Justicialist Party Partido Justicialista | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Abbreviation | PJ |
| President | Cristina Fernández de Kirchner[1] |
| Vice-President | José Mayans |
| Senate leader | José Mayans (UP) |
| Chamber leader | Germán Martínez (UP) |
| Founders | Juan Perón Eva Perón |
| Founded | 21 July 1946; 79 years ago (1946-07-21) |
| Merger of | Labour Party UCR Board Renewal Independent Party[2] |
| Headquarters | 130 Matheu Street Buenos Aires |
| Student wing | Peronist University Youth [es] |
| Youth wing | Peronist Youth [es] |
| Membership(2024) | 3,102,341[3] |
| Ideology | |
| Political position | Centre-left toleft-wing[7][A] |
| National affiliation | Homeland Force[8] |
| Continental affiliation | Christian Democrat Organization of America[9] São Paulo Forum COPPPAL[10] |
| International affiliation | Centrist Democrat International (formerly) International Democracy Union (formerly) |
| Colors | Light blue White |
| Anthem | "Peronist March" |
| Seats in theSenate | 31 / 72 |
| Seats in theChamber of Deputies | 99 / 257 |
| Governors | 7 / 24 |
| Flag | |
 | |
| Website | |
| pj.org.ar | |
^ A: The PJ has been described ascatch-all,[11] but mainly as centre-left,[12] left-wing,[13] or leftist.[14] Peronism historically stretched from far-left to far-right views.[15] The party is classified as centre-left or left-wing because of the dominating position of Kirchnerism;Steven Levitsky notes that under Kirchnerism, the party "shifted programmatically to the left".[16] Additionally,Juan Perón, the founder of Peronism, is considered ideologically left-wing bySteve Ellner and Christopher Wylde.[19] | |
TheJusticialist Party (Spanish:Partido Justicialista,IPA:[paɾˈtiðoxustisjaˈlista]; abbr.PJ), also known as thePeronist Party (Spanish:Partido Peronista),[20] is a major political party inArgentina, and the largest branch withinPeronism.[21] Following the2023 presidential election, it has been the largest party in the opposition against PresidentJavier Milei.
Founded byJuan Perón and his wife,First LadyEva Perón, the party followed a left-wing agenda based on his policies.[22] It is overall the largest party inCongress. Historically, the party's factual position was undermined by divisions that emerged in the 1990s and lasted until 2020; the PJ was rocked by a conflict between two Peronist tendencies,Kirchnerism,[26] the main,left-wing populist faction,[27] andFederal Peronism,[30] which was located on thecentre[31] andcentre-right[32] of the political spectrum. The division ended with the failure of Federal Peronism to challenge the dominating Kirchnerist faction in 2019.[35] This was completed byCristina Kirchner, the leader of Kirchnerism, being elected the leader of the party,[36] and the creation of a separate dissident party — theFederal Consensus. Today, the party adheres to an ideology based on economic intervention, welfare-state policies, and economic independence from wealthier countries;[37] it is located on thecentre-left andleft wing of the political spectrum.[7]
Aside from Juan Perón, who governed Argentina on three occasions from 1946 to 1955 and later from 1973 to 1974, eleven presidents of Argentina have belonged to the Justicialist Party:Héctor Cámpora,Raúl Alberto Lastiri,Isabel Perón,Carlos Menem,Ramón Puerta,Adolfo Rodríguez Saá,Eduardo Camaño,Eduardo Duhalde,Néstor Kirchner,Cristina Fernández de Kirchner andAlberto Fernández. Justicialists have been the largest party inCongress almost consistently since 1987.
The Justicialist Party was founded in 1946 byJuan andEva Perón, uniting the Labour Party, the Radical Civic Union Renewal Board and the Independent Party, the three parties that had supported Peron in the election. After the enactment of women's suffrage, theFemale Peronist Party, led by the First Lady, was also established. All Peronist entities were banned from elections after 1955, when theRevolución Libertadora overthrew Perón, and civilian governments' attempt to lift Peronism's ban from legislative and local elections in 1962 and 1965 resulted in military coups.[38]
Basing itself on the policies espoused by Perón as Argentine president, the party's platform has, from its inception, centered onpopulism, and its most consistent base of support has historically been theGeneral Confederation of Labor, Argentina's largest trade union. Perón ordered the massnationalization ofpublic services, strategic industries, and the critical farm export sector; enacted progressive labor laws and social reforms; and accelerated public works investment.[38]
His tenure also favoredtechnical schools, harassed university staff, and promoted urbanization as it raised taxes on theagrarian sector. Those trends earned Peronism the loyalty of much of the working and lower classes but helped alienate the upper and middle classes of society. Censorship and repression intensified, and following his loss of support from the influentialArgentine Catholic Church, Perón was ultimately deposed ina violent 1955 coup.[38]
The alignment of groups as supporting or opposing Peronism has largely endured, but the policies of Peronism itself varied greatly over the subsequent decades, as did increasingly those put forth by its many competing figures. During Perón's exile, it became abig tent party united almost solely by its support for the aging leader's return. A series of violent incidents, as well as Perón's negotiations with both the military regime and diverse political factions, helped lead to his return to Argentina in 1973 and to hiselection in September that year.[39]
An impasse followed in which the party had a place both for leftist armed organizations such asMontoneros, and far-right factions such asJosé López Rega'sArgentine Anti-Communist Alliance. Following Perón's death in 1974, however, the tenuous understanding disintegrated, and a wave ofpolitical violence ensued, ultimately resulting in theMarch 1976 coup. TheDirty War of the late 1970s, which cost hundreds of Peronists (among thousands more) their lives, solidified the party's populist outlook, particularly following the failure of conservative Economy MinisterJosé Alfredo Martínez de Hoz'sfree trade andderegulatory policies after 1980.[39]
In the first democratic elections after the end of the dictatorship of theNational Reorganization Process, in 1983, the Justicialist Party lost to theRadical Civic Union (UCR). Six years later, it returned to power withCarlos Menem, during whose termthe Constitution was reformed to allow for presidential reelection. Menem (1989–1999) adoptedneoliberal right-wing policies which changed the overall image of the party.[40]
The Justicialist Party was defeated by a coalition formed by the UCR and the centre-leftFrePaSo (itself a left-wing offshoot of the PJ) in 1999, but regained political weight in the2001 legislative elections, and was ultimately left in charge of managing the selection of an interim president after the economiccollapse of December 2001. JusticialistEduardo Duhalde, chosen by Congress, ruled during 2002 and part of 2003.[40]
The2003 elections saw the constituency of the party split in three, as Carlos Menem,Néstor Kirchner (backed by Duhalde) andAdolfo Rodríguez Saá ran for the presidency leading different party coalitions. After Kirchner's victory, the party started to align behind his leadership, moving slightly to the left.[41][42]
The Justicialist Party effectively broke apart in the2005 legislative elections when two factions ran for a Senate seat inBuenos Aires Province:Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (then theFirst Lady) andHilda González de Duhalde (wife of former president Duhalde). The campaign was particularly vicious. Kirchner's side allied with other minor forces and presented itself as a heterodox, left-leaningFront for Victory (FpV), while Duhalde's side stuck to older Peronist tradition. González de Duhalde's defeat to her opponent marked, according to many political analysts, the end to Duhalde's dominance over the province, and was followed by a steady defection of his supporters to the winner's side.
Néstor Kirchner proposed the entry of the party into theSocialist International in February 2008. His dominance of the party was undermined, however, by the2008 Argentine government conflict with the agricultural sector, when a bill raising export taxes was introduced with presidential support. Subsequent growers' lockouts helped result in the defection of numerous Peronists from the FpV caucus, and further losses during the2009 mid-term elections resulted in the loss of the FpV absolute majorities in both houses of Congress.[43]
In 2015, the PJ, with its presidential candidate Daniel Scioli, was defeated by the Cambiemos coalition.Mauricio Macri was inaugurated as President of Argentina, ending 12 years of Kirchnerism.[44][45]
However, in the elections of 2019, the PJ joined theFrente de Todos, which won the presidential elections. The PJ returned to power, withAlberto Fernández as President of the nation. On10 December 2019, the Centre-leftAlberto Fernández of the Justicialist Party was inaugurated president, after defeating the incumbent Mauricio Macri in the2019 Argentine general election.[46]
The success of the party in the 2019 elections was juxtaposed with the failure of dissident Federal Peronists to challenge the Kirchnerist majority within the party. The Federal Peronists failed to distinguish themselves from anti-Peronist movements, and their bid to put up its own electoral lists to compete with Kirchnerists failed. The election resulted in a "dismantling of the Federal Peronism alternative".[33]
On 22 March 2021, Fernández was elected by the national congress of the Justicialist Party as the party's new national chairman, succeedingJosé Luis Gioja.[47] Fernández ran unopposed, heading theUnidad y Federalismo list, which received the support of diverse sectors in the Peronist movement, includingLa Cámpora.[48]
TheUnion for the Homeland (Unión por la Patria, UP) is a centre-left to left-wing political and electoral coalition of Peronist political parties in Argentina, formed to compete in the2023 general election.[49] The coalition is a successor to the previousFrente de Todos coalition.[50] The coalition is centered on the Justicialist Party and its allies both on the federal and provincial levels, including theRenewal Front ofSergio Massa.[51][52]
In April 2023, President Alberto Fernandez announced that he would not seek re-election in the nextpresidential election.[53] In theprimary elections on August of that year, Sergio Massa defeatedJuan Grabois by a margin of nearly 16 percentage points, although it became the worst result for a ruling Peronist coalition since the PASO was first implemented in 2009.[52]
In the runoff in November 2023,Libertarian candidateJavier Milei defeated Massa with 55.7% against 44.35% of the vote, the highest percentage of the vote sinceArgentina's transition to democracy. Massa conceded defeat shortly before the official results were published.[54][55]
The Justicialist party was created in November 1946, 10 months afterJuan D. Perón was elected president of the nation, with the name Single Revolutionary party; previously this would be called the Peronist party. The party was a result of the fusion of three parties that had been created in 1945 in order to sustain the presidential candidacy of Perón: theLabor party, theRadical Renovating Together Civic Union, and theIndependent party.
Peronism is a political current that was established between November 1943 and October 1945, as a result of an alliance between a large number of unions, principally ofsocialist andrevolutionary union ideology, and two soldiers –Juan Domingo Perón andDomingo Mercante, whose initial objective was to run the National Labor Department – later elevated to the level of Secretary of Labor and Social Security – and to drive until there were laws and measures for the worker's benefit. The Secretary was run by Perón, who in the course of those years was converted into the leader of a new political movement that would take the name Peronism in the course of 1945.
Since 1943, the country was governed by a military dictatorship self-designated as theRevolution of ‘43, made of a very heterogeneous composition, that had overthrown at its time a fraudulent regime, known as theInfamous Decade. At the start of 1945, the US ambassador to Argentina,Spruille Braden, organized a broad movement that was defined asanti-peronist, with the goal of opposing Perón and the sanctioned labor laws. Largely as a reaction to the union movement, principally the socialist and revolutionary union majority started to define themselves as peronists.[56][57]
On 8 October 1945, at the loss of the vote from the officials ofCampo de Mayo, Perón renounced, being later detained. Nine days later, a big worker mobilization known asLoyalty Day, compelled the military government to prepare Perón's liberation and call elections. That day is the most cited as the date of peronism's birth.[58]
Many union leaders opposed him, but their political inexperience and Perón's charisma before the masses made them unsuccessful.[59] Lewinsky characterizes the Peronist party (PP) as a popular party that will differ from other European, union based parties in four aspects.
The first of them is that they had been created from above by agents of the State, destined to retain power more than to obtain it; operated in major part by their own government using State resources whereas PP never developed their own organization. The second is that they were an extremely personalist party that in the statutes of 1954 declared Perón is their “Supreme Leader” and gave him the authority to “modify or declare null and void the decision of the party authorities... to inspect, intervene, and replace” the leaders of the party and even prohibited party headquarters from displaying photographs that were not Perón or Eva Perón. The national party management intervened in permanent form in the provincial subsidiaries and used to choose the local candidates. Usually the leaders with independent support were displaced and replaced by those “loyal to the death” that followed Perón's directives exclusively. In this form, the political career inside the party depended exclusively on the bonds with Perón; there was not a structure for political promotion nor a stable bureaucratic hierarchy. For example, the reorganization of the party in 1947 signified the replacement of the entirety of the highest party leadership members.[60]
Third, the party had a fluid structure that was maintained until the final days of the decade of 1940. In 1951, Perón once again reorganized the party structure creating a parallel hierarchy with a “strategic national command” and provincial “tactical commands” that would have representatives of the three party branches – masculine, feminine, and union – but in practice Perón and Eva Perón exercised strategic leadership, and the governors and “inventors” arrived ahead of the tactics. Lastly, differently from the English Labor party, the PP did not initially have rules about their relation with the unions. In the decade of 1950, the union was recognized as one of the three branches and, as such, was attributed to them by tradition – without a written norm – a right to a third of the candidacies, but until 1955 it was not complied with rigor.[60]
The Justicialist Party is a left-wing populist party,[6] which is also its historical alignment.[62] According to Mariano Dagatti, "In its origins, its main commitment was the aid of workers and it remained since then closely linked to the working classes and labour unions."[63] Founded byJuan Perón (who rose to Argentinian presidency in the 1940s with the support of his wifeEva Perón), the party was composed of Perón's loyalists and was a personification of populism in the form of a strong charismatic leader. The reforms carried out by Perón in 1940s and 1950s were described as socialist and populist.[64] Christopher Wylde defines Peronism as "a form of leftist–populist nationalism, rooted in an urban working-class movement that was allied to elements of the domestic bourgeoisie as well as the military."[65] Writing on Perón and his ideology, Charles D. Ameringer argued that "The rise to power of Juan Perón in 1943 was not the end of the socialist impulse in Argentina; it was the culmination" and added that "much of the social legislation either introduced or implemented by Perón. .. originated with the Socialist Party."[66]
The modern Justicialist Party is described aseconomically nationalist,[67] working class-oriented,[68] and as a "blend of nationalism and labourism".[69] It has a strong focus on state intervention in economy and social security.[70] According to Yasmin Mertehikian and Emilio Parrado, party's policies give the state a predominant role in the economy; PJ pursues market regulation, expansion of public sector, protecting employment and vulnerable worker groups, along with government subsidies for unemployed or low-income workers.[71]The Economist wrote that the party pursues "near-autarky, and extended welfare benefits".[69] Its policies are also considered protectionist and redistributionist.[72]Greg Mills wrote that the PJ focuses on elimination of poverty as its main economic goal, and summed up its traditional policy as "interventions in markets, the nationalisation of companies [and] widespread price and exchange controls".Axel Kicillof, the party's Minister of the Economy during Cristina Kirchner's presidency, argued that the advancement of technology now allows it "to centrally manage the economy now Soviet style".[73] The party also pursues reduced dependence on foreign credit,[74] and since the emergence ofKirchnerism, its platform has been described as left-wing populist and anti-neoliberal.[75]
The basic principles of Peronism and the Justicialist Party are economic independence, political sovereignty, and social justice, as formulated by Perón. Economically, Perón expanded public spending and gave the state a dominating role in production and distribution (economic nationalism), implemented egalitarian distribution of national income (therefore Peronism is considered to representsyndicalism and/or non-Marxist socialism), and implemented a system of incentives and rewards that would direct economic activities towards local markets while severely limiting production for international markets (protectionism).[65] Peronism rejectedindividualism in favor ofcommunitarianism and sought rejected capitalism in favor of an economic system that would be oriented around "social equity, rather than the individual pursuit of wealth." This was combined with Peronist redefinition of citizenship, as Perón attracted and empowered groups that were previously excluded socially and economically - urban poor, immigrant communities and unionised workers.[76]
Socially, Peronism was authoritarian, yet it also implemented free suffrage and promoted causes such as feminism, indigenous rights and emancipation of the working class. Peter Ranis wrote that "paradoxically, Perón democratized Argentina in the sense of bringing the working class more fully into the political process, though his administrations often placed cultural and political restrictions on the opposition that severely compromised that democracy."[77] The legitimacy of Peronism derived from trade unions who gave Perón their support, and his ideology was a reflection of demands and expectations of the Argentinian labor movement. According to historianDaniel James, the reliance of Peronism on trade unions was so strong, that in the Peronist movement, "the initiative very much lay with the trade union movement; Perón was more its creature than the labor movement was his."[78]
Modern Justicialist Party is divided on social issues - it traditionally defends theCatholic social doctrine, and is the most popular party in pro-life districts. On the other hand, Cristina Kirchner's social agenda has been described as very progressive. According to political scientists Ana Carolina Garriga and Juan Negri, most Peronist leaders oppose abortion, but refrain from campaigning on it to maintain the party's capacity to represent various sectors of Argentine society.[79] At the same time, the Journal of Populism Studies described the party as "anti-feminist, anti-LGBT, nationalist".[80] Cristina Kirchner opposed abortion, stating: "I am not progre, I am Peronist... Furthermore, I am against abortion".[81] However, Peronist governments reluctantly backed progressive legislation under popular pressure, and under the presidency of Cristina, the party signed into law bills that legalized abortion up to the 14th week of pregnancy,[82] along withsame-sex marriage.[83] The party aligned closer to the Catholic Church following the election ofPope Francis, who expressed his support for Peronism; he remarked to President Kirchner: "It is the first time we have had a Peronist pope."[84] This renewed PJ's commitment to social conservatism, leading to "silencing of pending proposals related to sexual and reproductive rights".[85]
In terms of foreign policy, the modern Justicialist Party has been described as nationalist,[86] pro-China,[87] supportive of Cuba and Venezuela, and hostile towards the IMF,Washington Consensus, and the United States.[88] It asserts theArgentine claim to Falkland Islands,[89] pressing for the recognition of Argentine sovereignty of the territory and considering it to illegally be occupied by the United Kingdom.[90] The governments of the party have been described to have had "tense and hostile" relations with the USA, while deepening ties with countries such as Russia, Venezuela, Iran and Cuba.[87] The party had friendly relations and was allied withHugo Chávez,Fidel Castro, andLula Da Silva.[88]
The party has extensive ties and close relationship with theChinese Communist Party (CCP), which dates back to Perón's presidency.[91] Perón admiredCCP chairmanMao Zedong, and stated that "if he had been Chinese he would be a Maoist".[92] He had an epistolar relationship with Mao in the 1960s; the Chinese leader likewise expressed his sympathy for Perón, famously advising a delegation of Argentine communists to become Peronist in 1969,[93] and stating: "If I were a young Argentinian, I would be a Peronist."[94] The Justicialist Party gives China priority as the primary trade partner of Argentina.[95] Writing on the party's relationship with Chinese authorities, Ricardo Ferrer Picado wrote:
On its part, the Peronist Party has a broad level of contact with the Chinese Communist Party. Political meetings are held between both parties – Juntos por el Cambio also held some – and there is a fluid exchange in diffferent levels of the Executive, Legislative, and Judicial Power between the two countries, which exceeds the political and also reaches public education – universities – with Chinese and Argentine delegations visiting both countries. […] Within this ever-closer bond, there have been some striking situations. For example, during his visit to Beijing in February 2022, Fernández told Xi Jinping in a meeting that if “he were Argentine, he would be a Peronist”, marking the ideological alignment that the Argentine president assumes exists between both parties, as did other Peronist leaders.[96]
Justicialist Party is also an ally of Venezuela, and supported its presidents Hugo Chávez andNicolás Maduro.[89] Chávez felt strong ideological affinity with Néstor Kirchner and Juan Perón, and on a visit to Argentina, declared that he had read Perón's biography and "could indeed call himself a Peronist". Chávez's affinity towards Kirchnerist Argentina was such that Venezuela was the only country to buy Argentine bonds during the Argentine monetary crisis; this served to help Argentina recover from the recession, and was done by Chávez despite the fact that it was unfavourable to Venezuela itself.[97] Argentina and Venezuela formed a strategic alliance that sought to "establish a new model of socio-economic development and bilateral integration with the purpose of reaching a South American autonomy." Both countries declared opposition to "Yankee imperialism", and Venezuela became the country that Argentina established the most international agreements with.[98] Peronism became an important inspiration for Chávez and his ideology ofChavismo; Chávez called himself "a true Peronist".[99] Maduro likewise declared : "I am a Peronist and an Evista."[100] Members of the Justicialist Party were government-approved observers at the2024 Venezuelan presidential election.[101]
Since the rise of Kirchnerism, the Justicialist Party has had antagonistic relations with the IMF, denouncing it for imposing austerity measures and citing it as an example of US interventionism.[88] Justicialist Party considers multilateral agreements as exploitative, arguing that they are designed to benefit wealthy countries. Michael Andrew Scanlaw wrote that the Justicialists "railed against the foreign interference of the IMF and World Bank via the Washington Consensus, articulating the same anti-colonial message as Perón before them."[102] Under the party's rule, Argentina allied with Venezuela, Brazil and Bolivia to oppose the Washington consensus.[103] The party also entered negotiations for Argentina to become a member ofBRICS+ in 2023, and Argentina was to become a member on 1 January 2024. However, this was disrupted by the election of anti-PeronistJavier Milei in the2023 Argentine general election, who formally rejected the invitation to BRICS+ upon taking office.[104]
The party withheld condemning Russia after theRussian invasion of Ukraine. The Justicialist government opted to maintain friendly relations with Russia, and Alberto Fernández, the Argentine president and leader of the party at the time, argued that “Argentina must become the gate of access” for Russia.[105] Party members were also observers at the2024 Russian presidential election, invited by Russian authorities.[106] In 2023, in response to theGaza War, the Justicialist government criticized Israel for its actions in Gaza, accusing it of violating international law.[107] The party itself released a statement accusing Israel of "indiscriminate killing in Gaza".[108] As president, Cristina Kirchner became known for her hostile stance towards Israel. In a demonstration, thePopular Front for the Liberation of Palestine members carried a photo of Kircher next to Hugo Chávez,Ali Khamenei,Fidel Castro andHasan Nasrallah, honouring them as "symbols of resistance against imperialism."[109]
Following the overthrow of Perón in 1955, Peronism would gradually shift further to the left, something that was influenced by political developments in Latin America such as theCuban Revolution and the development of far-leftliberation theology amongst Latin American Catholics, as well as by Perón's tactical endorsement and promotion of socialist and leftist currents within his movement.[110] In 1956, exiled Perón picked left-wing activistJohn William Cooke to represent the Peronist movement in Argentina in his absence. Cooke promoted socialism and presented Peronism as a movement that was "antibureaucratic, socialist, profoundly national, and sister to all the world's exploited [peoples]", and praising Perón as the "leader of national liberation".[111] In 1960, Cooke moved to Revolutionary Cuba, where he combined Peronism withGuevarism,Castroism and thefoco theory.[112]
Perón approved of Cooke's activism and wrote positively of Marxism himself, identifying Peronist struggle with theCuban Revolution. With Perón's encouragement, Peronist youth formed left-wing, revolutionary organizations such as theMontoneros and thePeople's Revolutionary Army. Perón supported their struggle as a realisation of his justicialist doctrine, agreeing with the Montoneros' conclusion that "the only possible road for the people to seize power and install national socialism is total, national, and prolonged revolutionary war. .. [following] the methods of rural and urban guerrillas."[113] Following Vatican II that led to development of anti-capitalist, revolutionary and Marxist-aligned rhetoric amongst Latin American clergy, Perón also gained support of left-wing Catholics who supported the far-leftliberation theology. Left-wing priests praised Peronism as a precursor to liberation theology, and theMovement of Priests for the Third World argued that "the Peronist movement, revolutionary, with its massive force... will necessarily lead to the revolution which will make possible an original and Latin American socialism."[114]
From the return of Perón in 1973 and under the leadership ofIsabel Perón, the Justicialist Party was no longer characterized byanti-imperialist and revolutionary tones but by a strong focus onOrthodox Peronism andanti-communism (of which it became the main bulwark in South America). That line continued even after themilitary dictatorship of theNational Reorganization Process, with the government ofCarlos Menem until that ofEduardo Duhalde. The party moved fromOrthodox Peronism to thecentre-right, while its rivalRadical Civic Union acted as acentre-left party. Later in the 20th century, it was described as acatch-all party.[11] Since 2003, the party has undergone an abruptrevolution, with the rise of a faction known as theFront for Victory, led byNéstor Kirchner. The policies and ideology of that faction were dubbedKirchnerism, a mix ofanti-neoliberalism,left-wing nationalism andradicalism. Kirchner was electedPresident of Argentina and soon became a popular left-wing figure. The party shifted to being left-wing populist, while the Radical Civic Union joined with other anti-Kirchnerist centrist and center-right parties includingRepublican Proposal. After his death in 2010, his wife,Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, took over the leadership of the Front for Victory, which continues to be a major faction of the Justicialist Party.
The party is headed by a National Committee, whose president is thede facto leader of the party.
| Election year | Candidate(s) | First Round | Second Round | Result | Note | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| # votes | % vote | # votes | % vote | ||||
| 1951 | Juan Perón | 4,745,168 | 63.40 |  YElected | as thePeronist Party | ||
| 1958 | no candidate (banished) |  — | Perón-Frondizi Pact | ||||
| 1963 | no candidate (banished) | — | |||||
| M-1973 | Héctor Cámpora | 5,907,464 | 49.56 | YElected | as the Justicialist Party part of theJusticialist Liberation Front | ||
| S-1973 | Juan Perón | 7,359,252 | 61.85 | YElected | part of theJusticialist Liberation Front | ||
| 1983 | Ítalo Lúder | 5,944,402 | 40.16 |  N Defeated | 247 Electoral College seats | ||
| 1989 | Carlos Menem | 7,953,301 | 47.49 | YElected | 325 Electoral College seats, part of the Popular Justicialist Front | ||
| 1995 | Carlos Menem | 8,687,319 | 49.94 | YElected | Joint-ticket (PJ—UCeDé) | ||
| 1999 | Eduardo Duhalde | 7,254,417 | 38.27 | N Defeated | part of the Justicialist Coalition for Change | ||
| 2003 | Carlos Menem | 4,740,907 | 24.45 | null | 0 | N 2nd-R Forfeited | Front for Loyalty, a faction of PJ |
| Néstor Kirchner | 4,312,517 | 22.24 | null | 0 | Y2nd-R Unopposed | Front for Victory, a faction of PJ | |
| Adolfo Rodríguez Saá | 2,735,829 | 14.11 | N 1st-R Defeated | Front of the Popular Movement, a faction of PJ | |||
| 2007 | Cristina Kirchner | 8,651,066 | 45.29 | YElected | part of theFront for Victory Alliance | ||
| Alberto Rodríguez Saá | 1,458,955 | 7.64 | N Defeated | part of theJustice, Union and Liberty Front Alliance | |||
| 2011 | Cristina Kirchner | 11,865,055 | 54.11 | YElected | Front for Victory, a faction of PJ | ||
| 2015 | Daniel Scioli | 9,338,449 | 37.08 | 12,198,441 | 48.60 | N 2nd-R Defeated | part of theFront for Victory Alliance |
| 2019 | Alberto Fernández | 12,473,709 | 48.10 | YElected | part of theEveryone's Front Alliance | ||
| 2023 | Sergio Massa | 9,853,492 | 36.78 | 11,516,142 | 44.31 | N 2nd-R Defeated | part of theUnion for the Homeland |
| Juan Schiaretti | 1,802,068 | 6.73 | N 1st-R Defeated | part of theHacemos por Nuestro País | |||
| Election year | votes | % | seats won | Total seats | Position | Presidency | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1948 | 64.1 | 109 / 158 | Majority | Juan Perón (PP) | as thePeronist Party | ||
| 1951 | 63.5 | 135 / 149 | Majority | Juan Perón (PP) | as thePeronist Party | ||
| 1954 | 4,977,586 | 62.96 | 161 / 173 | Majority | Juan Perón (PJ) | as thePeronist Party | |
| 1958 | null | 0 | 0 | 0 / 187 | Banned | Pedro Eugenio Aramburu(de facto) | |
| 1960 | null | 0 | 0 | 0 / 192 | Banned | Arturo Frondizi (UCRI) | |
| 1962 | 1,592,446 | 17.53 | 23 / 192 | Minority | Arturo Frondizi (UCRI) | asUnión Popular | |
| 1963 | 16 / 192 | Minority | José María Guido (UCRI) | asUnión Popular and other pro-Justicialist | |||
| 1965 | 2,833,528 (UP only) | 29.6 (UP only) | 52 / 192 (UP only) | Minority | Arturo Umberto Illia (UCRP) | asUnión Popular and other pro-Justicialist | |
| 1973 | 5,908,414 | 48.7 | 144 / 243 | Majority | Alejandro Agustín Lanusse(de facto) | as Justicialist Party part of theJusticialist Liberation Front | |
| 1983 | 5,697,610 | 38.5 | 56 / 127 | 111 / 254 | Minority | Reynaldo Bignone(de facto) | |
| 1985 | 5,259,331 | 34.3 | 55 / 127 | 101 / 254 | Minority | Raúl Alfonsín (UCR) | |
| 1987 | 6,649,362 | 41.5 | 60 / 127 | 108 / 254 | Minority | Raúl Alfonsín (UCR) | |
| 1989 | 7,324,033 | 42.9 | 65 / 127 | 126 / 254 | Minority | Raúl Alfonsín (UCR) | part of the Popular Justicialist Front |
| 1991 | 6,288,222 | 40.2 | 62 / 127 | 116 / 257 | Minority | Carlos Menem (PJ) | |
| 1993 | 6,946,586 | 42.5 | 64 / 127 | 127 / 257 | Minority | Carlos Menem (PJ) | |
| 1995 | 7,294,828 | 43.0 | 68 / 127 | 131 / 257 | Majority | Carlos Menem (PJ) | |
| 1997 | 6,267,973 | 36.3 | 50 / 127 | 118 / 257 | Minority | Carlos Menem (PJ) | |
| 1999 | 5,986,674 | 32.3 | 51 / 127 | 101 / 257 | Minority | Carlos Menem (PJ) | |
| 2001 | 5,267,136 | 37.5 | 67 / 127 | 121 / 257 | Minority | Fernando de la Rúa (UCR—Alianza) | |
| 2003 | 5,511,420 | 35.1 | 62 / 127 | 129 / 257 | Majority | Eduardo Duhalde (PJ) | as part of the FPV |
| 2005 | 6,883,925 | 40.5 | 80 / 128 | 140 / 257 | Majority | Néstor Kirchner (PJ-FPV) | as part of the FPV |
| 2007 | 5,557,087 | 45.6 | 82 / 127 | 162 / 257 | Majority | Néstor Kirchner (PJ-FPV) | as part of the FPV |
| 2009 | 5,941,184 | 30.3 | 44 / 127 | 110 / 257 | Minority | Cristina Kirchner (PJ-FPV) | as part of the FPV |
| 2011 | 12,073,675 | 58.6 | 86 / 130 | 130 / 257 | Majority | Cristina Kirchner (PJ-FPV) | as part of the FPV |
| 2013 | 12,702,809 | 55.4 | 47 / 127 | 133 / 257 | Majority | Cristina Kirchner (PJ-FPV) | as part of the FPV |
| 2015 | 8,797,279 | 37.4 | 59 / 127 | 95 / 257 | Minority | Cristina Kirchner (PJ-FPV) | as part of the FPV |
| 2017 | 9,518,813 | 39.0 | 58 / 127 | 110 / 257 | Minority | Mauricio Macri (PRO-Cambiemos) | as part of theCitizen's Unity |
| 2019 | 11,359,508 | 45.5 | 64 / 127 | 122 / 257 | Minority | Mauricio Macri (PRO-Cambiemos) | as part of the PDT |
| 2021 | 8.041.290 | 34.56 | 50 / 127 | 118 / 257 | Minority | Alberto Fernández (PJ-FDT) | as part of the PDT |
| 2023 | 8.252.357 | 33.62 | 58 / 127 | 108 / 257 | Minority | Alberto Fernández (PJ-FDT) | as part of the UxP |
| Election year | votes | % | seats won | Total seats | Position | Presidency | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2001 | 5,668,523 | 39.0 | 40 / 72 | 40 / 72 | Majority | Fernando de la Rúa (UCR-Alianza) | |
| 2003 | 1,852,456 | 40.7 | 18 / 24 | 41 / 72 | Majority | Eduardo Duhalde (PJ) | as part of the FPV |
| 2005 | 3,572,361 | 45.1 | 18 / 24 | 45 / 72 | Majority | Néstor Kirchner (PJ-FPV) | as part of the FPV |
| 2007 | 1,048,187 | 45.6 | 14 / 24 | 48 / 72 | Majority | Néstor Kirchner (PJ-FPV) | as part of the FPV |
| 2009 | 756,695 | 30.3 | 8 / 24 | 34 / 72 | Minority | Cristina Kirchner (PJ-FPV) | as part of the FPV |
| 2011 | 5,470,241 | 54.6 | 12 / 24 | 43 / 72 | Majority | Cristina Kirchner (PJ-FPV) | as part of the FPV |
| 2013 | 1,608,846 | 32.1 | 14 / 24 | 40 / 72 | Majority | Cristina Kirchner (PJ-FPV) | as part of the FPV |
| 2015 | 2,336,037 | 32.7 | 11 / 24 | 39 / 72 | Majority | Cristina Kirchner (PJ-FPV) | as part of the FPV |
| 2017 | 3,785,518 | 32.7 | 9 / 24 | 36 / 72 | Minority | Mauricio Macri (PRO—Cambiemos) | as part of the Citizens' Unity |
| 2019 | 2,609,017 | 46.30 | 13 / 24 | 39 / 72 | Majority | Mauricio Macri (PRO—Cambiemos) | as part of the FDT |
| 2021 | 2,122,648 | 29.83 | 9 / 24 | 35 / 72 | Minority | Alberto Fernández (PJ—FDT) | as part of the FDT |
| 2023 | 5,076,244 | 43.71 | 13 / 24 | 33 / 72 | Minority | Alberto Fernández (PJ—FDT) | as part of the UxP |
A diciembre del 2024, el ranking de partidos con más afiliados lo lidera el Partido Justicialista (PJ) con 3.102.341 afiliados la fuerza fundada por Juan Domingo Perón en 1946.[As of December 2024, the ranking of parties with the most members is led by the Justicialist Party (PJ) with 3,102,341 members, the party founded by Juan Domingo Perón in 1946.]
De este modo, PJ Kirchnerista y PRO –ambos emergentes de aquella crisis inédita– han constituido los núcleos centrales de los espacios políticos que disputaron el poder en las últimas dos décadas, estableciendo al menos entre 2008 y 2023 un "régimen de hegemonía escindida" (Pucciarelli y Castellani, 2017).[Thus, the Kirchnerist PJ and the PRO – both emerging from that unprecedented crisis – have formed the core of the political spaces that have contested power over the last two decades, establishing, at least between 2008 and 2023, a ‘regime of divided hegemony’ (Pucciarelli and Castellani, 2017).]
De esta manera, el otrora dirigente del Partido Justicialista kirchnerista se pasó a la fórmula del radical Colombi y en segundo lugar.[In this way, the former leader of Kirchnerist Justicialist Party switched to Colombi's Radical ticket and came in second place.]
Reclamamos de todos y cada uno de los senadores de la Unión Cívica Radical que se opongan a ese intento de cooptar nuevamente a la Justicia, advirtiendo que no existe razón valedera alguna para entrar en un intercambio de favores con el actual Gobierno, ni con el partido justicialista kirchnerista.[We call on each and every senator from the Radical Civic Union to oppose this attempt to co-opt the judiciary once again, warning that there is no valid reason to enter into an exchange of favours with the current government or with the Kirchnerist Justicialist Party.]
En cuanto al panorama electoral, el estudio mostró que solo dos fuerzas parecían dominantes para las elecciones de 2025: La Libertad Avanza y el Partido Justicialista Kirchnerista.[As for the electoral landscape, the study showed that only two forces appeared dominant for the 2025 elections: La Libertad Avanza and the Kirchnerist Justicialist Party.]
Sobre el total de 127.415 para la categoría de gobernador el PJ kirchnerista logro 62.043 votos lo que representa el 9,73% de los votos provinciales.[Of the total 127,415 votes cast in the governor category, Kirchnerist PJ party obtained 62,043 votes, representing 9.73% of the provincial votes.]
Partido Justicialista, IPA (The Justicialist Party); Ideology: Perónism, Kirchnerism, Conservatism, anti-corruption, anti-establishment, Antifeminism, Anti-LGBT, nationalism, left-wing populism
After the disastrous performance of the populist-leftist Kirchnerista party in Argentina's primary elections a week earlier, the Aug. 20 elections in Ecuador may turn out to be a crippling setback for Correa's party.
Argentina is currently under the rule of President Alberto Fernández, a member of the leftist, Peronist Justicialist Party who assumed power in 2019.
Por fuera de la estructura del PJ hay dirigentes que tomaron distancia cuando el partido quedó dominado por el kirchnerismo.[Outside the PJ structure, there are leaders who distanced themselves when the party became dominated by Kirchnerism.]
Hace 20 años que el PJ nacional está dominado por el kirchnerismo. Y la estrategia es siempre la misma.[For 20 years, the national PJ has been dominated by Kirchnerism. And the strategy is always the same.]
Pero, dominado por el kirchnerismo, el PJ perdió la oportunidad.[However, dominated by Kirchnerism, the PJ missed its opportunity.]
Sin embargo, el gobernador de Córdoba Martín Llaryora y su antecesor Juan Schiaretti, presidente del PJ cordobés, acordaron no figurar en la foto del congreso. El motivo del faltazo responde a que el partido a nivel nacional "sigue siendo dominado por el kirchnerismo y el massismo".[However, the governor of Córdoba, Martín Llaryora, and his predecessor, Juan Schiaretti, president of the Córdoba PJ, agreed not to appear in the photo of the congress. The reason for their absence is that the party at the national level ‘continues to be dominated by Kirchnerism and Massism.’]
Para eso, necesita construir una identidad propia dentro del peronismo, sin depender de La Cámpora ni del PJ controlado por el kirchnerismo.[To do so, he needs to build his own identity within Peronism, without depending on La Cámpora or the PJ controlled by Kirchnerism.]
Milei tiene ahora como telón de fondo el colapso del sistema político y la derrota que él mismo le infligió a un PJ controlado por el kirchnerismo.[Milei now has as his backdrop the collapse of the political system and the defeat he himself inflicted on a PJ controlled by Kirchnerism.]
Citizens were asked if they would support a ban on the leftist populist Peronist party in future elections.
Before becoming a national figure, Kirchner was a local leader of a left-populist Peronist party (Partido Justicialista) in his home district Santa Cruz.
Radical libertarian economist and first-term congressman Javier Milei won yesterday's run-off presidential election, defeating Economy Minister Sergio Massa of the ruling left-wing populist Peronist Party by approximately 56% to 44%.
With the return to power in 2019 of the left-wing populist Peronist party, whose policies caused such economic damage to Argentina earlier in this century, the prospects for new reforms that would improve economic freedom have dimmed.
Partido Justicialista, IPA (The Justicialist Party); Ideology: Perónism, Kirchnerism, Conservatism, anti-corruption, anti-establishment, Antifeminism, Anti-LGBT, nationalism, left-wing populism
The biggest setback for economic freedom in the region in 2021 is the return to power of the left-wing populist Peronist Party in Argentina.
After the disastrous performance of the populist-leftist Kirchnerista party in Argentina's primary elections a week earlier, the Aug. 20 elections in Ecuador may turn out to be a crippling setback for Correa's party.
In the recent presidential primary, Alberto Fernández, the candidate of the left-wing populist Peronist party, gained a surprisingly clear win over the reigning President Mauricio Macri, whose popularity has declined as economic challenges have continued.
The economic crisis has hit the South American nation hard, but voters have backed the country's populist-leftist Peronist party, as the political pendulum swings from right to left.
In terms of party representation: 13 belong to the Justicialist Party in its various factions (56.5 percent), also known as the "Peronist Party," a broad, center-left, nationalist and popular political force.
These included Argentina's President Nestor Kirchner (2003-2007) of the left-wing Justicialist Party; Bolivia's President Evo Morales (2006–present) of the left-wing Movement for Socialism-Political Instrument for the Sovereignty of the Peoples; Uruguay's President Tabaré Vázquez (2005-2010) of the left-wing Socialist Party; and Brazil's Presidents Lula da Silva (2003-2010) and Dilma Rousseff (2011-2016) of the left-wing Workers' Party.
With the election and successful completion in office of Macri's administration, there has been a re-establishment of a clear left-right, wherethe PJ fell on the left side of the political spectrum and PRO fell on the right (a facet that was somewhat evident in the 1980s but not present in the 1990s).
The centre-left Justicialist Party returned to power in 2019, and Cristina Fernández became vice-president.
Therefore, the newspaper distributed views consistent with the centre-left Justicialist Party, which has historically favoured a close partnership with China.
Mr. Milei's defeated opponent, Minister of Economy, Sergio Massa had campaigned on the platform of the center-left Justicialist Party, a modern standard-bearer of "Peronism."
Justicialist Party but representing the center-left Patriotic Union coalition, also bringing back the center-left Justicialist Party...
Mom Cultivates Argentina had their work cut out for them under the right-leaning government of Mauricio Macri (of the Republican Proposal party, 2015–2019), but has seen results since the Alberto Fernández government (of the left-leaning Justicialist Party) came to power.
In the case of the PJ, where a shift to the left is visible, pragmatism grants greater decentralization, along with a greater focus on direct resource transfer policies, leaving the health and education sectors almost untouched, where greater institutional fragmentation makes changes difficult.
She belongs to the left-wing Justicialist Party.
Mr Milei's election win means it is the second time the Peronist left-wing Justicialist Party will be out of power since 2001.
He blamed Yasin for ordering a 48% salary increase across the entire cabinet, after he was called out by opposition Congresswoman Victoria Tolosa Paz, from the left-wing Justicialist Party.
Kirchner, who is the head of the leftist Justicialist party, the principal opposition to the right-wing Milei government, rejected the accusations against her and accused the government of persecuting the opposition.
The previous statist model was restructured and pro-market, neoliberal reforms were advanced by Menem from the leftist Partido Justicialista (Justicialist Party, PJ) (Blake, 1998; Nochteff, 2002) in order to control the early 80s economic crisis (Cerruti & Ciancaglini, 1992).
Bolsonaro boycotted the Argentinian Presidential Inauguration in 2019 as President Alberto Fernández is from the leftist Justicialist Party.
Political parties such as the PT in Brazil, the PS in Chile, and the PJ in Argentina have assumed the political and economic rules of liberal democracy and the market economy, promoting redistributive social policies. Although they were notably leftist parties, they discarded the revolutionary paths and accepted the restrictions imposed by the current political and economic system.
The Justicialist Party, a left-wing movement, has held the presidency for sixteen of the past twenty years.
For Argentina, the greatest progress in dialogue with Russia was achieved during the period of the left-wing Peronist party, whose foreign policy was focused on strengthening autonomy...
President Alberto Fernández's leftist Peronist party has suffered a heavy defeat in Argentina's midterm primaries, a result that pointed to the government's senate majority being at risk in November's elections.
Controlled by the leftist Peronist party that's run the country for most of this century, the government employs two out of every three workers in the province.
De Pablos Souza implored Milei, Bullrich and Sergio Massa — running for the incumbent, leftist Peronist party — for clear rules and legal protections for companies, as well as approval in congress of so-called electro-mobility legislation to encourage lithium investments.
As a public figure, Milei made an enemy not just of the eclectically left-wing Peronist party but also the center-right party of then-President Mauricio Macri.
In the twenty-first century, the leftist Peronist party has grown increasingly reliant on clientelistic practices to maintain its popularity among the poorest factions of the Argentine populace, which has led to severe fiscal deficits and cursory solutions to deep-seated strains (Galiani & Somaini, 2018).
To provide some context, however, it is important to note that Argentina has a long history of popular and powerful Leftist parties. The most prominent of these traditions is that of the Peronists, who are typically represented by the Justicialist Party (PJ).
El Partido Justicialista es un partido catch all, una organización éticamente amorfa y carente de ideología cuyo objetivo es la captura y retención del poder.
From the 1940s until the end of the twentieth century, Argentine politics was dominated by two catch-all political parties: The Unión Cívica Radical (UCR) and the Partido Justicialista (PJ), also known as peronism because of the prominence of its founding figure, former president Juan Domingo Perón (1946-1955 and 1973-1974).
From the 1940s until the end of the 20th century, Argentine politics was dominated by two catch-all political parties, meaning parties that aim to attract a large part of the electorate despite holding diverse viewpoints: The Unión Cívica Radical (Radical Civic Union, UCR) and the Partido Justicialista (Justicialist Party, PJ), also known as Peronism because of the prominence of its founding figure, former President Juan Domingo Perón (1946-55 and 1973-74).
Das argentinische Parteiensystem ist nach 1983 maBgeblich durch die beiden grofen Parteien Unión Cívica Radical und die Peronistische Parte1 (Partido Justicialista, PJ) gekennzeichnet. Bei beiden handelt es sich um catch all-Parteien, wobei die Peronisten traditionell eher caudillistisch oder personalistisch ausgerichtet waren, und die UCR ¡hre Wáhlerschaft urspriinglich eher aus der (oberen) Mittelklasse rekrutierte (Dix 1989: 27).
la implosión de ese formidable catch-all party que era el Partido Justicialista, el cual, como el Partido Demócrata de Estados Unidos en los años sesenta -recordemos a John Kennedy versus la máquina política demócrata del Surdaba cabida en sus filas a una gran diversidad ideológica.
In Argentina, the administration of President Nestor Kirchner represents the left wing of the catch-all Peronist Party.
Further, the 'catch-all' nature of Argentina'smainstream parties, the Peronist Party and the UCR, leads to intra-partyconfrontations because these parties embrace quite distinct factions.
The centre-left Justicialist Party returned to power in 2019, and Cristina Fernández became vice-president.
These included Argentina's President Nestor Kirchner (2003-2007) of the left-wing Justicialist Party; Bolivia's President Evo Morales (2006–present) of the left-wing Movement for Socialism-Political Instrument for the Sovereignty of the Peoples; Uruguay's President Tabaré Vázquez (2005-2010) of the left-wing Socialist Party; and Brazil's Presidents Lula da Silva (2003-2010) and Dilma Rousseff (2011-2016) of the left-wing Workers' Party.
This tendency started in the 1980s as the economic collapse decimated the unions that had formed the base of the leftist Justicialist Party (PJ, although it is more commonly referenced as the Peronist Party).
These writers also argue that twenty-first-century Latin American leftist governments, like Peronism in the 1940s, were doomed to failure since the success of their defiance of powerful actors was contingent on the indefinite duration of favorable international markets for their nations' exports.
Perón and Peronismo (Peronism) therefore represented a form of leftist–populist nationalism, rooted in an urban working-class movement that was allied to elements of the domestic bourgeoisie as well as the military.
In terms of party representation: 13 belong to the Justicialist Party in its various factions (56.5 percent), also known as the "Peronist Party," a broad, center-left, nationalist and popular political force.
It was actually related to Perón's political economy conception, as well as to what he considered appropriate a state led by his left-leaning Justicialist party should do; these ideational matters therefore greatly affected the economic policies, that is, the means, his government implemented.
Speaking to thousands of supporters in a packed soccer stadium, Mrs. Kirchner stumped for the candidates who will represent her left-wing coalition, the FPV, in October's vote.
Rodríguez, politólogo de profesión y docente de Políticas Públicas, sostiene que este peronismo federal, que subsiste en el medio del antagonismo rabioso entre el Frente de Todos (FDT) y Juntos por el Cambio (JPC), se propone insistir en la construcción de un espacio independiente, de centro moderado y progresista.
As said, his candidacy was severely weakened by the dismantling of the Federal Peronism alternative.
Thus, the attempt by Federal Peronism, which the previous year saw itself as a consolidated actor, to create a "third alternative" was destroyed.
Justicialist Party. Commonly known as Peronists, the Justicialist Party advocates for greater economic intervention and welfare-state policies, as well as economic independence from wealthier countries.
Historically, the PJ was a leftist, populist party with statist policies commonly seen in Latin America during this period.)
Partido Justicialista, IPA (The Justicialist Party); Ideology: Perónism, Kirchnerism, Conservatism, anti-corruption, anti-establishment, Antifeminism, Anti-LGBT, nationalism, left-wing populism
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34°36′40.5″S58°24′0.5″W / 34.611250°S 58.400139°W /-34.611250; -58.400139
