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Judgement (orjudgment)[1] is theevaluation of given circumstances tomake a decision. Judgement is also the ability to make considered decisions.[citation needed]
In an informal context, a judgement isopinion expressed as fact. In logic, judgements assert the truth ofstatements. In the context of a legaltrial, a judgement is a final finding, statement or ruling, based on evidence, rules and precedents, calledadjudication (seeJudgment (law)). In the context ofpsychology, judgment informally references the quality of a person'scognitive faculties and adjudicational capabilities, typically calledwisdom. In formal psychology, judgement and decision making (JDM) is a cognitive process by which individuals reason, make decisions, and form opinions and beliefs.[2][3]
Incognitive psychology (and related fields likeexperimental philosophy,social psychology,behavioral economics, orexperimental economics), judgement is part of a set of cognitive processes by which individuals reason, make decisions, and form beliefs and opinions (collectively, judgement and decision making, abbreviated JDM). This involves evaluating information, weighing evidence, making choices, and coming to conclusions. Judgements are often influenced bycognitive biases,heuristics, prior experience, social context, abilities (e.g.,numeracy, probabilistic thinking), and psychological traits (e.g., tendency towardanalytical reasoning). In research, theSociety for Judgment and Decision Making is an international academic society dedicated to the topic; they publish the peer-reviewed journalJudgment and Decision Making.
The power or faculty of judgement may be used to render judgements, in seeking to understand ideas and the things they represent, by means of ratiocination, using good or poor discernment or judgement. Each use of the word judgement has a different sense, corresponding to the triad of mental power, act, and habit.[citation needed]
Whether habits can be classified or studied scientifically, and whether there is such a thing ashuman nature[relevant?], are ongoing controversies.[citation needed]
Aristotle observed that the ability to judge takes two forms: making assertions and thinking about definitions. He defined these powers in distinctive terms. Making an assertion as a result of judging can affirm or deny something; it must be either true or false. In a judgement, one affirms a given relationship between two things, or one denies a relationship between two things exists. The kinds of definitions that are judgements are those that are the intersection of two or more ideas rather than those indicated only by usual examples — that is, constitutive definitions.[citation needed]
Later Aristotelians, likeMortimer Adler, questioned whether "definitions of abstraction" that come from merging examples in one's mind are really analytically distinct from judgements. The mind may automatically tend to form a judgement upon having been given such examples.[citation needed]
In informal use, words like "judgement" are often used imprecisely, even when keeping them separated by the triad of power, act, and habit.[citation needed]
Aristotle observed that while propositions can be drawn from judgements and called "true" and "false", the objects that the terms try to represent are only "true" or "false"—with respect to the judging act or communicating that judgement—in the sense of "well-chosen" or "ill-chosen".[citation needed]
TheLast Judgement is a significant concept in theAbrahamic religions (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam), and also found in theFrashokereti of Zoroastrianism.[citation needed]
Jesus warned about judging others in theSermon on the Mount: "Do not judge, so that you may not be judged." (Matthew 7:1–5).[citation needed]
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