Judeo-Kashani (Hebrew:"כאשאנית יהודית") also Also known as "Kashi", is a variety ofJudeo-Iranian spoken by theJews ofKashan (Kāšān). Diachronically, Judeo-Kashani is a Median language,^[2] belonging to the Northeast branch of theCentral Plateau Language Group^[3] spoken acrossCentral Iran.

Judeo-Kashani is distinct fromPersian (andJudeo-Persian for that matter) and bears typological similarity to the varieties spoken by Jewish communities in other cities such asHamadan andIsfahan. Owing to the quick disappearance of the Jewish community from Kashan in the mid-twentieth century, Judeo-Kashani is only spoken by elder Kashani Jewish immigrants in North America andIsrael, and it is moribund.^[4][5]

Kashani Jews currently use Persian as their native language. Those in diaspora are exposed toEnglish inNorth America andHebrew in Israel, to which new generations are shifting. The Jewish community of Kashan, like other Persian Jews.,^[6] historically (until the 1930s) wrote in Judeo-Persian for religious, literary, and economic purposes. Judeo-Persian is simply the Persian language written in Hebrew script; it should not therefore be confused with Judeo-Kashani, which belongs to the Median branch of Iranian languages^[7]

The term Jidi was the endomic name of Judeo-Kashani; this term has nothing to do with Judeo-Persian (a confusion practiced by various authoritative references, including Ethnologue).^[7]

Nearly all of the cities in central Iran, including Kashan, had sizable Jewish populations before the mid-twentieth century, and these populations spoke their own varieties distinct from their non-Jewish, Persian-speaking neighbors. For example, while the Persian gloss for cat isgorbeh, the corresponding gloss in Judeo-Kashani ismel, which is identical to the glosses inJudeo-Isfahani andJudeo-Hamedani. The similarities between Judeo-Kashani, Judeo-Isfahani, and Judeo-Hamedani, and their differences from Persian, can be explained by the extensive historical contact and ties between the Jewish communities in Central Iran.^[7]

Following the mass emigration of Jews from Central Iran toTehran and abroad, the Jewish population of Kashan dropped drastically from thousands in the 1940s to being gone by the end of the twentieth century.^[8] Now, Judeo-Kashani is only spoken by elder Kashani Jewish immigrants in North America and Israel, and it is moribund. According to Dr.Habib Borjian, a specialist in Iranian dialects and languages such as Judeo-Kashani, there are only dozens of Judeo-Kashani speakers, and with its speakers dispersed and opportunities to use it lost, Judeo-Kashani is close to completely vanishing.^[9] Most speakers now live in Israel or the United States, and they have shifted to using standard Persian or the dominant languages local to where they live.^[10] To document Judeo-Kashani and other endangered Jewish languages of Iran, organizations like theEndangered Language Alliance and theJewish Language Project are working to film speakers and preserve their linguistic traditions.^[11]

Owing to the little existing documentation of Judeo-Kashani, as well as its endangered status, not much is known about its linguistic features. Judeo-Kashani is attested to have the vowels /i/, /e/, /a/, /u/, /o/, and /â/ – similar to Persian. The diphthongs are /aw/, /ow/, åw/, /eu/, /ay/, /ey/. Diphthongs are typically split when suffixed by a vowel in anezafe construction, as seen through the alternation betweenxåu ('sleep') vs.xåv-i ('of sleep'). The constants of Judeo-Kashani are also similar to Persian, and they include /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /č/, /j/, /k/, /g/, /ḡ~q/, /f/, /v/, /s/, /z/, /š/, /x/, /h/, /m/, /n/, /r/, /l/, and /y/.^[4]

Judeo-Kashani has both independent and enclitic pronouns. The enclitic pronouns are divided into two sets. Set I enclitics are used for intransitive verbs in the past tense as well as verbs in the present tense, and they ordinarily appear after the verb stem. Set II enclitics are used as agent markers for transitive verbs in the past tense, and they appear before the verb stem. The resulting differences in the morphology of intransitive verbs (with Set I enclitics following the stem) and transitive verbs (with Set II enclitics preceding the stem) is characteristic of anergative construction, which Judeo-Kashani has retained.^[4]

Demonstratives includei ('this'),u ('that'),itå ('this very'),utå ('that very'),índe/énde ('here'),uyå ('there'),yåhå/iåhå ('these'), anduyåhå ('those') – the latter two of which are the third person plural independent pronouns. In terms of prepositions, they includeber ('on'),der ('in'),dim ('on'),pali ('by, near'),ru ('on, in'),vå/bå ('with'),vase ('for'),ver(-e) ('at, by, near'), andxode ('with').^[4]

Judeo-Kashani verbs are marked for person, through the enclitic pronouns above, and tense. Simple tenses include thepresent indicative,subjunctive,preterite,imperfect, andperfect. Thefuture tense is formed by combining the stem-kem and the main verb's past stem. For example, the future tense of the verbvåt ('to say') iskem-u våt ('he will say'). Judeo-Kashani also has preverbs, which areder-/dar-/da:-,vå-/va-, andver-. Their function is to semantically modify the verb stem. For example, the verbāmed- ('come') can combine with the preverbder- to mean 'come in', or withbar- to mean 'come out'. To negate verbs, there is the prohibitive markermé, as inmeke ('do not!'). There is also the negative markerné, as inne-dår-om ('I have not', present indicative).^[4]

The following text is an excerpt from a set of letters written by local Jewish residents of Kashan, collected byValentin Zhukovski in the mid-1880s.

• Oral history in Judeo-Kashani

• Western Iranian languages
• Jewish languages
• Languages of Iran
• Languages of Israel
• Endangered languages of Iran
• Endangered Iranian languages

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