The school is composed of three primary academic divisions: dance, drama, and music, of which the last is the largest and oldest. Juilliard offers degrees forundergraduate andgraduate students andliberal arts courses, non-degreediploma programs forprofessional artists, and musical training forpre-college students. Juilliard has a single campus at theLincoln Center for the Performing Arts, comprising numerous studio rooms, performance halls, a library with special collections, and adormitory. It has one of the lowestacceptance rates of schools in the United States. With a total enrollment of about 950 students, Juilliard has several student and faculty ensembles that perform throughout the year, most notably theJuilliard String Quartet.[5][6]
Frank Damrosch, founder of the Institute of Musical Art, commonly referred to as the "Damrosch School"[8]
In 1905, the Institute of Musical Art (IMA), Juilliard's predecessor institution, was founded byFrank Damrosch, a German-American conductor and godson ofFranz Liszt, on the premise that the United States did not have a premier music school and too many students were going to Europe to study music.[9] Chartered by theBoard of Regents of the University of the State of New York, the institute became one of first endowed music schools in the US, with significant funding provided by philanthropist and bankerJames Loeb.[10][a]
Damrosch and Loeb's mission was to establish a musical institution with high standards of teaching and learning that would incorporate a unified pedagogy and develop a "true musical culture among all classes".[b] Accordingly, the school would rely on its endowment to ensure the quality of instruction was independent of students' financial status.[13]
The Institute of Musical Art opened in the former Lenox Mansion,Fifth Avenue and 12th Street, on October 11, 1905. When the school opened, most teachers were European; however, only Americans were allowed to study at the institute.[c] Although orchestras were exclusively male, women made up most of the student population. The school had 467 students in the first year, but the enrollment soon doubled in size over the following years.[15] Five years after its inception, the institute moved to 120Claremont Avenue in theMorningside Heights neighborhood of Manhattan onto a property purchased fromBloomingdale Insane Asylum near theColumbia University campus.[16]
In 1919, a wealthy textile merchant namedAugustus D. Juilliard died and left a vast sum of money for the advancement of music in his will, which set up the Juilliard Musical Foundation (JMF) a year later as one of its primary beneficiaries.[17] UnderEugene Noble as executive secretary, the foundation purchased theVanderbilt family guesthouse at 49 E.52nd Street, and established a separate new music school, the Juilliard Graduate School (JGS), in 1924.[d][20]
After much discussion, the Juilliard School of Music was eventually created in 1926 through a merger of the Institute and the Graduate School. The JGS moved from E 52nd Street to 130 Claremont Avenue next to the IMA in 1931.[21] The two schools had the same board of directors and president but maintained their distinct identities.[22]Columbia University ProfessorJohn Erskine became the first president of the two institutions (1928–1937).[23]Frank Damrosch continued as the Institute's dean, and the Australian pianist and composerErnest Hutcheson was appointed dean of the Graduate School. Hutcheson later served as president from 1937 to 1945.[e][26]
Juilliard's third president,William Schuman, an American composer and the firstPulitzer Prize for Music winner, led the school from 1945 to 1961 and brought about several significant changes to raise the school's academic standards. In 1946, Schuman completely consolidated the Institute of Musical Art and the Juilliard Graduate School to form a single institution and created theJuilliard String Quartet as the school's main quartet-in-residence.[27][f] During his tenure, Schuman cut down enrollment by more than half, eliminated the Juilliard Summer School and Music Education Program,[g][31] and opened Juilliard's admission to non-Americans.[h]
Schuman discontinued the Theory Department and initiated a new curriculum called theLiterature and Materials of Music (L&M), which began in 1947–1948, and was based on the assumption that musical theory education "should transfer theoretical knowledge into practical performance." Designed for composers to teach, the more practical-orientated curriculum would provide an overview of the "literature of music". L&M was a reaction against more formal theory and ear training, and as a result did not have a formal structure and allowed for more flexibility.[i]
In 1957, after two years of deliberation, the Juilliard School of Music board announced that the school would relocate from upper Manhattan to the futureLincoln Center.[37] The Lincoln Center would cover the costs for the construction project, but the school would have to instruct exclusively advanced students, introduce a drama program and cut its Preparatory School.[j] Juilliard's new building at Lincoln Center would be designed byPietro Belluschi with associatesEduardo Catalano and Helge Westermann.[37] The Juilliard School building at Lincoln Center was completed on October 26, 1969, officially opening with a dedication ceremony and concert.[k][l] With Lincoln Center's prestige came a newly elevated status for the Juilliard School.[41][42]
The Juilliard School at theLincoln Center as initially opened in 1969
William Schuman assumed the presidency of Lincoln Center in 1962 and composerPeter Mennin succeeded him.[43] Mennin made substantial changes to the L&M program—ending ear training and music history, adding performances and composition in class, and hiring the well-known pedagogueRenée Longy to teachsolfège. Mennin organized several new programs, such as Juilliard's Master Class Program and Doctoral Music Program.[m][45] Under Mennin, Juilliard's international reputation grew as several alumni won competitive international competitions.[n] In the 1950s, the school received international attention when alumnusVan Cliburn won theInternational Tchaikovsky Competition.[46]
In 1968, Mennin hiredJohn Houseman to manage the new Drama Division as director andMichel Saint-Denis as associate director and consultant.[47] The School's name was changed to The Juilliard School to reflect its broadened mission to educate musicians, dancers, directors, and actors.[34] The drama department first only trained actors, of which the first class graduated as Group 1 in 1972, but added playwrights and directors programs in the 1990s.[48] Houseman foundedThe Acting Company in 1972, which allowed Juilliard students to perform and tour throughout the country.[49] Also in 1972,Lila Acheson Wallace donated $5 million to Juilliard, which later named the Lila Acheson Wallace American Playwrights Program after her.[50][51]
Juilliard's longest-serving presidentJoseph W. Polisi (1984–2017), helped the school modernize by developing educational outreach, formalizing and expanding its music programs, establishing interdisciplinary programs and reforming the school's finances.[52][53] In 1991, Polisi founded the Music Advancement Program (MAP) to help underrepresented students affected bymusic education budget cuts throughoutpublic schools in New York.[o] Between 1990 and 1993, individual departments for all instruments and voice were established, the Meredith Wilson Residence Hall was built next to the school, salaries for teachers were increased, and the school hoped to accept fewer people and eventually cut 100 students to allow for more funding.[55] In 2001, the school established ajazz performance training program.[56]
By the end of the 20th century, Juilliard had established itself as a prestigious performing arts school. At the time, graduates comprised approximately 20 percent of theBig Five American Orchestras and half of theNew York Philharmonic. Juilliard's endowment nearly tripled over the 1980s, reaching a quarter billion in the mid-1990s. Despite high tuition, on average, over 90 percent of accepted students ended up attending the school.[55][57] In 1999, the Juilliard School was awarded theNational Medal of Arts and became the first educational institution to receive the award.[58][59]
In September 2005,Colin Davis conducted an orchestra that combined students from the Juilliard and London'sRoyal Academy of Music at the BBCProms,[60] and during 2008 the Juilliard Orchestra embarked on a successful tour of China, performing concerts as part of theCultural Olympiad in Beijing,Suzhou, and Shanghai under the expert leadership of MaestroXian Zhang.[61][62]
The school has received various gifts and donations since the 2000s.In 2006, Juilliard obtained a trove of precious music manuscripts from board chair and philanthropistBruce Kovner that make up the Juilliard Manuscript Collection.[63] PhilanthropistJames S. Marcus donated $10 million to the school to establish the Ellen and James S. Marcus Institute for Vocal Arts at the school in 2010.[64] In 2014, Kovner gave $60 million for the Kovner Fellowship Program to provide expenses for exceptionally gifted students.[65][66]
On September 28, 2015, the Juilliard School announced a major expansion intoTianjin during a visit by China's first lady,Peng Liyuan, the institution's first such full-scale foray outside the United States.[67] The school opened in 2020 and offers aMaster of Music degree program.[68][69]
In May 2017, retiredNew York City Ballet principal dancerDamian Woetzel was named president, replacing Joseph W. Polisi.[70] From March 2020 through the spring 2021 semester, the school switched to online classes and suspended live performances in response to theCOVID-19 pandemic.[71][72]
In June 2021, members of the student groupThe Socialist Penguins organized a protest against rising tuition costs after claiming that they "weren't being listened to" when meeting with president and provost about the tuition fees.[73][74] In September, the school's Evening Division was renamed to Juilliard Extension which would broaden to offer programs in person and online.[75] In December of the same year, a $50 million gift was given to the school's Music Advancement Program to help students of underrepresented backgrounds.[76]
Juilliard School Campus 1.Alice Tully Hall, 2. Irene Diamond Building, 3. Meredith Willson Residence Hall
The Juilliard School occupies a single main building, the Irene Diamond Building, in theLincoln Center for the Performing Arts, alongBroadway and W 65th Street. The Juilliard building contains several large studio rooms and performance venues, such as the Glorya Kaufman Dance Studio, Stephanie P. McClelland Drama Theater, Harold and Mimi Steinberg Drama Studio, the Judith Harris and Tony Woolfson Orchestral Studio, and Edwin and Nancy Marks Jazz Rehearsal Room. Recital halls include the Peter Jay Sharp Theater, Paul Recital Hall, and the Morse Recital Hall.[77][78] The building also houses theAlice Tully Hall, where theChamber Music Society of Lincoln Center performs.[79]
Adjacent to the Juilliard building is the Samuel B. & David Rose Building, which is the home of the school's Meredith Willson Residence Hall, named after the composer, conductor and Juilliard alumnusMeredith Willson.[80][81] The building consists of student dormitories, faculty suites, and studios for visiting artists.[82][83] and is also home to theSchool of American Ballet.[84]
Juilliard's leadership and administration consist of aboard of trustees,executive officers, and senioradministrators. The board of trustees includes approximately thirty members, with achair and two vice-chairs, and is responsible for appointing Juilliard's president and managing the school's business affairs.[85][86] Executive offices include the offices of the president andprovost. Four administrators serve each as dean and director of the dance, music, drama, and preparatory divisions. There is an additional director for the jazz program. Other academic subdivisions include the Ellen and James S. Marcus Institute for Vocal Arts and Lila Acheson Wallace Library. The vice president holds the position of chief advancement officer and manages the development of the school. Other administrative areas include the chief operating officer and corporate secretary, the public affairs office, and enrollment management and student development.[87]
Juilliard admits both degree program seekers and pre-college division students. The latter enter a conservatory program for younger students to develop their skills;[92] All applicants who wish to enroll in the Music Advancement Program, for the Pre-College Division, must perform an audition in person before members of the faculty and administration and must be between ages 8 and 18.
The Juilliard admissions program comprises several distinct steps. Applicants must submit a complete application, school transcripts, and recommendations;[93] some majors also require that applicants submit prescreening recordings of their work, which are evaluated as part of the application.[94] A limited number of applicants are then invited to a live audition,[93][94] sometimes with additional callbacks.[93] After auditions, the school invites select applicants to meet with a program administrator.
Admission to the Juilliard School is highly competitive, as it ranks among the most selective schools in the United States.[95][96] In 2007, the school received 2,138 applications for admission, of which 162 were admitted for a 7.6% acceptance rate.[97] For the fall semester of 2009, the school had an 8.0% acceptance rate.[98] In 2011, the school accepted 5.5% of applicants.[99] For Fall 2012, 2,657 undergraduate applicants were received by the college division and 7.2% were accepted. The 75th percentile accepted into Juilliard in 2012 had aGPA of 3.96 and anSAT score of 1350.[100]
A cross-registration program is available withColumbia University where Juilliard students who are accepted to the program are able to attend Columbia classes, and vice versa. The program is highly selective, admitting 10–12 students from Juilliard per year. Columbia students also have the option of pursuing an acceleratedMaster of Music degree at Juilliard and obtaining a bachelor's degree atBarnard or Columbia and an MM from Juilliard in five (or potentially six, for voice majors) years.[101]
The school offers courses in dance, drama, and music. All Bachelor's and Master's degree programs require credits fromLiberal Arts courses, which includeseminar classes on writing, literature, history, culture, gender, philosophy, environment, and modern languages.[102]
The Dance Division was established in 1951 by William Schuman with Martha Hill as its director. It offers aBachelor of Fine Arts or a Diploma.[103] Areas of study include ballet and modern and contemporary dance, with courses ranging from dance technique and performance to dance studies. Since its inception, the dance program has had a strong emphasis not only on performance but also on choreography and collaboration.[104]
The Drama Division was established in 1968 by the actorJohn Houseman andMichel Saint-Denis. Its acting programs offer a Bachelor of Fine Arts, a Diploma and, beginning in Fall 2012, aMaster of Fine Arts.[105] Until 2006, when James Houghton became director of the Drama Division, there was a "cut system" that would remove up to one-third of the second-year class. TheLila Acheson Wallace American Playwrights Program, begun in 1993, offers one-year, tuition-free, graduate fellowships; selected students may be offered a second-year extension and receive an Artist Diploma. TheAndrew W. Mellon Artist Diploma Program for Theatre Directors was a two-year graduate fellowship that began in 1995 (expanded to three years in 1997); this was discontinued in the fall of 2006.
The Music Division is the largest of the school's divisions. Available degrees areBachelor of Music or Diploma,Master of Music orGraduate Diploma, Artist Diploma andDoctor of Musical Arts.Academic majors arebrass, collaborative piano, composition,guitar,harp, historical performance,jazz studies, orchestralconducting,organ,percussion,piano,strings,voice, andwoodwinds. The largest music department is Juilliard's string department,[106] followed by the piano department.[107] The collaborative piano, historical performance, and orchestral conducting programs are solely at the graduate level; theopera studies and music performance subprograms only offer Artist Diplomas. The Juilliard Vocal Arts department now incorporates the former Juilliard Opera Center.
The school's non-degree diploma programs are for specialized training to advance a performer's professional career. These include undergraduate and graduate programs in dance, drama, and music. Musicians and performers can also complete Artist Diploma programs in jazz studies, performance, opera, playwriting, andstring quartet studies.[108]
The Pre-College Division teaches students enrolled in elementary,junior high, and high school. The Pre-College Division is conducted every Saturday from September to May in the Juilliard Building at Lincoln Center.[109]
All students studysolfège andmusic theory in addition to their primary instrument. Vocal majors must also study diction and performance. Similarly, pianists must study piano performance. String, brass and woodwind players, as well as percussionists, also participate in orchestra. The pre-college has two orchestras, the Pre-College Symphony (PCS) and the Pre-College Orchestra (PCO). Placement is by age and students may elect to study conducting, chorus, and chamber music.
The Pre-College Division began as the Preparatory Centers (later the Preparatory Division), part of the Institute of Musical Art since 1916. The Pre-College Division was established in 1969 with Katherine McC. Ellis as its first director. Olegna Fuschi served as director from 1975 to 1988. The Fuschi/Mennin partnership allowed the Pre-College Division to thrive, affording its graduates training at the highest artistic level (with many of the same teachers as the college division), as well as their own commencement ceremony and diplomas. In addition to Fuschi, directors of Juilliard's Pre-College Division have included composer Dr.Andrew Thomas. The current director of the Pre-College Division is Yoheved Kaplinsky.
The Center for Innovation in the Arts (CIA), formerly called the Music Technology Center, at the Juilliard School was created in 1993 to provide students with the opportunity to usedigital technology in the creation and performance of new music. Since then, the program has expanded to include a wide offering of classes such as, Introduction toMusic Technology,Music Production,Film scoring, Computers In Performance and an Independent Study In Composition.[110]
In 2009, the Music Technology Center moved to a new, state of the art facility that includes a mix and record suite and a digital "playroom" for composing and rehearsing with technology. Together with the Willson Theater, the Center for Innovation in the Arts is the home of interdisciplinary and electro-acoustic projects and performances at the Juilliard School.
The Juilliard School has about 275 pianos, of which 231 are Steinway grand pianos. It is one of the world's largest collections ofSteinway and Son's pianos in the space of concert halls and practice rooms.[111][112]
Pipe organs at Juilliard include those byHoltkamp (III/57, III/44, II/7),Schoenstein (III/12),Flentrop (II/17),Noack (II/3) and Kuhn (IV/85), which are located in various practice rooms and recital halls.[113][114]
The strings department allows students to borrow valuable historic stringed instruments for special concerts and competitions. There are more than 200 such stringed instruments, including several byAntonio Stradivari andGiuseppe Guarneri del Gesù.[115][116]
The Lila Acheson Wallace Library is the main library at Juilliard that holds study scores, performance and sound recordings, books, and videos. The school's archives include manuscript collections with digitizedholographs. The library has over 87,000 musical scores and 25,000 sound recordings. The Peter Jay Sharp Special Collections features theIgor andSoulima Stravinsky Collection, theArthur Gold and Robert Fizdale Collection, and theEugène Ysaÿe Collection.[117][12]
Manuscript of Beethoven'sGrosse Fuge for piano four hands, part of the Juilliard Manuscript Collection
The school acquired the Juilliard Manuscript Collection in 2006, which includes autograph scores, sketches, composer-emended proofs and first editions of major works byMozart,Bach,Beethoven,Brahms,Schumann,Chopin,Schubert,Liszt,Ravel,Stravinsky,Copland, and other composers of the classical music canon. Many of the manuscripts had been unavailable for generations. Among the items are the printer's manuscript of Beethoven'sNinth Symphony, complete with Beethoven's handwritten amendments, that was used for the first performance inVienna in 1824; Mozart's autograph of the wind parts of the final scene ofThe Marriage of Figaro; Beethoven's arrangement of his monumentalGroße Fuge for piano four hands; Schumann's working draft of hisSymphony No. 2; and manuscripts of Brahms'sSymphony No. 2 andPiano Concerto No. 2. The entire collection has since been digitized and can be viewed online.[118][119]
Juilliard consistently ranks as one of the top performing arts schools in the world. Since QS first published itsQS World University Rankings for the subjectperforming arts in 2016, Juilliard held the top spot among academic institution for performing arts for six years.[120] The school dropped its ranking to third place in 2022, falling behind theRoyal College of Music and theUniversity of Music and Performing Arts Vienna. As part of Juilliard's ranking criteria for 2022, the school scored 100 out of 100 for academic reputation and 69.2 for employer reputation for an overall score of 93.8. Juilliard and theCurtis Institute of Music were the only two American conservatories that made the top 10 in the 2022 QS World Rankings in performing arts.[121][122] In another report,The Hollywood Reporter ranked the school first among drama schools in the world in 2021.[123] According to the Hollywood Reporter's 2022 listing of the top-ranked music schools in the world, Juilliard ranked fourth.[124]
The Juilliard School enrolled 492 full-time undergraduates, 114 part-time undergraduates and 374 graduate students as of the 2019–2020 school year. Women made up 47% of all the students enrolled. The retention rate for that academic year was 94%. That same year, Juilliard awarded 116 Bachelor's Degrees and 140 Master's Degrees and had a graduation rate of 94%. Of the undergraduate degrees, 87 were in music, 20 in dance, and nine in drama. The school conferred 132 Master of Music Degrees and eight Master of Fine Arts Degrees in drama.[126][127][128]
Juilliard has made efforts to diversify its student body and program. In 2001, the conservatory introduced a Jazz Studies Program, whichWynton Marsalis currently directs.[129][56] The school launched an Equity, Diversity, Inclusion, and Belonging (EDIB) initiative in 2018, which includes a task force and provides workshops for all faculty and staff. Student Diversity Initiatives provide students forums and activities to educate the community on diversity, internationalism, culture and social justice.[130] In the same year,Alicia Graf Mack, who previously danced with theDance Theatre of Harlem, became the school's first black dance director.[131] The school has recently invested in funding for minority students and schoolchildren to address inequalities.[132] However, some have criticized the school's lack of diversity in its faculty and curriculum and focus on primarilyWestern Classical Music.[133][134]
The Juilliard Black Student Union (JBSU) was founded in the fall of 2016.[135] A group of students established the Alliance for Latin American & Spanish Students (ALAS) in the summer of 2018.[136] The political organization, the Socialist Penguins, was created in 2021 to encourage "anti-capitalist and anti-racist discussions."[137] Other Juilliard clubs include the Juilliard Chinese Student & Scholars Association (J-CSSA), the Juilliard Christian Fellowship (JCF) and the Juilliard Green Club, among others.[138][139] Juilliard does not have anyfraternities or sororities.[140]
In the 1980s, Juilliard students assembled anice hockey team called the Fighting Penguins to compete against a faculty team. The naming of the teams became the first usage of the penguin as the school's mascot. Later in the 1980s, the school had several running and racing events and atennis team from the 1970s to 1990s. Today, there is a faculty-staff softball team and the student Juilliard Volleyball Club. However, novarsity teams play for the school.[141]
Morse Hall, one of the performing spaces inside the Juilliard School
The Juilliard School has a variety of ensembles, includingchamber music,jazz, orchestras, and vocal/choral groups. Juilliard's orchestras include the Juilliard Orchestra, the Juilliard Chamber Orchestra, the Wind Orchestra, the New Juilliard Ensemble, the Juilliard Theatre Orchestra, and the Conductors' Orchestra.[142][143] The Axiom Ensemble is a student directed and managed group dedicated to well-known 20th-century works.[144]
Established in 2003, the Juilliard Electric Ensemble allows all students to use multi-media technology to produce and perform works. The ensemble has performed works that incorporate new technology by many contemporary composers.[145]
In addition, Juilliard resident ensembles, which feature faculty members, perform frequently at the school. These groups include theJuilliard String Quartet and theAmerican Brass Quintet, which are American ensembles that perform throughout the United States and abroad.[146][147]
^During the first decade of the 20th century, there were over fortyconservatories in the United States. Unlike in Europe, these schools were privately funded, often relied on tuition or donations, and did not receive funding from the government. In the 1850s and 1860s,George Peabody had provided significant funding and endowment for thePeabody Institute (Peabody Conservatory of Music) in Baltimore. This funding included an initial gift of $300,000 and over $1,000,000 donated over twelve years. In 1905,James Loeb provided the Institute of Musical Art with an endowment of $500,000, the largest single, one-time endowment gift for a music school until that time.[11]
^Damrosch visited several European conservatories to learn about their pedagogy and administration and observed that many lacked discipline or unified instruction. Damrosch wanted to form a school that trained musicians in the technicalities of their instruments and provided a comprehensive musical education with mandatory courses.[12]
^Members of the original faculty included notable figures such as members of the internationally knownKneisel Quartet,Sigismund Stojowski,Etelka Gerster,Georg Henschel,Georges Barrère,Gaston Dethier andPercy Goetschius. The school offered courses in voice culture, ear training, sight-singing, chorus, stringed instruments, organ, theory and composition, orchestral instruments, languages (French, German, Italian), and pedagogy. Walter Damrosch conducted the orchestra and chorus and taught sight-singing, ear training, and pedagogy courses.[9][14]
^The Juilliard Graduate School's first faculty members included well-known individuals likeErnst von Dohnányi,George Enescu,Rubin Goldmark,Paul Kochanski,Josef Lhevinne,César Thomson,Felix Salmond,Olga Samaroff andMarcella Sembrich. The school only offered fellowships to select students. However, it did not have a charter until 1930 and was not officially a graduate school. Further, the press heavily criticized the Juilliard Musical Foundation and Eugene Noble for mismanagement of its large endowment, arbitrary policies, and excessive interference in the school.[18][19]
^Under Ernest Hutcheson, the Juilliard Graduate School developed a strings orchestra and opera program thatAlbert Stoessel directed. Several students would go on to perform lead roles at theMetropolitan Opera. The Graduate School attempted to influence the Met and developed the Metropolitan Popular Season that showcased modern American works, but its influence only lasted a few years.[24][25]
^William Schuman, a graduate fromColumbia's Teachers College (BS 1935, MA 1937), attended the Juilliard Summer School in 1932, 1933 and 1936. While attending Juilliard Summer School, he developed a personal dislike for traditional music theory and ear training curricula, finding little value incounterpoint anddictation. When Schuman became president, he brought several new teachers to the school, including violinistIvan Galamian, pianistBeveridge Webster, cellistLeonard Rose, and conductorJean Morel.[28]
^The school had about 1,400 students in 1945, which decreased to 600 students at the end of Schuman's tenure in 1961. After World War II, more than 500 were supported by theG.I. Bill.[29][30]
^The Juilliard Graduate School previously allowed students from Australia to enter the school since the former president Ernest Hutcheson was from Australia. In 1946, about 52 international students enrolled in Juilliard, making up 2 percent of the student population. The two most represented countries were Canada and Australia. In 1950, the percentage of international was 8.5 percent, with many students coming from Israel. Later Japanese and Korean students would make up the most significant portion of internationals.[32]
^The general mandate was "to give the student an awareness of the dynamic nature of the materials of music". The quality and degree of each student's education in harmony, music history, or ear training depended on how each composer-teacher decided to interpret this mandate. In the first couple of years, students from all musical backgrounds would study together and obtain a general survey of music materials and literature. Later years would focus on the literature specific to one's musical instrument or area of study.[33]
^The construction of Lincoln Center began in 1959. However, the new Juilliard school building was only completed in 1969, even though it was one of the first structures to be included in the design of Lincoln Center. Many factors contributed to this delay, such as the complexity of the building (with soundproof rooms and various-sized rooms having to be fit together), excessive engineering and material costs, and land disputes. The total cost of Lincoln Center amounted to $185 million, of which nearly $30 million was for the new Juilliard school complex.[40]
^Mennin additionally started the American Opera Center, Conductors' Training Program, Contemporary Music Festival, Playwrights' Program and the Theater Center. Mennin brought several notable composers to teach at Juilliard, includingRoger Sessions,Elliott Carter andDavid Diamond.[44]
^That year, 40 students from across Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, and the Bronx successfully auditioned and were chosen to participate in the program. Like the pre-college division, it is a Saturday program.[54]
^abRice, Edwin (April 1939). "A Tribute to Frank Damrosch (June 22, 1859 – October 22, 1937)".The Musical Quarterly.25 (2). Oxford University Press:128–134.
^Knight, Gladys (August 11, 2014).Pop Culture Places: An Encyclopedia of Places in American Popular Culture. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 467.
"Andrea Olmstead papers, 1970–2013", Music Division,New York Public Library. Olmstead's papers hold the research she carried out for her book on Juilliard, and include recorded interviews with various faculty, former students, and staff.
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![Henry Mancini, film composer and conductor (entered 1942, drafted for WWII)[156]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aHenry_Mancini.jpg)
![Miles Davis, jazz musician, trumpeter, bandleader, composer (entered Juilliard 1944)[157]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aMiles_Davis_by_Palumbo_cropped.jpg)
![Van Cliburn, classical pianist (Diploma, 1954)[158][159]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aVan_Cliburn_1966b.jpg)
![Nina Simone, singer, songwriter, pianist, and civil rights activist (entered Juilliard 1950)[160][161]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aNina_Simone_1965_-_restoration1.jpg)
![Leontyne Price, operatic soprano (Special Studies 1952)[162][163]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aLeontyne_Price_(color)_by_Jack_Mitchell.jpg)
![John Williams, film composer, conductor and pianist (entered Juilliard 1955)[164]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aJohn_Williams_tux.jpg)
![Chick Corea, jazz composer and pianist (entered Juilliard 1960)[165][166]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aChick_Corea_(ZMF_2019)_IMGP8025_(cropped).jpg)
![Philip Glass, composer and pianist (BM, 1960, MS in composition 1962)[167]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aPhilip_Glass_in_Florence%2c_Italy_-_1993.jpg)
![Marvin Hamlisch, composer and conductor, EGOT recipient (Pre-College, 1963)[168]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aOfficial_2011_Marvin_Hamlisch.jpg)
![James Levine, conductor and pianist (Graduated 1964)[169][170]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aJames_Levine_2013.jpg)
![Pinchas Zukerman, violinist (Professional Studies, 1969)[171]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aPinchas_Zukerman%2c_cropped.jpg)
![Yo-Yo Ma, cellist (Pre-College, 1971; Professional Studies, 1972)[172][173]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aMX_MM_YO-YOMA_(cropped).jpg)
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