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Israel 𐤉𐤔𐤓𐤀𐤋‎
66 CE–68 CE
A coin issued by the rebels in 68, notePaleo-Hebrew alphabet.[1]Obverse: "Shekel, Israel. Year 3."Reverse: "Jerusalem the Holy"
Judaea and the Galilee in the first century
Status	Unrecognized state (66 CE–68 CE)
Capital	Jerusalem
Common languages	Old Aramaic (official),[2] Koine Greek Biblical Hebrew (liturgical)
Religion	Second Temple Judaism
Demonym	Judean
Government	Provisional government
Head of State
• 66–68 CE	Joseph ben Gurion
Historical era	First Jewish-Roman War
• Proclaimed	66 CE
• Zealot coup in Jerusalem	68 CE
Currency	Shekel
Today part of	Israel Palestine

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TheJudean provisional government is ahistoriographical name for the short-livedde facto governing entity inJudea, which was established during theGreat Jewish Revolt in the year 66 CE by Judean rebel forces of thePharisee andSadducee parties.^[3][4] It aimed to create and govern a fullJewish state, although its influence was concentrated inJerusalem.^{[5][better source needed]} The government functioned until theZealot coup in the year 68 CE, when most of its leaders were massacred in the inter-rebel struggle.^[6][7][8]

Following theBattle of Beth Horon which saw the defeat ofGallus in 66 CE, an assembly of the people was called under the spiritual guidance ofSimeon ben Gamliel, and thus the Judean provisional government was formed inJerusalem.^[9]Ananus ben Ananus, the formerHigh Priest of Israel, was appointed one of the heads of the government and began reinforcing the city, withJoshua ben Gamla also taking a leading role.^{[5][better source needed]}Yosef ben Matityahu was appointed the commander inGalilee andGolan, while Yosef ben Shimon was appointed commander ofJericho.^[10] John the Issene was appointed commander of Jaffa, Lydda, Ammeus-Nikopolis and the whole Tamna area.^[10]Eleazar ben Hanania was appointed the joint commander inEdom together with Joshua ben Zafia, with Niger the Perean, a hero during the Gallus campaign, under their command. Menasseh was appointed to cover Perea and Yohanan ben Hananiya allocated Gophna and Acrabetta.^[10]

According toCecil Roth, the new government began almost immediately to mint silver coins which, although they were "not distinguished either in design or execution," were of symbolic importance in the struggle for independence both because they were devoid of the name, reign year and image of the Roman emperor, and because they were made of silver. Silver coinage was the privilege of Imperial mints; the bronze coins that provinces were allowed to mint were a symbol of the subjugation of provinces to Rome.^[11] There is broad scholarly agreement that coins issued by the Judean government during the Revolt use an archaic Hebrew script and Jewish symbols including pomegranate buds,lulavs,etrogs, and phrases including "Shekel of Israel," and "The Freedom of Zion" (חרות ציון Herut Zion), as political statements intended to rally support for independence.^[12]

The provisional government became obsolete in the year 68, when inter-rebel strife led to the killing of most of its members. According to the historianJosephus, Ananus incited the people to rise up against theZealots who were in control of theTemple. The forces of Ananus besieged the Zealots who held the Temple. WhenJohn of Gischala led the Zealots to believe that Ananus had contacted the Roman generalVespasian for assistance in retaking control of all Jerusalem, the Zealots, driven to desperation, asked theIdumeans for assistance in preventing the delivery of the city to the Romans. When the Edomites arrived, the Zealots opened the gates of Jerusalem to them, and the Edomites slaughtered ben Hanan (Ananus ben Ananus) and his forces.^[13]

After freeing the Zealots from the Temple, the Edomites and Zealots massacred the common people. Remnants of the rebel government summoned the peasant faction headed bySimon bar Giora toJerusalem, in order to stand against the rampaging Zealots. While the charismatic Bar Giora took over much of the city, he did not attempt to restore the government, rather ruling by himself in a despotic manner. Bitter fighting between Zealot factions and Bar Giora continued until the Roman siege of 70 CE.^{[citation needed]}

The rebel Judean government was not recognized at any time by theRoman Empire and in fact enjoyed limited recognition amongst the rebel factions. The Jerusalem-based rebel government had little authority in the Galilee, where locals were not satisfied with the fact that a non-local, Joseph ben Matityahu, was appointed a regional commander, marginalizingJohn of Gischala andJustus of Tiberias, who rejected his authority.^[14] Furthermore, the Judean-based Zealots, the peasantry and most Idumean factions were never under the direct control of the government. TheKingdom of Adiabene however did provide direct support to it, dispatching significant supplies and some 500 armed men in support.

• Revolutionaries in the First Century

• 60s establishments in the Roman Empire
• 60s disestablishments in the Roman Empire
• States and territories established in the 60s
• States and territories disestablished in the 1st century
• First Jewish–Roman War
• Jewish nationalism
• Former unrecognized countries
• Judea (Roman province)
• Pharisees
• Provisional governments

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