Archived from the original on September 16, 2017. RetrievedSeptember 15, 2017."My uncle played for the Lions," replied the Prime Minister. "Tom Walker played for them." The Prime Minister is referring to defensive tackle Tom Walker, who donned BC Lions colours in the early sixities.
^"Trudeaus Separate; He Keeps Children (Published 1977)".The New York Times. May 28, 1977.Archived from the original on October 11, 2021. RetrievedJanuary 30, 2021.Trudeau and his wife jointly announce they have separated and that Mr Trudeau will have custody of their 3 sons; ...MrsTrudeau would have "generous access" to the children, Justin, 5 years old, Sacha, 4, and Michel, 1.
^Brooker, Deborah (February 9, 1983)."Margaret Trudeau today: a TV career, a new man – and her kids".Ottawa Citizen.Archived from the original on March 3, 2022. RetrievedNovember 30, 2015.Q: I understand you insisted that the children attend a public school. A: Pierre wanted them from the beginning to go to a French Lycée to get a very academic education. I held out, and was able to give good arguments. Pierre has certainly agreed that they've done very well in school. They are all in French immersion, and are quite bilingual. They attend a local public school, and they're just normal little kids doing all the fun things of elementary years.
^"Schreyer children to get bodyguards".The Gazette. Montreal. The Canadian Press. January 12, 1979.Archived from the original on March 3, 2022. RetrievedNovember 15, 2015.A team of plainclothes RCMP officers spring into action the moment Trudeau's two oldest boys leave 24 Sussex Drive and hop on the school bus. The officers do not rest until their charges are returned home.
^Gatehouse, Jonathan (October 11, 2011)."Justin Trudeau on his own terms". Maclean's Magazine.Archived from the original on October 23, 2015. RetrievedNovember 1, 2015.
^"TSC History".The Taylor Statten Camps.Archived from the original on October 11, 2015. RetrievedOctober 25, 2015.Prime Minister Trudeau, a former Ahmek camper himself (and yes, we taught him the "Ahmek J-stroke"), sent Justin, Alexandre (Sasha) and Michel (Mike) to Ahmek. Both Justin and Mike eventually became counsellors.
^McCabe, Daniel (October 22, 2015)."Portrait of the PM-designate as a young man".McGill News. Archived fromthe original on November 20, 2015. RetrievedNovember 19, 2015.Trudeau joined the McGill Debating Union at the invitation of a new acquaintance, Butts, then the debating union's vice-president. The two forged a close friendship at McGill that endures today...
^"Justin Trudeau described by friends as down-to-earth and sensitive", Canadian Press, October 4, 2000, 03:25; Tonda MacCharles, "Son 'most like Pierre' relishes his privacy; While Liberals talk about dynasty, Justin looks forward to returning to teaching job",Kitchener-Waterloo Record, October 5, 2000, A06; Justin Trudeau, "Something I'm passionate about",The Globe and Mail, February 3, 2001, A11; Gloria Galloway, "Justin Trudeau delivers motivational speech to Ontario teachers", The Canadian Press, April 27, 2001, 14:50; "Students should learn to be brave, Trudeau says",Globe and Mail, April 28, 2001, A9.
^"Justin Trudeau tells education conference he plans return to teaching", Canadian Press, February 28, 2004.
^Dube, Francine (October 4, 2000). "Son's eulogy moves thousands to tears: 'It's all up to us': Dignitaries, citizens pay last respects to former PM".National Post. p. A1.ProQuest354739942.
^Andre Picard and Mark Mickleburgh, "'Je t'aime, papa' THE SON: The very private Justin becomes a very public figure",The Globe and Mail, October 4, 2000, p. A1;Graham Fraser, "Trudeau children lead our farewell – Justin's eulogy a towering tribute at father's funeral",Toronto Star, October 4, 2000, p. 1.
^Tonda MacCharles, "Spotlight on Justin sparks talk of dynasty – Trudeau's final resting place",Toronto Star, October 5, 2000, pg. 1.
^Willa McLean, "This just in ...; CBC broadcaster revisits momentous events of past 50 years",Kitchener-Waterloo Record, February 8, 2003, pg. G3.
^Jaimet, Kate (November 3, 2002). "Trudeau retains '60s ideals: Lauds Katimavik's promotion of social causes".Calgary Herald. p. A6.ProQuest245011416.
^Gerson, Jen (March 21, 2006). "Captain Katimavik; Justin Trudeau comes to town to promote youth volunteer program, look cool".Toronto Star. p. C4.ProQuest438945155.
^Bueckert, Dennis (May 16, 2005). "Justin Trudeau denounces mine near park his father created: Vancouver company wants to build massive mine with access through Nahanni watershed".The Vancouver Sun. p. D10.
^Juliet O'Neill, "Justin Trudeau to spearhead youth renewal of Liberal party: Task force",National Post, April 7, 2006, p. A1
^Gordon, Sean (October 27, 2006). "Sounding like his father, Justin Trudeau takes aim at Michael Ignatieff's idea of Quebec as a 'nation'".Toronto Star. p. A01.
^Perreaux, Les (October 27, 2006). "Eldest Trudeau son takes poke at Ignatieff stand, nationalism: 'Unfortunately, some people these days are wrapped up in this idea of nation for Quebec'".The Gazette. Montreal. p. A12.
^Macpherson, Son (November 2, 2006). "Pass the peanut butter, it looks like Ignatieff is toast: His 'nationhood' proposal has stirred political heavies to line up against him".The Gazette. Montreal. p. A23.
^Thompson, Elizabeth (November 15, 2006). "Ignatieff lacks 'wisdom' to lead: Justin Trudeau: Says Gerard Kennedy deserves closer look".The Gazette. Montreal. p. A14.
^Jane Taber, "Vancouver to host a Liberal love-in; the knives are to be left at home",The Globe and Mail, April 25, 2009, A4; Terry Pedwell, "Liberals won't change strategy, despite polls, say MPs", October 6, 2009, 12:06.
^"Michael Ignatieff Announces Liberal Critic Team for Return of Parliament",States News Service, September 7, 2010.
^Douglas Quan and Norma Greenway, "Feds target human smugglers in legislation",Windsor Star, October 22, 2010, pg. C1.
^"Liberals rally for immediate action in Haiti",State News Service, January 13, 2010; "Liberal MP wants immigration rules relaxed for Haitians",Canada AM, January 22, 2010.
^"Trudeau won't rule out bid for party leadership".Ottawa Citizen. May 5, 2011. p. A3.ProQuest865122396.
^Delacourt, Susan (May 7, 2011). "Is the party over? Canada's 'natural governing party' faces difficult questions after Monday's shellacking".Toronto Star. p. IN1.ProQuest865089210.
^"Trudeau – again?".Hamilton Spectator. June 17, 2011. Archived fromthe original on September 21, 2011. RetrievedJune 9, 2012.
^Blaze Carlson, Kathryn (May 9, 2012)."Meet Stefania Capovilla, the hairstylist behind these Parliament Hill 'dos".National Post.Archived from the original on January 5, 2016. RetrievedNovember 3, 2015.Mr. Trudeau had, while sitting in her Somerset salon, lamented his inability to find a formidable Conservative opponent. Ms. Capovilla, who is a stylist for the SunNewsNetwork, recalled the conversation as she did Mr. Brazeau's make-up before an on-camera interview about aboriginal policy. She looked down, saw "those arms," and asked if he would square off against her Liberal friend.
^ab"Procuring vaccines for COVID-19".aem. Public Services and Procurement Canada. December 11, 2020.Archived from the original on February 17, 2021. RetrievedApril 24, 2021.
Coulon, Jocelyn (May 27, 2019).Canada is Not Back: How Justin Trudeau is in over his head on foreign policy. Translated by Tombs, George. Lorimer.ISBN978-1-4594-1334-4.
Engler, Yves (2020).House of mirrors: Justin Trudeau's foreign policy. Montreal Chicago London: Black Rose Books.ISBN978-1-55164-749-4.
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