Jushi 車師 | |
|---|---|
| 108 BC–450 AD | |
The Jushi kingdom ( .png) ) and contemporary polities of continental Asia, circa 400 AD | |
| Status | Kingdom |
| Capital | Jiaohe (交河) |
| Government | Monarchy |
| History | |
• Established | 108 BC |
• Vassal of theHan dynasty | 60 BC |
• Destroyed by theNorthern Liang | 450 AD |
TheJushi (Chinese:車師;pinyin:Jūshī, sometimes pronouncedCheshi), orGushi (Chinese:姑師;pinyin:Gūshī), were a people probably associated with theSubeshi culture,[1] who established a kingdom during the 1st millennium BC in theTurpan basin (modernXinjiang, China).[2] The kingdom included the area ofAyding Lake, in the easternTian Shan range. During the late 2nd and early 1st century BC, the area was increasingly dominated by theHan dynasty and the northern neighbours of the Jushi, theXiongnu, and became one of the many minor states of theWestern Regions ofHan dynasty China. In 450 AD theNorthern Liang destroyed the state of Jushi (車師) and occupied its capital city ofJiaohe (Yarkhoto).[3]
The Jushi may have been one of theTocharian peoples and spoken one of the associatedlanguages.[4]
According toJ. P. Mallory andVictor H. Mair, the earliest accounts of the Jushi report them to have "lived in tents, followed the grasses and waters, and had considerable knowledge of agriculture. They owned cattle, horses, camels, sheep and goats. They were proficient with bows and arrows".[5]
Jushi and the kingdom ofKrorän were linked in the account ofZhang Qian (d. 113 BC), in part because both were under the control of the Xiongnu.
Around 60 BC, the Han—ruled at the time by EmperorXuan—defeated Xiongnu forces at theBattle of Jushi, during theHan–Xiongnu Wars. Afterwards the main part of the Jushi lands was divided into two states: a southern area controlled by the Han, who referred to it as "Nearer Jushi" (or "Anterior Jushi"), and a northern area known to the Han as "Further Jushi" (or "Posterior Jushi") that was dominated by the Xiongnu. Nearer Jushi was administered by the Han from a capital atJiaohe (16 km (9.9 mi) west of the site of modernTurpan). The capital of Further Jushi appears to have been called Yuli or Yulai, and was located about 10 km (6.2 mi) north ofJimasa, 200 km (120 mi) north of Jiaohe.[6] The Jushi never regained their independence.
Around 442 AD,Juqu Wuhui andJuqu Anzhou of theNorthern Liang fled toGaochang after their defeat against theNorthern Wei. They ousted the local Gaochang governor Kan Shuang who escaped to theRouran Khaganate, and they established the state of Greater Liang in Gaochang, the "Northern Liang of Gaochang". They destroyed the state of Jushi in 450 AD and occupied Jiaohe.[3]
In 460, the Rouran invaded the area, killed Juqu Anzhou, and established the first Gaochang Kingdom under the Chinese Kan Bozhou (r. 460 –c. 477), who was succeeded in 477 by his son Yicheng (義成).[3]
In 488 the king of the TurkicGaojuAfuzhiluo, an enemy of the Rouran, took over Gaochang, and established the Zhang dynasty of rulers, starting with Zhang Mengming (r. 491–496) as king of Gaochang.[3]
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A 2,700-year-old grave discovered in 2008 at theYanghai Tombs, an ancient cemetery (54,000 m2 (580,000 sq ft) in area), has been attributed to the Jushi or a precursor culture. The remains belonged probably to ashaman. Near the shaman's head and foot were a large leather basket and wooden bowl filled with 789 grams of driedcannabis, superbly preserved by climatic and burial conditions. An international team demonstrated that this material containedtetrahydrocannabinol, the psychoactive component of cannabis. The cannabis was clearly "cultivated for psychoactive purposes," rather than as fibre for clothing or as food.[8] It may have been employed as a medicinal agent, or an aid to divination. This is the oldest known use of cannabis as a pharmacological agent.[8] The extremely dry conditions and alkaline soil acted as preservatives, allowing a team of scientists to carefully analyze the stash, which still looked green though it had lost its distinctive odour.
A horsesaddle made of cow hide was discovered inside a woman's grave at the Yanghai Tombs, dating to between 727 and 396 BC.[9] A second, badly fragmented saddle was found next to a man, in a tomb dated between 700 and 300 BC, making these possibly the earliest saddles in the world, slightly predating the saddles of thePazyryk culture.[9]
The Yanghai graveyard is assigned to the Subeixi (Subeshi) culture (e.g. Jiang et al., 2006, 2009), conventionally dated to the first millennium BC (Chen, 2002; Han, 2007; Xinjiang, 2011). The culture is associated with the Cheshi (Chü-shih) state known from Chinese historical sources (Sinor, 1990).
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