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Thejudiciary of Serbia (Serbian:правосуђе Србије,romanized: pravosuđe Srbije) is a branch of thegovernment of Serbia that interprets and applies thelaws of Serbia, ensuringequal justice under law, and to provide a mechanism fordispute resolution. The legal system of Serbia is acivil law system, historically influenced byGermanic and, to a lesser degree,French law, as well asYugoslav law, but in the process of theaccession of Serbia to the European Union, the legal system is being completely harmonised withEuropean Union law. TheConstitution of Serbia provides for an independent judiciary, led by the Supreme Court. TheMinistry of Justice handles the administration of judiciary, including paying salaries and constructing new courthouses, as well as administering the prison system.
The judiciary of Serbia is a three-tiered system of courts with theSupreme Court (Serbian:Врховни суд,romanized: Vrhovni sud) standing at the highest tier. The Supreme Court is the highest court of appeal andcourt of cassation for both types of jurisdiction that exist (courts of general jurisdiction and courts of special jurisdiction).[1]
There are two different jurisdictions:
If a matter is not assigned to courts of special jurisdiction specifically (by legislation), it is to be dealt by the courts of general jurisdiction.[2] There are two tiers of courts of general jurisdiction:
There are three types of courts of special jurisdiction: misdemeanor courts, commercial courts and administrative court.[2]
The most important actors in all proceedings are professional judges and advocates, while in criminal trials also public prosecutors.
The judges (sudije) are indeed the central figure of the Serbian judiciary, as only his/her position is defined by the Constitution itself. There is no such thing asjury in Serbian courts and the judge himself (or a panel of judges) decides both the verdict and the sentence.
Serbia has a system of career judiciary. The law requires a judge to be a graduate of a law school, a person with full integrity (no criminal record) and states the position is incompatible with political functions. Judges are appointed for life by the High Magistrate Council and cannot normally be recalled.
TheHigh Magistrate Council (Serbian:Високи савет судства,romanized: Visoki savet sudstva) consists of eleven members, specifically sixjudges, nominated and elected by judges of the courts of all instances; four "distinguished lawyers", and the President of the Supreme Court, for five-year terms (with the exception of the President of the Supreme Court). It appoints all judges and court presidents and decides on disciplinary proceedings concerning all judges.[3][4]
The public prosecutors (javni tužioci) and deputy public prosecutors (zamenici javnog tužioca) are entitled of bringing a criminal procedure action. They all form the public prosecutor office (javno tužilaštvo) which represents the state in criminal procedures. The office is led by theSupreme Public Prosecution Office (Serbian:Врховно јавно тужилаштво,romanized: Vrhovno javno tužilaštvo) headed by the Supreme Public Prosecutor, and assisted by lower-rankingappellate public prosecution offices (аpelaciona javna tužilaštva),high public prosecution offices (visoka javna tužilaštva), andbasic public prosecution offices (osnovna javna tužilaštva). There are also three specialized public prosecutors offices:Public Prosecutors Office for the Organized Crime (Serbian:Тужилаштво за организовани криминал,romanized: Tužilaštvo za organizovani kriminal),Public Prosecutors Office for the War Crimes (Serbian:Тужилаштво за ратне злочине,romanized: Tužilaštvo za ratne zločine), andPublic Prosecutors Office for the High Technological Crime (Serbian:Тужилаштво за високотехнолошки криминал,romanized: Tužilaštvo za visokotehnološki kriminal).
The public prosecutors and deputy public prosecutors are appointed for a four-year term by theHigh Prosecutorial Council (Serbian:Високи савет тужилаштва,romanized: Visoki savet tužilaštva). It consists of eleven members, specifically five public prosecutors/deputy public prosecutors, nominated and elected by public prosecutors/deputy public prosecutors of the public prosecutors offices of all instances; four "distinguished lawyers", the Supreme Public Prosecutor and the Minister of Justice, for five-year terms (with the exception of the Supreme Public Prosecutor and the Minister of Justice). It appoints all judges and court presidents and decides on disciplinary proceedings concerning all judges.[5]
The advocates (advokati) are all legally educated persons providing legal representation in court as well as giving legal advice. To be allowed to legally practise law in Serbia, an advocate must first obtain a master's degree from a faculty of law, a prospectiveadvocate must complete 3 years of professional training crowned by passing thebar examination. He/she must then become a member of theBar Association of Serbia (Serbian:Адвокатска комора Србије,romanized: Advokatska komora Srbije).
Other legal professions exist, not directly involved in court proceedings –notaries (javni beležnici) andbailiffs (javni izvršitelji).
The Serbia has a legal system of the continental type, rooted in Germanic legal culture. The main source of law is written legislature. The form of court proceeding is prescribed in the laws of criminal, civil and administrative procedure, respectively. The legal force of different Serbian legal sources is hierarchical.
Court proceedings are oral and public, with exceptions stated by law (juvenile justice). Theprocedure is based oninquisitorial system with features of the adversarial system. There is no jury.
For criminal procedure, the chief regulation is the Law of Criminal Procedure. It sets out the role of the bodies involved in criminal proceedings (namely the police, the public prosecutor, and the court) while preparing the prosecution, such as interviewing the witnesses and gathering evidence. It also sets out procedures forcriminal charge,trial, andappeal process with separate procedure for minors.
The civil procedure, the chief regulation is the Law of Civil Procedure.
The administrative court procedure, regulated by the Law of Administrative Judicial Procedure deals with claims of natural and legal persons, who seek protection from illegal decisions or action of public authorities. While in many respects similar to civil procedure, the administrative judicial procedure is different in that the defendant here is not an entity of private law, but a state body. Not being a legal person, such a state body could not be sued otherwise.