Ajunior college is a type ofpost-secondary institution that offers vocational and academic training that is designed to prepare students for eitherskilled trades and technical occupations or support roles in professions such as engineering, accountancy, business administration, nursing, medicine, architecture, and criminology. Often times, those types of colleges offer two-yearassociate's degrees that are intended for students that want to later transfer to a college for a four-yearbachelor's degree to finish theirundergraduate education, pending adequate grades. Students typically attend those types of colleges for one to three years, which is also dependent on the country.
In Pakistan, after the completion ofSecondary School Certificate, students who want to further pursue their education, the mst apply for the junior college, which is also called as intermediate college. They can choose either of the three groups out of science, arts (or humanities) or commerce. They attend the college for 2 years. Some colleges also offer higher education like undergraduate and graduate degrees likeGCUL,FCCU,MAOCetc.
In Bangladesh, after completing the tenth-grade board exam (Secondary School Certificate), students attend two years of junior college, named intermediate college. After passing theSSC exam, students can apply for their desired colleges, where they study in three groups, namely Science, Humanities and Commerce, for two years. After that, students sit forHigher Secondary Certificate at the end of their second year in intermediate College.
InIndia, junior colleges are higher secondary educational institutions that offer higher secondary education (Class 11th-12th), similar to Senior Secondary Schools or High Schools. However, unlike schools in India, which typically provide education from Nursery through Class 12th, these institutions are solely focused on higher secondary education (Class 11th-12th). While the majority of national and state boards in India offer continuous schooling from Nursery to Class 12th, some state boards, such as those inTelangana,Maharashtra,Odisha,Assam,Karnataka,Andhra Pradesh,Bihar, andUttar Pradesh, have a system where students must apply to junior colleges after completing Class 10thboard exams (SSLC/SSC) to continue their education in Class 11th and 12th. In these states, junior colleges are commonly referred to as Pre-University Colleges (PUC), Intermediate Colleges, or Higher Secondary Certificate (HSC) institutions. Additionally, junior colleges are often co-located with Degree Colleges or Secondary Schools.
In Japan after World War II, junior colleges (短期大学) typically provide two-year courses of study but may also provide a three-year course of study. Students who complete the course of study at a junior college are entitled to an associate degree or diploma. In Japan before World War II, there were three years of national junior colleges (旧制高校).
In the Netherlands, junior college is equivalent to MBO (middle-level vocational education). The MBO lasts one to four years, depending on the level. There are 4 levels offered to students:
At all levels, MBO offers 2 possible pathways: a school-based education, where training within a company takes between 20 and 59% of the curriculum, or an apprenticeship education, where this training represents more than 60% of the study time. Both paths lead to the same certification. Students in MBO are mostly between 16 and 35. Students of the "apprenticeship" path are overall older (25+). After MBO (4 years), pupils can enroll in HBO (higher professional education) or enter the job market.[1]
In Singapore, a Junior College (JC) is equivalent to asixth form college in the United Kingdom. After the GCE 'O' level examinations in Secondary 4 or 5, students may apply for admission to either a JC or apolytechnic. The two years spent in a JC culminate in a GCE 'A' level certificate, which is the most common qualification used for university admission.
In the past, secondary schools offered both 'O' and 'A' Levels and students in classes studying for the 'A' Levels were known as the "Pre-University" class. During the 1980s and 1990s, the government began the process of transferring all 'A' Level courses to centralised JCs. At present, students finish their 'O' Levels at a secondary school and may choose to take the 'A' Levels at a JC or as a private candidate.
In South Korea, junior colleges (Korean:전문대학) typically provide 2-year courses of study but may also provide a 3-year course of study if permitted by presidential decree.[2] Students who complete the course of study at a junior college are entitled to anassociate degree or diploma.[3] Junior colleges are also permitted, subject to presidential decree, to offer "advanced major courses" for their students that will lead to a bachelor's degree.[4] Junior colleges in South Korea includeYeungjin College andJeonbuk Science College.
In the United States, ajunior college is a (usually intermediate) two-yearpost-secondary school whose main purpose is to provideacademic,vocational and professional education. The highest certificate offered by such schools is usually anassociate degree, although junior college students may continue their education at a four-yearuniversity orcollege, transferring some or all of thecredits earned at the junior college toward the degree requirements of the four-year school.[5]
The term "junior college" historically referred to all pre- or non-bachelor's degree (four-year) granting post-secondary schools; however, many public junior colleges, which typically aim to serve a local community, have replaced "junior" with "community" in their names. Thus, most self-identified junior colleges in the United States today are private institutions, although only a small percentage of all two-year institutions are private.[6]
Private junior colleges in the United States reached their peak numbers in the 1940s, and have been declining ever since.[6] In the course of the 20th century, many public and private junior colleges evolved into four-year colleges, in some cases passing through an intermediary period as afour-year junior college; institutions that followed this trajectory includeWestminster College inSalt Lake City andShimer College inMt. Carmel, Illinois.
Junior colleges in the United States have long had to contend with a reputation for lower academic standards. The concept can be traced back 100 years to the original public junior college,Joliet Junior College, which was established in a high school as the equivalent of thirteenth and fourteenth grades, to prepare qualified students for the final two years of college.[7] To some extent, this is inherent in the junior college mission of providing practical education to students who for various reasons fall outside the typical profile of a four-year college student (for example, someone who has graduated from high school and spent several years working in a relatively unskilled job). Over the years, such colleges developed a reputation as schools of last resort.[8] According to federal statistics, 42% of public community college freshmen take remedial courses.[9] This does not necessarily affect their future transfer prospects: a junior college graduate with good grades can generally transfer to a four-year school and go on to obtain a full bachelor's degree. There is a growing movement of students who are attending junior colleges to save significant sums of money in the first two years of a four-year education.[10]
Certain junior colleges also serve as incubators for college athletes, particularly inbasketball andfootball; in sports parlance, they are sometimes referred to as "juco"s.[11] A talented player who would not meet the academic standards of a major college program may be able to play for two years in junior college, establishing an academic record in the process, and then transfer to a major college.[11] This process has occasionally resulted in scandals, often involving the academics of the student athletes.[11]
In theUnited States, amilitary junior college allows cadets to becomecommissioned officers in thearmed forces reserve in two years, instead of the usual four. The students must go on to complete abachelor's degree before serving as regular officers on active duty.
There are currently four military junior colleges:
School types | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Byeducational stage |
| ||||||||||||||
| By funding / eligibility |
| ||||||||||||||
| By style / purpose |
| ||||||||||||||
| By location | |||||||||||||||
| By scope | |||||||||||||||
| Historical |
| ||||||||||||||
| Related topics | |||||||||||||||
| National | |
|---|---|
| Other | |
