| Judaeo-Portuguese | |
|---|---|
| Judeu-Português יהודי-פורטוגזית | |
| Native to | Portugal,Netherlands,Germany (Hamburg),England,Japan,North America,Brazil |
| Extinct | estimated early 19th century[citation needed] fewer than 2,000 users in a limited liturgical context |
| Dialects |
|
| Latin (Portuguese alphabet),Hebrew alphabetArabic script | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | None |
Judaeo-Portuguese,Jewish-Portuguese orJudaeo-Lusitanic, is an extinctJewish language or a dialect ofGalician-Portuguese written in theHebrew alphabet that was used by theJews ofPortugal.[1]
It was the vernacular ofSephardi Jews inPortugal before the 16th century and also in many places of the Portuguese Jewish diaspora. Its texts were written in theHebrew script (aljamiado português) or theLatin alphabet.[2]
As Portuguese Jews intermarried with other expelled Sephardim, the language influenced the nearbyJudeo-Spanish. Close similarity to StandardPortuguese made Judeo-Portuguese go extinct in Portugal,[1]having survived in everyday usage in the diaspora until the late 18th/early 19th century.[citation needed]Judeo-Portuguese influenced thePapiamento andSaramaccan languages.[citation needed]
The earliest known text containing Judeo-Portuguese text is a manuscript from 1262 about illuminating manuscripts calledO livro de como se fazem as cores.[3][self-published source] After the Jewish exodus from Portugal in 1497 many Portuguese Jews would flee to theDutch Republic and Judeo-Portuguese would intake much Dutch influence.[4] This same exodus would cause the language to spread to theTurkish Jewish community.[4] It would go extinct in the early 19th century, though since then has only been used liturgically.[3][self-published source]
The oldest text containing Judeo-Portuguese is a manuscript from 1262 about illuminating manuscripts calledO livro de como se fazem as cores.[3] During the 15th century several texts including one about medical astrology and a prayer book.[4] Even until today is it still used liturgically but only by very few people.[3]
The decline of Judeo-Portuguese would begin with the introduction of public schooling. Eventually declining to home use before finally only being used liturgically.[4]
There existed several dialects of Judeo-Portuguese divided into 2 categories referred to as Peninsular Judeo-Portuguese and Emigre Judeo-Portuguese, though the differences between them are unclear.[4]
| Judaeo-Portuguese | Modern Portuguese | English meaning |
|---|---|---|
| algũa/אלגומה | alguma | any |
| angora/אנגורהا | agora | now |
| dous/דוס | dois | two |
| hũa/הוא | uma | a, an, one |
| Judeo-Portuguese | Hebrew | English meaning |
|---|---|---|
| קדוש/kadoš | קדוש/kadosh | holy |
| ישיבה/ješiva | ישיבה/yeshiva | Religious School |
| מַצָּה/macá | מַצָּה/matzah | ritual bread |
| מִצְוָה/micvá | מִצְוָה/mitzvah | commandments |
| ראש/roš | ראש/rosh | head |
| ראשים/rašim | ראשים/rashim | heads |
| ראש השנה/roš hašaná | ראש השנה/rosh hashanah | Jewish New Year |
| שבת/šabá | שבת/Shabbat | Saturday |
| צדקה/cedaká | צדקה/tzedakah | charity |
| קְהִלָה/kejlá | קְהִלָה/qehila | congregation |
| קידוש/kiduš | קידוש/kiddush | blessing over the wine |
| טבה/tevá | טבה/tevah | central platform in the synagogue |
| Judaeo-Portuguese | Portuguese | Judaeo-Spanish (Ladino) | English meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| aj | há | ay | there is |
| Dio | Deus (arch. Deo) | Dio | God |
| manim | mãos | manos | hands |
| Judeo-Portuguese | Greek | English meaning |
|---|---|---|
| esnoga | συναγωγη/synagogē | synagogue |
Judeo-Portuguese has influenced several languages. These include Balkan dialects ofLadino, and Portuguese.[5]
| Judeo Portuguese | Judeo Portuguese (transliterated) | English |
|---|---|---|
| או ליברו די מג׳יקה | O Livro De Magica | The Book of Magic |
| N/A | A todos nossos Irmãos, prezos pela Inquisição | To all our brethren confined by the Inquisition |