In places north of theArctic Circle, theJune solstice is when themidnight sun occurs, during which the Sun remains visible even atmidnight. TheAtlantic hurricane season—whentropical orsubtropical cyclones are most likely to form in the north Atlantic Ocean—begins on 1 June and lasts until 30 November. Severalmonsoons and subsequentwet seasons also commence in the Northern Hemisphere during this month. Multiplemeteor showers occur annually in June, including theArietids, which are among the most intense daylight meteor showers of the year; they last between 22 May and 2 July, peaking in intensity on 8 June.
June is the sixthmonth of the year in theJulian andGregorian calendars—the latter the most widely used calendar in the world.[1][2] Containing 30 days, June succeedsMay and precedesJuly. It is one of four months that have 30 days—alongsideApril,September andNovember—and is the second 30-day month of the year, following April, the fourth month of the year, and preceding September—the ninth month of the year.[1] June is in the secondquarter (Q2) of acalendar year, alongside April and May, and the sixth and final month in the first half of the year (January–June).[3][4] Under theISO week date system, June incidentally begins in either the 22nd or 23rdweek of the year.[5]
During each calendar year, no other month starts on the same day of the week as June.[6] The Julian calendar—which also has June and is still used as a ceremonial religious calendar by some of theEastern Orthodox Church andOriental Orthodoxy—is 13 days behind the Gregorian calendar. Thus, in this calendar, 1 June begins on 14 June. It will be 14 days behind in 2100.[7][8] June is abbreviated asJun, and may be spelled with or without a concluding period (full stop).[9]
June is ultimately derived from the Latin month ofIunius, named after the ancient Roman goddessJuno (Latin:Iūnō). The present English spelling was influenced by theAnglo-Normanjoin,junye andjunie. It was also written inMiddle English asIun andJuin, while the spelling variantIune was in use until the 17th century. It displaced theOld English name for June,ærra liþa.[10][11]
Illustration for the month of June, based on theCalendar of Filocalus (AD 354)In recent decades, the number of warm temperature records in June has outpaced cold temperature records over a growing portion of Earth's surface.[12]
June originates from the month ofIunius (also calledmensis Iuniuslit.'month of June')[13] in the originalRoman calendar used during theRoman Republic. The origin of this calendar is obscure.[a]Iunius was originally the fourth month of the year, and had 29 days alongsideAprilis ("April"),Sextilis (later renamedAugustus "August"),September,November andDecember.[17] It is not known when the Romans reset the course of the year so thatIanuarius ("January") andFebruarius ("February"), originally the 11th and 12th months respectively, came first—thus movingIunius to the sixth month of the year—but later Roman scholars generally dated this to 153 BC.[18]
Inancient Rome, the period from mid-May through mid-June may have been considered inauspicious for marriages. The Roman poetOvid claimed to have consulted theflaminica Dialis, the high priestess of the godJupiter, about setting a date for his daughter's wedding, but was advised to wait until after 15 June.[19] The Greek philosopher and writerPlutarch, however, implied that the entire month of June was more favorable for weddings than May.[20]
In 46 BC,Julius Caesar reformed the calendar, which thus became known as theJulian calendar after himself. This reform fixed the calendar to 365 days with aleap year every fourth year, and made June 30 days long; however, this reform resulted in the averageyear of the Julian calendar being 365.25 days long, slightly more than the actualsolar year of 365.2422 days (the current value, which varies).[21]
In AD 65, June was renamed asGermanicus in honour of the Roman emperorNero. As recalled by the Roman historianTacitus in hisAnnals, the Roman senatorCornelius Orfitus, who made the proposal, claimed that the nameJunius had become inauspicious due to the executions ofLucius Junius Silanus Torquatus andDecimus Junius Silanus Torquatus in AD 49 and AD 64, respectively.[22][23][24] The names did not survive and were likely erased when Nero was subjected todamnatio memoriae.[25] In AD 184, Roman EmperorCommodus briefly renamed all of the months after a name in his full title; June becameAelius.[26] However, this decision was repealed after his death in AD 192.[27]
In 1582,Pope Gregory XIII promulgated a revised calendar—theGregorian calendar—that reduced the average length of thecalendar year from 365.25 days to 365.2425, correcting the Julian calendar's drift against the solar year.[28][29]
In theNorthern Hemisphere, June marks the commencement ofsummer, while in theSouthern Hemisphere, it is the start ofwinter. In the Northern Hemisphere, the beginning of the traditionalastronomical summer is 21 June, whilemeteorological summer commences on 1 June. In the Southern Hemisphere, astronomical winter starts on 21 June while meteorological winter begins on 1 June.[30]
TheJune solstice—known as thesummer solstice in the Northern Hemisphere andwinter solstice in the Southern Hemisphere—occurs for one-day between 20–22 June (most often on 21 June), marking the longest day of the year in terms ofdaylight hours in the Northern Hemisphere and the shortest day in the Southern Hemisphere.[31][32] In places north of theArctic Circle, this is when themidnight sun occurs for the longest period, during which the Sun remains visible even atmidnight.[30] Conversely, it ispolar night in places within theAntarctic Circle, during which the Sun remains below thehorizon for more than 24 hours.[33]
Inastronomy, certainmeteor showers occur annually during this month. TheArietids—among the most intense daylight meteor showers of the year—last from 22 May until 2 July, peaking in intensity on 8 June; theBeta Taurids take place between 5 June and 18 July, peaking on 28 June; and theJune Bootids commence between 22 June and 2 July, peaking on 27 June.[34][35] Thefull moon that occurs in June[b] is most commonly known as the strawberry moon because it coincides with thestrawberry-picking season; other names for it include therose moon,honey moon and the poeticmidsummer moon.[37][38][39]
Summer thunderstorm in the Philippines duringmonsoon season, 3 June 2023Rice being harvested inIgunga,Tabora Region, Tanzania on 10 June 2016[c]
June is one of the hottest months in the Northern Hemisphere, alongside July and August, with July being the hottest;[30][41] in the Southern Hemisphere, it is the inverse.[42] For instance, the lowest temperature ever recorded in South America occurred on 1 June 1907 in the town ofSarmiento in theChubut Province of Argentina, measuring -32.8°C (-27°F).[43] June 2024 was the hottest June in recorded history at 1.22°C (2.20°F) above the 20th-century global average, beating the previous record held by June 2023.[44][45]
It is alsoNational Safety Month in the United States, amonth-long observance aimed at increasing awareness of, and ultimately decreasing, the number of unintentional injuries and deaths in the country.[69]National Smile Month, the largest oral health campaign in the United Kingdom and organised by theOral Health Foundation, commences between alternating dates from mid-May to mid-June.[70][71][72] In Barbados, June is part of theSeason of Emancipation which takes place between 14 April and 23 August to commemorate theemancipation of slaves of African descent.[73][74]
The quadrennialFIFA World Cup, an internationalassociation football tournament and the most-watched sporting event on television, usually commences in June.[109][110] The annualWimbledon Championships, the oldesttennis tournament in the world and widely regarded as the most prestigious, traditionally occurred on the last Monday in June.[111][112][113]Glastonbury Festival, a major music festival in the United Kingdom, also takes place in June, attracting over 100,000 attendees.[114]
^"Mean Monthly Temperature Records Across the Globe". National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Link is an example for one month; for other months, change the "202501" in the preceding URL toyyyymm, whereyyyy is the four-digit year andmm is the two-digit month (01=January through 12=December)
^Rüpke, Jörg (2011).The Roman Calendar from Numa to Constantine: Time, History, and the Fasti. Translated by Richardson, D.M.B. Wiley. p. 23.ISBN978-0-4706-5508-5.
^Richards, E. G. (2013). "Calendars". In Urban, Sean E.; Seidelmann, P. Kenneth (eds.).Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac (3rd ed.). University Science Books. pp. 593–595.ISBN978-1-891389-85-6.
^Rudich, Vasily (2005).Political Dissidence Under Nero: The Price of Dissimulation. Taylor & Francis. pp. 143–144.ISBN978-1-134-91451-7.
^Rimell, Victoria (2015). "The Cambridge Companion to Seneca". In Schiesaro, Alessandro;Bartsch, Shadi (eds.).Seneca and Neronian Rome: In the Mirror of Time. p. 128.ISBN978-1-107-03505-8.
^Mezzi, E.; Vizza, F. (2010).Luigi Lilio Medico: Astronomo e Matematico di Cirò [Luigi Lilio: Doctor, Astronomer and Mathematician from Cirò] (in Italian). Laruffa Editore. pp. 14, 52.ISBN978-88-7221-481-7.
^abcHund, Andrew (2012). Philander, S. George (ed.).Encyclopedia of Global Warming & Climate Change. Vol. 1 (2 ed.).Sage Publishing. pp. 1245–1246.ISBN978-1-5063-2075-5.
^Rocher, P. (n.d.)."Solstice d'été de 1583 à 2999" [Summer solstice from 1583 to 2999](PDF).Institut de mécanique céleste et de calcul des éphémérides (in French).Observatory of Paris. Retrieved11 March 2024.
^Berge, Jørgen; Johnsen, Geir (2020). "Life and Light at the Dead of Night". In Berge, Jørgen; Johnsen, Geir; Cohen, Jonathan H. (eds.).Polar Night Marine Ecology: Life and Light in the Dead of Night. Vol. 4.Springer Nature. p. 317.ISBN978-3-030-33208-2.
^Kronk, Gary W. (2013). "June Meteor Showers".Meteor Showers: An Annotated Catalog. Springer International Publishing. pp. 106,111–112, 134.ISBN978-1-4614-7897-3.
^Thenkabail, Prasad S. (2015).Remote Sensing of Water Resources, Disasters, and Urban Studies. Remote Sensing Handbook. Vol. 3.CRC Press. p. 104.ISBN978-1-4822-1792-6.
^Green, Aliza (2015).Field Guide to Produce: How to Identify, Select, and Prepare Virtually Every Fruit and Vegetable at the Market.Quirk Books. pp. 6–7, 15, 24, 96,100–101.ISBN978-1-59474-848-6.
^Roehl, Evelyn (1996).Whole Food Facts: The Complete Reference Guide (2 ed.). Healing Arts Press. p. 37.ISBN978-0-89281-635-4.
^Dixie, Grahame (1999). "Summer Citrus: The Role and Prospects for Southern Africa". In Jaffee, Steven (ed.).Southern African Agribusiness: Gaining Through Regional Collaboration.World Bank Publications. pp. 88–90.ISBN978-0-8213-4422-4.
^Coffey, Kathy; Hynes, Mary Ellen; Laughlin, Corinna (2012).Companion to the Calendar: A Guide to the Saints, Seasons, and Holidays of the Year (2 ed.). Liturgy Training Publications. p. 79.ISBN978-1-56854-260-7.
^Halloran, Vivian (2020). "Circumscribed Citizenship: Caribbean American Visibility". In Birkenmaier, Anke (ed.).Caribbean Migrations: The Legacies of Colonialism.Rutgers University Press. p. 80.ISBN978-1-9788-1449-3.
^"Festivals in Brazil".Américas.57–58. Pan-American Union: 26. 2005 – viaGoogle Books.June is the month of Festa Juninas [sic], a harvest festival popular throughout the country, and kicky forró is the music of choice.
^Grayson, Vicky (2009). "Health Promotion in Context". In Moyse, Karen (ed.).Health in Children and Young People: The Role of the Nurse. Wiley. p. 368.ISBN978-1-4443-2265-1.
^Brander, Patricia; Keen, Ellie; Juhász, Vera; Schneider, Annette, eds. (2012).Compass - Manual for Human Rights Education With Young People.Council of Europe. p. 435.ISBN978-92-871-8155-8.
^McGrow, Lauren (2017).Missionary Positions: A Postcolonial Feminist Perspective on Sex Work and Faith-Based Outreach from Australia.Brill Publishers. p. 50.ISBN978-90-04-35318-3.
^Okpara, Ngozi (2019). "Child Protection and Development in Nigeria: Towards a More Functional Media Intervention". In Oyero, Olusola (ed.).Media and Its Role in Protecting the Rights of Children in Africa. IGI Global. p. 63.ISBN978-1-7998-0331-7.
^"World Hydrology Day".The Hydrographic Journal (123–126). The Hydrographic Society: UK & Ireland: 48. 2006.Thursday 21 June marks the second World Hydrography Day following its inaugural at the same time last year.
^Lang, Kenneth R. (2011).The Cambridge Guide to the Solar System. Cambridge University Press. p. 4.ISBN978-1-139-49417-5.
^Bishop, Paul (2023).Discourses of Philology and Theology in Nietzsche: From the "Untimelies" to The Anti-Christ. Springer International Publishing. p. 26.ISBN978-3-031-42272-0.
^Ilyas, Mohammad (1984).A Modern Guide to Astronomical Calculations of Islamic Calendar, Times & Qibla. Berita Publishing. p. 80.ISBN978-967-969-009-5.
^Claus, Peter J.; Diamond, Sarah; Mills, Margaret Ann (2003).South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka. Taylor & Francis. p. 91.ISBN978-0-415-93919-5.
^Caroli, Matteo; Valentino, Alfredo (2016). "Does Recurrence Matter? The Impact of Music Festivals on Local Tourist Competitiveness". In Bellini, Nicola; Pasquinelli, Cecilia (eds.).Tourism in the City: Towards an Integrative Agenda on Urban Tourism. Springer. p. 226.ISBN978-3-319-26877-4.
^"June".Dictionary.com. IXL Learning. Retrieved26 September 2024.a female given name
^Williams, William F. (2013). "Astrology".Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience: From Alien Abductions to Zone Therapy.Taylor & Francis. pp. 18–19.ISBN978-1-135-95522-9.
^Vidal Castro, Francisco (n.d.)."Yusuf I".Diccionario Biográfico electrónico (in Spanish).Royal Academy of History. Retrieved27 September 2024.
^Sima Qian (c.91 BC). "Liu Bang".史記 "Historical Records" (Records of the Grand Historian). (in Mandarin). Vol. 8. "四月甲辰，高祖崩長樂宮。" [On the first day of the fourth month, Emperor Gaozu collapsed in Changle Palace.]
^Kamenzin, Manuel (2020).Die Tode der römisch-deutschen Könige und Kaiser (1150-1349) [The Deaths of the Roman-German Kings and Emperors (1150-1349)] (in German). Jan Thorbecke Verlag. pp. 355–380.ISBN978-3-7995-4385-9.
^The Romans usually described their first calendar, predating the Roman calendar, as one with ten fixed months—four "full months" (pleni menses) with 31 days and six "hollow months" (cavi menses) of 30 days, the latter includingIunius.[14] Later Roman writers usually credited this calendar toRomulus, theirlegendary firstking, around 738 BC. Nevertheless, this early version of the Roman calendar has not been attested, and a number of scholars doubt the existence of this calendar at all.[15][16]
^Because it takes the Moon approximately 29.5 days to go through all of itslunar phases, this results in there usually being one full moon for every month of the year. Culturally, each full moon has its own name corresponding to the month in which it appears.[36]
^In Tanzania, rice is harvested between May and July.[40]
^Some countries observe Children's Day on different dates, including 20 November.[75]
^Some countries also observe Father's Day at different dates in June.[93]
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