After beginning his career insitcoms, Whedon wrote the poorly received horror comedy filmBuffy the Vampire Slayer (1992) – which he later adapted into the acclaimed television series of the same name – co-wrote thePixar animated filmToy Story (1995), and wrote the science fiction horror filmAlien Resurrection (1997). After achieving success as a television showrunner, Whedon returned to film to write and direct theFirefly film continuationSerenity (2005), to co-write and produce the horror comedy filmThe Cabin in the Woods (2012), and to write and direct theShakespeare adaptationMuch Ado About Nothing (2012). For theMarvel Cinematic Universe, Whedon wrote and directed the ensemble superhero filmThe Avengers (2012) and its sequelAvengers: Age of Ultron (2015). He also co-wrote theDC Extended Universe superhero filmJustice League (2017), for which he also served as director for re-shoots, replacingZack Snyder (who retained directorial credit).
Whedon has also worked as a composer (notably for theBuffy the Vampire Slayer musical episode "Once More, with Feeling" andDr. Horrible's Sing-Along Blog) and comic book writer, both for comic book continuations of television series he created and for established franchises, such asAstonishing X-Men. Beginning in July 2020, multiple actors, producers, and writers have spoken out against Whedon about thetoxic workplace environments he had allegedly created in many of his projects. Whedon has denied any wrongdoing, while acknowledging that he can be "confrontational".[2][3]
Whedon is the younger sibling of Samuel and Matthew Whedon and the older sibling of writersJed andZack Whedon.[12] Whedon stated that his parents expected constant creativity from their children and were often verballydemeaning and gave them thesilent treatment if he and his brothers were not amusing or entertaining, or if they simply disagreed with them. He stated, however, that he was more afraid of his older brothers who constantly bullied him. At the age of 5, a friend (age 4)died by drowning in a pond on the Whedons'upstate property. His parents divorced when he was 9. Whedon cited hischildhood trauma as having a direct influence in his relationships, addictions and behaviors into adulthood and has stated that he suffers fromcomplex post traumatic stress disorder.[11]
At a young age, he showed great interest in British television series shows likeMasterpiece and comedy groupMonty Python.[13] Whedon attended Riverdale Country School in New York City where his mother taught history.[14] Starting at age 15, he spent three years atWinchester College,[15] a boarding school inEngland. There, taking note of omnipresent bullying, he concluded, "it was clear to me from the start that I must take an active role in my survival".[14] Whedon graduated fromWesleyan University in 1987, where he was awarded an honoraryDoctor of Letters in 2013.[16] There, he also studied under renowned academicRichard Slotkin.[17] It was at Wesleyan he would meetJeanine Basinger, afilm scholar who became his mentor.[11] After leaving Wesleyan, Whedon conceived the first incarnation ofBuffy Summers, "Rhonda, the Immortal Waitress".[18]
From 1989 to 1990, Whedon worked as a staff writer on the sitcomsRoseanne andParenthood.[19][20] As ascript doctor, Whedon was an uncredited writer on films includingThe Getaway,Speed,Waterworld, andTwister.[21] Whedon worked on an early draft ofX-Men which subsequently contained at least two of his contributions to dialogue exchanges,[22] while the final cut ofSpeed retained most of his dialogue.[23] While he was script consulting, he also wroteBuffy the Vampire Slayer (the film that would precede the series),Alien Resurrection and early drafts forTitan A.E. andAtlantis: The Lost Empire[24] – but would subsequently express strong dissatisfaction with the released versions of the first three of these films.[21][25][26] He co-wroteToy Story, which earned him a sharedAcademy Award nomination for Best Original Screenplay.[27][25][28] He became one of the highest paid screenwriters when he sold hisAfterlife script toColumbia Pictures for $1.5 million.[29]
In 1997, Whedon created his first television series,Buffy the Vampire Slayer.2 The series depictsBuffy Summers, the latest in a line of young women called to battle againstvampires,demons, and other forces of darkness. The idea came directly from his aversion to seeing the Hollywood formula of "the little blonde girl who goes into a dark alley and gets killed in every horror movie".[30] Whedon said he wanted to subvert the idea and create someone who was a hero.[31] This conception came from "the very first mission statement of the show, which was the joy of female power: having it, using it, sharing it".[32] The writing process came together from conversations about the emotional issues facing Buffy Summers, and how she would confront them in her battle against supernatural forces.[33] Whedon usually directed episodes from his own scripts that held the most cathartic moments in Buffy's story.[34][35][36]
The series received numerous awards and nominations, including anEmmy Award nomination for writing for the 1999 episode "Hush".[37] The 2001 episode "The Body" was nominated for aNebula Award in 2002,[38] and the fall 2001 musical episode "Once More, with Feeling" was nominated for a Best Dramatic PresentationHugo Award and a Best Script Nebula Award.[39][40] The final episode "Chosen" was nominated for a Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form Hugo Award in 2003.[41] All written and directed by Whedon, they are considered some of the most effective and popular episodes of the series.[42][43]
A. Asbjørn Jøn, an anthropologist and scholar, recognized that the series has shifted the way vampires have since been depicted in popular culture representations.[44] Since the end of the series, Whedon has stated that his initial intention was to produce a "cult" television series and acknowledged a corresponding "rabid, almost insane fan base" that subsequently emerged. In June 2012,Slate identified it as the most written about popular culture text of all time. "[M]ore than twice as many papers, essays, and books have been devoted to the vampire drama than any of our other choices—so many that we stopped counting when we hit 200".[45]
Whedon, a lifelong comic book fan, authored theDark Horse Comics miniseriesFray, which takes place in the far future of theBuffyverse.[46] Like many writers of the show, he contributed to the series' comic book continuation, writing for the anthologyTales of the Slayers,[47] and also for the main storyline of the miniseriesTales of the Vampires.[48] Whedon and the other writers released a new ongoing series, taking place after the series finale "Chosen", which he officially recognizes as the canonicaleighth season.[49] He returned to the world ofFray during the season eight-story arc "Time of Your Life".[50]Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Nine was published from August 2011 to September 2013,[51][52] for which Whedon wrote "Freefall, Part I–II" (withAndrew Chambliss).[53]
As a result of the success ofBuffy the Vampire Slayer, Whedon was given the opportunity to makeAngel, his 1999 spin-off series of the show. David Greenwalt and Whedon collaborated on the pilot which was going to be developed forThe WB Network.[54] During the series' early expansion, efforts were made by the network to mitigate Whedon's original concept. "Corrupt", a precociously optioned second episode, was entirely abandoned due to the gloominess written into the script.[55] The tone was then softened in the opening episodes, establishingAngel Investigations as an idealistic, shoestring operation. It followsAngel, who works as a private detective in order to "help the helpless".[56]
Though praised for presenting a unique and progressive version of thearchetypalnoir hero as a sympathetic vampire detective,[57][58] early in its run it was criticized as being lesser than its parent show, in the context of having devolved from a more popular original work.[59] Despite that, it won aSaturn Award for Best Network TV Series[60] and three episodes, "Waiting in the Wings",[61] "Smile Time" and "Not Fade Away", were nominated for Hugo Awards for Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form in 2003 and 2005.[62]
The WB Network announced on February 13, 2004, thatAngel would not be brought back for a sixth season.[63] Whedon said of the cancellation, "I believe the reasonAngel had trouble on The WB was that it was the only show on the network that wasn't trying to beBuffy. It was a show about grown-ups".[64] An official continuation of the story came later in the form of a comic book series.[65] Following the successful eighth season ofBuffy the Vampire Slayer,IDW Publishing approached Whedon about similarly producing a canonical sixth season forAngel.[66][67]Angel: After the Fall released 17 issues written by Whedon andBrian Lynch.[68]
An ever-present element was Whedon's injection ofanti-totalitarianism,[73] writing into the show a historical analogy of the Battle of Gettysburg, the "Battle of Serenity Valley".3[74] The beaten soldiers were called "Browncoats" after the browndusters they wore as their uniforms.[75][76] Whedon said, "I wanted to play with that classic notion of the frontier: not the people who made history, but the people history stepped on—the people for whom every act is the creation of civilization".[77]Firefly was written as a serious character study,[78] encompassing what Whedon called "life when it's hard". He went on to elaborate that it was about "nine people looking into the blackness of space and seeing nine different things".[79]
Fox chose to play the episodes of the series out of order, running "The Train Job" first, and not airing thepilot until a dozen episodes later, resulting in some confusion from viewers. The series was also promoted as a comedy, not a science fiction drama, and placed in the infamous "Friday night death slot". The show was praised by critics overall, but some objected to the fusion ofAmerican frontier andouter space motifs.[80][81][82] Faced with these hurdles, the show had an average of 4.7 million viewers at the time and was ranked 98th inNielsen ratings. The series was cancelled by Fox before all of the episodes had aired.[83] Whedon took toUniversal Pictures as a means of achieving a continuation of the story.[84] FollowingFirefly wasSerenity, a follow-up film taking place after the events of thefinal episode.[85]Serenity developed into afranchise that led to graphic novels, books and other media.[86][87][88]New Scientist magazine held a poll in 2005 to find "The World's Best Space Sci-Fi Ever", andFirefly andSerenity took first and second place, respectively.[89] It also received an Emmy shortly after its cancellation, as well as a number of other awards. Since being canceled,Firefly has attained cult status.[90]
In 2004, Whedon created the comic book lineAstonishing X-Men.[91][92] He finished a 24 issue run in 2008 and then handed over the reins as a writer toWarren Ellis.[93][94] One storyline from the comic, the notion of a cure for mutation being found, was also an element in the third X-Men film,X-Men: The Last Stand.[95][96] In February 2009Astonishing X-Men #6, which depicted the return ofColossus to the title and concluded Whedon's first story arc, was named by readers as #65 in Marvel's Top 70 Comics of all time.[97]
After Universal Pictures acquired thefilm anddistribution rights from Fox, Whedon began writing the screenplay forSerenity.[111][112] Transforming the series into a film, he says, "... was the hardest piece of writing I've ever done ... It had to be self-contained and work as a movie, which meant I had to cope with problems like introducing nine main characters who'd already met!"[113][114] The script was based on unused story ideas forFirefly's unfilmed second season.[85] On writing the dialogue, Whedon felt that part of it came from "getting to invent the language", which "once I had... reads like a kind of poetry".[115] The narrative centered on CaptainMalcolm Reynolds as the hero accompanied byRiver Tam acting as the catalyst for what he does.[116]
The score was composed byDavid Newman, and according to Whedon was intended to "deglorify space — to feel the intimacy of being on a ship as opposed to the grandeur".[117] He used twolongsteadicam shots for several minutes of the film's opening sequence to establish "a sense of safety in space".[118][119] In 2006, it won a Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Long Form.[120] The elements of science fiction that Whedon wanted to convey were essentially different in kind, and held "a sort of grittiness" and "realism", which he said, together, "get the most exciting kind of film-making".[121] CriticRoger Ebert observed, "LikeBrave New World and1984, the movie plays like a critique of contemporary society, with the Alliance as Big Brother, enemy of discontent".[122] The film received the 2005Nebula Award for Best Script, the 2006Prometheus Special Award,[123][124] and was voted the best sci-fi movie of all time in a poll set up bySFX magazine.[121] There have since been multiple rumors regarding sequel possibilities, though these rumors were shut down by those involved inSerenity in 2025.[125][126][127]
As a guest director, he contributed two 2007 episodes ofThe Office ("Business School" and "Branch Wars")[133][134] and a 2010 episode ofGlee ("Dream On").[135] Denoting this period, Whedon has said, "I had free time, but I'm pretty sure I mean my career was on the skids".[136]
In collaboration withFábio Moon, Whedon created the free webcomic titledSugarshock!, as part of the revival ofDark Horse Presents, which was launched onMyspace.[137] Whedon later executive produced another free comic book on the Internet,Serenity: The Other Half.[138]
Whedon with the cast and crew ofDr. Horrible's Sing-Along Blog at itsCreative Artists Agency theater screening
As a response to the2007–08 Writers Guild of America strike,[139] Whedon directed, co-wrote and producedDr. Horrible's Sing-Along Blog.[140] It tells the story of Dr. Horrible, an aspiring supervillain, who shares a love interest in a girl named Penny with his nemesis, Captain Hammer.[141] To Whedon the miniseries was "a project of love", an accomplishment that from their excitement would be embellished with passion and "ridiculousness".[142] His half-brothers Zack andJed and sister-in-lawMaurissa Tancharoen share the other writing credits.[143] Whedon said it was a "glorious surprise" to him to discover how well they worked together.[144]
After having attended meetings with companies discussing the prospect of producing something for the Internet and faced with negative feedback on his ideas, he realized that as long as the strike was still in progress, acquiring corporate funding was an unlikely prospect.[139] Whedon himself funded the project investing just over $200,000[141] and earned more from it than he did directingThe Avengers.[145] He enjoyed the independence he gained fromDr. Horrible's Sing-Along Blog as it provided him the freedom to include content without the expectancy of lessening it on behalf of the runtime.[142] He and Jed composed the music, parts of which were influenced byStephen Sondheim.[146]
The miniseries was nominated and won numerous awards. Whedon was awarded Best Directing and Best Writing for a Comedy Web Series at theStreamy Awards,[147] a Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form,[148] and aCreative Arts Emmy Award in 2009.[149]
In 2009, Whedon created his fourth television series,Dollhouse, and explored themes throughout the show that were initially present in an unproducedspec script of his calledAfterlife.[150] The series follows Echo, whose brain is programmed to accomplish various assignments, on her journey towards self-awareness.[151][152] As stated by Whedon,Dollhouse was about "the sides of us that we don't want people to see",sexuality[153] and, on some level, a celebration ofperversion,[154] which he equates toobsession, "the thing that makes people passionate and interesting and worthy".[155]
Despite low ratings in its first season, the series was renewed for a second and final season. The reason for the renewal given by Fox's president of entertainment was to avoid any backlash that would have resulted from its cancelation.[156][157] In reflection of Fox's disruptive involvement, Whedon lamented the loss of ideas withidentity andmoralculpability, saying they were dancing around them in the process[155] which then devolved the series into aprocedural show.[153]
Whedon co-wrote and produced a horror-comedy film titledThe Cabin in the Woods with directorDrew Goddard, finishing production in 2009 though the film was not released until 2011.[158] Whedon and Goddard intended to make a film that exemplified horror movies while still preserving the fun and frightening elements necessary to being a horror film.[159] The script was written in three days[160] and they produced a minimum of 15 pages a day.[161] Whedon described it as an attempt to revitalize horror, calling it a "loving hate letter" to the genre, continuing:
On another level it's a serious critique of what we love and what we don't about horror movies. I love being scared. I love that mixture of thrill, of horror, that objectification/identification thing of wanting definitely for the people to be alright but at the same time hoping they'll go somewhere dark and face something awful. The things that I don't like are kids acting like idiots, the devolution of the horror movie intotorture porn and into a long series of sadistic comeuppances. Drew and I both felt that the pendulum had swung a little too far in that direction.[162]
Whedon thought part of what distinguished it from other horror films was that people were not disposable – "As a culture, for our own entertainment, we tend to assume that they are (expendable)".[163] He reiterated a sentiment that the introduction of torture porn into this genre was becoming an exercise in nihilism and misogyny as a means to promote distress and instead of trying to scare its audience.[164]
In July 2010, it was confirmed that Whedon would write and directThe Avengers, a live-action adaptation of the superhero teamof the same name.[165] Of his desire to take on the film, he explained that the core of the movie was about "finding yourself from community" and the togetherness derived from a group that ultimately doesn't belong together.[166]
It became thethird-highest-grossing film of all time at the North American box office back in 2012,[167] and it received considerable praise from critics.[168][169] In retrospect, Whedon thought the film had "imperfections",[170] begrudging its quality in comparison to that ofThe Matrix andThe Godfather Part II. Nonetheless, he felt he "pulled off" the endeavor of making a summer movie reminiscent of those from his childhood.[171]
In March 2012, Whedon stated that although television involves more compromise than film:
I think, ultimately, gun to my head, TV is the place. Being able to spend years with a character, to really develop them, to understand them, to challenge the actor, to learn from the actor, to work with a team of writers – that experience is so fulfilling. The idea of putting something out there and letting it grow is really exciting.[172]
In August 2012, Whedon signed a deal to develop theMarvel TV showAgents of S.H.I.E.L.D. forABC.[173][174] The series focuses on the secret military law-enforcement agency featured throughout theMarvel Cinematic Universe.[175] Created by Whedon, Jed Whedon and Maurissa Tancharoen,[176] the show involves individuals who possess powers within the spectacle of science fiction, while also focusing on "the peripheral people ... the people on the edges of the grand adventures."[177] The characterPhil Coulson was resurrected after his death inThe Avengers to helm the show.[178]
Whedon spoke about certain complications that factored in with making the show for Marvel, noting confusion between him and the company regarding the degree to which they wanted him to create it, citing their demand that he prioritizeAvengers: Age of Ultron.[179] He once expressed regrets for having brought back Phil Coulson, feeling that his death had lost meaning as a result,[180] but later clarified that he did not regret this decision.[181]
Whedon returned to write and direct the sequel toThe Avengers,Avengers: Age of Ultron,[173][182] following the deal withMarvel Studios, which expired in June 2015.[183] On the matter of approaching a sequel, Whedon reasoned not to go "bigger" but "deeper", and likened it to digging with a scalpel to cause pain.[184] He said of the film's characters, "Strong but damaged by power describes every person in this movie. It may, in fact, describe what the movie is about ... the more power that we have, the less human we are."[185] Whedon discerns thatAge of Ultron "is an odd film"[186] that proved challenging when it came to finding the rhythm between both its calm and exciting moments. Drawing parallels to a symphony, he wanted to bring about "grace in the middle of ultimate chaos".[187]
Whedon also served as a creative consultant on the films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe leading up toAge of Ultron.[188][189] He rewrote some dialogue forThor: The Dark World,[190] directed the mid-credits scene ofCaptain America: The Winter Soldier,[191] and suggested thatJames Gunn makeGuardians of the Galaxy "weirder" after reading an early draft.[192] Whedon said it was unlikely that he would return to make another sequel, stating that he "couldn't imagine doing this again".[193] He remarked that not having created his own fictional universe in over five years felt wrong[194] and intended to use the proceeds made fromAvengers: Age of Ultron for such ventures.[145] In January 2016, Whedon announced that he would no longer work with Marvel.[181] Marvel Studios CEOKevin Feige would be cited inMCU: The Reign of Marvel Studios, released in October 2023, that he would never work again with Whedon.[195]
To createMuch Ado About Nothing in 2012, Whedon establishedBellwether Pictures.[196] He filmed it in black-and-white on digital video over a period of 12 days at his residence in Santa Monica, California.[197][198] The film was scripted, produced, directed, edited and composed by Whedon, based onWilliam Shakespeare'splay of the same name.[199] His idea to adapt the play for the screen originated from having "Shakespeare readings" at his house with several of his friends, years prior.[200] Despite the play's comedy, he discovered that there were elements in the text "of debauchery" that brought out a core darkness, and said the visual nature offilm influenced him to permeate a motif of sexuality into the script.[201]
Whedon wrote and executive produced the paranormal romance filmIn Your Eyes, the second feature by Bellwether Pictures.[202][203] The film tells the story of Rebecca Porter and Dylan Kershaw, who can feel each other's emotions but are ultimately strangers.[204] Whedon's script marked a theme of human connection as the metaphor for the couple's mysterious link.[205] He conceived the idea in the early 1990s, and had written drafts of the screenplay since then.[206]
In summer 2014, Whedon encountered artist Shawnee Kilgore onKickstarter. Whedon funded her album and when Kilgore contacted him about his fulfillment reward, he suggested they make a song together. She agreed, and the collaboration was later repurposed into producing anEP.[207]
At the 2015 San Diego Comic-Con, Whedon announcedTwist, which was described as a comic book about "a Victorian female Batman".[208]
In May 2017, Whedon took over post-production duties forJustice League, including writing and directing additional photography for the film.[211] He received a co-writing credit for his contributions to the film, which was released in November 2017. Despite reshooting a majority of the film and largely changing the tone from what Zack Snyder had originally intended, Snyder retained sole credit as director of the film.[212] AfterSnyder's original cut was released in 2021, fans began to refer to the theatrical cut as the "Whedon Cut"[213] and "Josstice League".[214][215]
On July 13, 2018,HBO announced that the network had obtained the rights toThe Nevers, an "epic science fiction drama about a gang of Victorian women who find themselves with unusual abilities, relentless enemies, and a mission that might change the world", on which Whedon was going to serve as writer, director, executive producer, and showrunner.[216] Production on the series started in July 2019 in London, with scenes filmed atTrinity Church Square and theNew Wimbledon Theatre area.[217] By 2020, production was completed on five episodes before being shut down due to theCOVID-19 pandemic, only resuming in September of that year to complete six of the season's ten-episode order.[218][219] On November 25, 2020, HBO announced that Whedon had exited the project.[220]
In July 2020,Justice League actorRay Fisher accused Whedon of showing "gross, abusive, unprofessional, and completely unacceptable" behavior toward the cast and crew of the film,[221] going so far as to invite Whedon to sue him forslander if he believed the allegations were untrue.[222] A virtual panel for the 2020 at-homeSan Diego Comic-Con focusing on Whedon's work was cancelled following Fisher's statements.[223] The following month, it was reported thatWarnerMedia had begun an investigation into Whedon's behavior during the production ofJustice League.[224]Jason Momoa posted in support of Fisher, writing about "the shitty way [they] were treated" onJustice League reshoots and saying that "serious stuff went down".[225] In December 2020, WarnerMedia announced that its investigation had concluded and that "remedial action" had been taken.[226]
Fisher also claimed that Whedon's exit from theHBO Max seriesThe Nevers was a result of HBO parent company WarnerMedia's inquiry. He said on Twitter that "I have no intention of allowing Joss Whedon to use the old Hollywood tactic of 'exiting'" and claimed, "This is undoubtedly a result of [the investigation]."[227] HBO had announced on November 25, 2020, that the company had "parted ways" with Whedon, and Whedon released his own statement, claiming the departure was due to theCOVID-19 pandemic.[228] HBO chief Casey Bloys declined to elaborate on the decision to part ways,[229] but said HBO had received no complaints about Whedon's behavior.[230] Nonetheless, in what Bloys acknowledged was an unusual step, Whedon's name has not been used in marketing for the series,[231][232] though he remained credited in the series itself.
Gal Gadot told theLos Angeles Times in December 2020 that her experience with Whedon had not been "the best" but that she had taken it "to the higher-ups and they took care of it".[233]Grace Randolph later reported that Whedon had asked Gadot to film a sexually charged scene inJustice League, but that Gadot had refused and a body double was used in her place.[234][235]
In February 2021,Buffy the Vampire Slayer andAngel actressCharisma Carpenter alleged that Whedon had "abused his power on numerous occasions", calling him a "vampire" and "casually cruel". In a tweeted statement, Carpenter said that Whedon had called her "fat" and asked her "if [she] was going to keep it" upon learning of her pregnancy, mocked her religious faith, and repeatedly threatened to fire her, which he ultimately did. Carpenter also revealed that she had participated in WarnerMedia'sJustice League investigation.[236]
Buffy co-starsAmber Benson andMichelle Trachtenberg corroborated Carpenter's allegations. On social media, Benson wrote: "Buffy was a toxic environment and it starts at the top. [Carpenter] is speaking truth". Trachtenberg wrote that "we know what he did" and alleged that his behavior toward her when she was a teenager was, "Very. Not. Appropriate." Trachtenberg later stated on social media that there was a rule on set preventing Whedon from being in a room alone with her.[237]Buffy starSarah Michelle Gellar also lent her support and distanced herself from Whedon.[238][239]Jose Molina, a writer onFirefly, also spoke out against Whedon's behavior saying that "casually cruel" was a "perfect" description and that "He thought being mean was funny. Making female writers cry during a notes session was especially hysterical. He actually liked to boast about the time he made one writer cry twice in one meeting."[240] OtherBuffy andAngel costars voiced their support for the alleged victims includingDavid Boreanaz,James Marsters,Anthony Stewart Head,Eliza Dushku,J. August Richards, andAmy Acker.[241][242][243] Marsters said, however, that he thought that Whedon's intensity toward theBuffy cast was because "he put an enormous amount of pressure on himself ... trying to accomplish something that was a very high bar".[244]
In April 2021, in light of Fisher's accusations, Gadot toldThe Hollywood Reporter that "I had my issues with Whedon and Warner Bros handled it in a timely manner."[245] A knowledgeable source stated that Gadot "had multiple concerns with the revised version of the film, including issues about her character being more aggressive than her character inWonder Woman. She wanted to make the character flow from one movie to the next,'" the report said. "The biggest clash, sources say, came when Whedon pushed Gadot to record lines she didn't like, threatened to harm Gadot's career and disparagedWonder Woman directorPatty Jenkins."[246] The following month, Gadot added that Whedon "threatened" her career during the reshoots, saying, "if I did something, he would make my career miserable and I just took care of it instead."[247] In October of that year, Gadot went on to say that she was "shocked" by the way Whedon spoke to her, adding, "You're dizzy because you can't believe this was just said to you. And if he says it to me, then obviously he says it to many other people."[248]
In January 2022, Whedon claimed Gadot "misunderstood" him due to English not being her first language and called Fisher a "bad actor in both senses". He also said he had never worked with "a ruder group of people" than the rest of theJustice League cast.[249] Gadot responded to this by stating that she "understood perfectly" and would not work with Whedon again in the future.[250]
In October 2023, screenwriterZak Penn wrote in the bookMCU: The Reign of Marvel Studios that during the process of writing the script forThe Avengers and finding a director for the project, "All the other directors we had been talking about, Joss wasn't on the list. I heard he was going to rewrite the script himself. He didn't even want to meet with me – which, by the way, I always call the writer I'm replacing. I feel like that's courtesy." When Penn reached out to Whedon personally, "He said to me, 'No, it's not awkward for me. I'm rewriting you.' It became pretty apparent that he had less than zero interest in, in any way, having me involved with the movie." Penn also called Whedon, "a d*ck" [sic] as well as "a bad person."[251]
Early in his career, Whedon sold twospec scripts that were not produced,Suspension andAfterlife. He soldSuspension for $750,000, with an additional $250,000 if production had commenced.[252] In September 2014,Empire suggested the script was being made, withLiam Neeson attached to the project.[253] In 1994, he soldAfterlife for $1.5 million, with an additional $500,000 if production had commenced. In 2000,Andy Tennant was in talks to direct and rewrite.[254] InAfterlife there were precursors to themes Whedon would later explore inDollhouse. The script was about Daniel Hoffstetter, a government scientist, who awakes after dying to discover his mind has been imprinted on a mind-wiped body.[255]
Goners was announced in 2005. According toVariety magazine, it was a fantasy thriller under development byUniversal Pictures, and was to be produced byMary Parent andScott Stuber.[261] From a 2006 interview withFanboy Radio: "I've been seeing a lot of horror movies that aretorture porn, where kids we don't care about are mutilated for hours, and I just cannot abide them... it's an antidote to that very kind of film, the horror movie with the expendable human beings in it. Because I don't believe any human beings are".[262]
Whedon was hired to write and direct aWarner Bros. adaptation ofWonder Woman. However, in February 2007, Whedon announced that he would no longer be involved with the project. "We just saw different movies, and at the price range this kind of movie hangs in, that's never gonna work. Non-sympatico. [sic] It happens all the time".[263] Conversely, he stated, "the fact of the matter is, it was a waste of my time. We never [wanted] to make the same movie; none of us knew that".[264] Whedon also pitched a screenplay to adaptBatman for the same company as development started on what would eventually becomeBatman Begins.[265] It was described as having included a new, "more of a 'Hannibal Lecter' type" villain, and portrayed Bruce Wayne as "a morbid, death-obsessed kid" whose grief was overcome by protecting a girl from being bullied in an alley similar to where his parents were murdered.[266] In March 2017, Whedon was in negotiations to direct, write, and produceBatgirl set in theDC Extended Universe.[267] He withdrew from the project in February 2018, saying he didn't have a story for the movie.[268]
The sequel toDr. Horrible's Sing-Along Blog has been shelved on multiple occasions. In 2009, Whedon remarked upon the possibility of presenting it in the form of another miniseries or a feature film.[269] The script was planned to be written in summer 2012 and the principal photography to take place the following year.[270][271] However, production was delayed because of his commitment to projects atMarvel Studios.[272]
Wastelanders, a web-based "end-of-the-world" project, once in development with authorWarren Ellis, was postponed due to Whedon's preoccupation withThe Avengers.[273]
Everybody has a perspective. Everybody in your scene, including the thug flanking your bad guy, has a reason. They have their own voice, their own identity, their own history. If anyone speaks in such a way that they're just setting up the next person's lines, then you don't get dialogue: you get soundbites.
—Whedon on giving each character a distinct voice.[274]
Thematically, Whedon's work often explores perspectives onexistentialism,[275]anti-authoritarianism,[73]free will,[276]power,[32] powerlessness,sexuality,[277]adulthood,sacrifice,atheism,misogyny andfeminism.[278][279][280][281] His projects usually revolve around an ensemble ofprotagonists,[282][283] primarily focused on alonerhero who ends up working with others to accomplish a goal.[284] He says of the recurring aspects of community, "Everything I write tends to turn into a superhero team, even if I didn't mean for it to. I always start off wanting to be solitary, because a) it's simpler, and b) that isolation is something that I relate to as a storyteller. And then no matter what, I always end up with a team".[285] Examining a typical motif, he says, "I tend to write about people who are helpless or out of control who then regain or retake control".[278]
Articulating his approach to screenwriting, Whedon has noted outlining andact structure as the hardest parts of storytelling, but emphasizes that he feels they are "completely essential".[286][287] Many of Whedon's altered phrases and heavily popularized words have entered a common usage called "Slayer Slang", whichPBS included an entire section of in their article seriesDo You Speak American?.[288] In an issue ofBuffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eight, where Buffy travels to the future, Whedon writes Buffy's reaction to the future dialect of Manhattan; this allows Whedon to comment on the series' distinctive style of dialogue; "Buffy blames herself for what's happened to the English language, and there's a lot of hubris in that joke. I like to think that adding Y's to words that don't usually have Y's is going to destroy the whole fabric of our society".[289] His use of self-aware dialogue to humanize characters,[290] which relies heavily on dry humor andsubtext,[291][292] treating clichés subversively,[293] using misogyny to define the trait of a villain,[280][294] and the recurring theme of self-sacrifice led by subverting moralicons have been defining to his style of storytelling.[293]
His penchant to kill off characters has been widely acknowledged.[295][296] Whedon responded to the criticism,[180][297] saying, "The percentage of people who die... is a lot. I think it's pretty near everybody. The percentage of people that I kill—not so many. I think the reason that my rep is so nasty is that I tend to do it... unexpectedly, or to someone people are recently invested in, and that is a real mission statement for me, because, death doesn't leave a card. Death doesn't take Hitler. It doesn't work according to story plans, and when a death feels like a loss, gives you grief... then you have told a story that involves death."[298] Dramatic effect is used to convey the sense ofrealism andshock value that comes from fatal circumstances.[296]
Whedon has kept ambivalent on whether to shoot onfilm ordigital video, saying that he has "no allegiance to film as film. If the story is in front of me, I'm fine".[299] In terms of visual aesthetics, he prefers to incorporate as manypractical effects as possible when usingcomputer-generated imagery, so people "really don't know where one begins and the other ends".[300] On working withhigh or low budgets, he remarked that both offer "the exact same job" and whether one has $100 million or $100,000, "you're trying to hit someone in the gut with an emotional moment."[301] Whedon determines that, although giving actors notes for guidance, he also aims to assuage their concerns when communicating the reasons and outcomes of a scene.[302]
Elements of feminism are present throughout much of Whedon's work[281][310] and he gives his mother credit for inspiring this.[311] The characterKitty Pryde from theX-Men comics was an early model for Whedon's strong teenage girl characters.[312] He said, "If there's a bigger influence on Buffy than Kitty, I don't know what it was. She was an adolescent girl finding out she has great power and dealing with it."[313] Kitty Pryde later played a central role in Whedon's run onAstonishing X-Men.[314]
In college, Whedon studied a theory called "womb envy",[281] a concept he says observes "a fundamental thing that women have something men don't, the obvious being an ability to bear children. Men not only don't get what's important about what women are capable of, but in fact they fear it, and envy it, and want to throw stones at it, because it's the thing they can't have."[310] In 2007, Whedon expressed his outrage over themurder of Du'a Khalil Aswad, and because the act was caught on video, was prompted to attack the underlying attitude he felt led to the murder, comparing the video totorture porn.[281][315]
In late 2013, Whedon spoke at an Equality Now event, where he issued a pointed dissection of the word "feminist". He begins to say, "I have the privilege living my life inside of words ... but part of being a writer is also living in the very smallest part of every word." Arguing against the suffix "-ist", he continues, "you can't be born an –ist. It's not natural." Whedon explains that because of this, the word "includes the idea that believing men and women to be equal ... is not a natural state. That we don't emerge assuming that everybody in the human race is a human. That the idea of equality is just an idea that's imposed on us..."[316][317] This sparked an unfavorable reaction from the feminist community,[318][319] but also an appreciation for Whedon's arguments' thought provocation.[320][321]
News websiteDigital Spy released in early 2015 an interview they had conducted with Whedon, during which he criticized the entertainment industry for its "genuine, recalcitrant, intractable sexism, and old-fashioned quiet misogyny".[322] Whedon offeredThe Hunger Games film series as an argument for female-led franchises, and hopedMarvel Studios would pursue production of more such franchises.[323] However, critics noted an almost stereotypical lack of feminist ideals in his writing decisions and portrayal ofBlack Widow, one of two female protagonists in Marvel's 2015Avengers: Age of Ultron, played byScarlett Johansson.[324][325]
Whedon has repeatedly hired the same actors for his projects[326] and has been described as "the gravitational center of the Whedonverse, a galaxy that spins recurring actors and themes through an orbital system of TV shows, films and comic books that all share similar traits: a unique brand of witty dialogue, relatable characters and fantasy/sci-fi mythology".[327]
Note: Due to Whedon's frequent casting of the same actors in various projects, the above list only includes those who have played two or more different roles in Whedon productions; actors that only played one role in multiple Whedon productions are not included.
In 2013, Whedon said that he is aworkaholic. This arose during the time that followed the completion ofMuch Ado About Nothing, which was made in the span of a two-week vacation fromThe Avengers,[338] and after making the pilot forAgents of S.H.I.E.L.D. amidst the pre-production forAvengers: Age of Ultron. "It is actually a problem. Sometimes it's adorable ... and sometimes it's not ... Not to get all dark and weird, but it is something I need to address."[339] He has been a member of theAcademy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in its Writers' branch since 2017.[340]
In 1995, Whedon married Kai Cole, an architect, producer and co-founder ofBellwether Pictures.[341] They have two children together.[342][343] Whedon and Cole separated in 2012 and divorced in 2016.[344] In 2017, Cole claimed that Whedon had repeatedly been unfaithful to her and that he "does not practice what he preaches" in regard to feminism.[345]
In July 2012, at San Diego Comic-Con, in response to one woman who noted theanti-corporate themes in many of his films and asked him to give hiseconomic philosophy in 30 seconds or less, Whedon spoke out againstcapitalism, saying that America is "turning into Tsarist Russia".[351]
EndorsingBarack Obama in the2012 United States presidential election,[352] Whedon satirically equatedMitt Romney's future as president with azombie apocalypse, quipping, "Romney is ready to make the deep rollbacks in health care, education, social services and reproductive rights that will guarantee poverty, unemployment, overpopulation, disease, rioting—all crucial elements in creating a nightmare zombie wasteland."[353][354]
In 2015, Whedon signed a petition as part of a political campaign calling forElizabeth Warren to run for President of the United States.[355][356]
In January 2017, after actressNicole Kidman publicly suggested that America should accept thatDonald Trump is president, Whedon tweeted a photograph of plastic puppetLady Penelope Creighton-Ward alongside an image of Kidman, an action some interpreted as mocking and objectifying Kidman's physical appearance.[357] That same month, Whedon also received criticism for reportedly comparingIvanka Trump to a dog and for wishing thatPaul Ryan would be raped to death by a rhinoceros.[358][359] Referring to Ivanka's husbandJared Kushner and Trump, he tweeted: "He's aVoldemort in training, & unlike thePekingese he married under, can play the long game."[357][360] Whedon stated that he had been referring to Donald Trump.[361][362] In April 2017, Whedon took a shot at Republicans by criticizing the physical appearance of teenage cancer survivors who were visiting then–Speaker of the House Paul Ryan.[363] He later apologized on Twitter.[364]
Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eleven:Giles #1–4 (co-written by Whedon andErika Alexander, art byJon Lam, 2018) collected asGiles: Girl Blue (tpb, 104 pages, 2018,ISBN1-5067-0743-2)
Serenity #1–3 (written by Brett Matthews, drawn by Will Conrad, 2005) also collected asSerenity: Those Left Behind (tpb, 80 pages, 2006,ISBN1-59307-449-2; hc, 96 pages, 2007,ISBN1-59307-846-3)
Astonishing X-Men by Joss Whedon and John Cassaday Omnibus (collects #1–24 and theGiant-Sized Astonishing X-Men one-shot special, hc, 672 pages, 2009,ISBN0-7851-3801-3)
Captain America: Sam Wilson #7: "Presentation" (with John Cassaday, co-feature, 2016) collected inCaptain America: Sam Wilson — The Complete Collection Volume 2 (tpb, 504 pages, 2021,ISBN1-302-92297-1)
^ His first name was changed to "Joss" once he broke into the writing industry.[6]
^ Sandollar Productions acquired the television rights to the 1992 film, and in the mid-1990s, executiveGail Berman approached Whedon to adapt it as a series based on the success ofClueless.[375]
^ In the Battle of Serenity Valley, the Independents were defeated byThe Alliance, an authoritarian regime.[76][376]
^ Whedon confirmed in April 2015 that it was indeed his screenplay being considered.[377]
^Bettridge, Daniel (March 23, 2012)."Your next box set: Firefly".The Guardian. London.Archived from the original on March 31, 2012. RetrievedMay 10, 2013.
^abBalbirnie, Steven (November 12, 2013)."It's All Connected". universityobserver.ie. Archived fromthe original on July 15, 2014. RetrievedJuly 13, 2014.
^McNary, Dave (February 22, 2018)."Joss Whedon Exits as 'Batgirl' Movie Director".Variety.Archived from the original on March 24, 2018. RetrievedFebruary 22, 2018.'Batgirl is such an exciting project, and Warners/DC such collaborative and supportive partners, that it took me months to realize I really didn't have a story,' Whedon said in a statement.
^abJamieson, Teddy (February 17, 2013)."Too much of a good thing?".The Herald. Glasgow.Archived from the original on February 21, 2013. RetrievedFebruary 22, 2013.
^Franich, Darren (September 24, 2013)."Self-Aware Dialogue".Entertainment Weekly. Archived fromthe original on January 22, 2014. RetrievedJuly 12, 2014.
^abBitette, Nichole (January 25, 2017)."Director Joss Whedon Under Fire for Comparing Ivanka Trump to a Dog".Daily News. New York.Archived from the original on January 26, 2017. RetrievedJanuary 26, 2017.The controversial words come just days after the 'Buffy the Vampire Slayer' creator compared Nicole Kidman to a plastic Lady Penelope doll after she suggested Americans accept Trump as president.
Havens, Candace (2003).Joss Whedon: The Genius behind Buffy. BenBella Books.ISBN1-932100-00-8.
Davidson, Joy, and Wilson, Leah, eds. (2007).The Psychology of Joss Whedon: An Unauthorized Exploration of Buffy, Angel, and Firefly. BenBella Books.ISBN1-933771-25-9.
Koontz, K. Dale (2008).Faith and Choice in the Works of Joss Whedon. McFarland.ISBN978-0-7864-3476-3.
Comeford, AmiJo and Burnett, Tamy (2010).The Literary Angel: Essays on Influences and Traditions Reflected in the Joss Whedon Series. McFarland.ISBN978-0-7864-4661-2.
Waggoner, Erin B. (2010).Sexual Rhetoric in the Works of Joss Whedon: New Essays. McFarland.ISBN978-0-7864-4750-3.
Espenson, Jane and Wilson, Leah, eds. (2010).Inside Joss'Dollhouse: Completely Unauthorized, from Alpha to Rossum. Smart Pop.ISBN978-1-935251-98-9.
Media related toJoss Whedon at Wikimedia Commons
Quotations related toJoss Whedon at Wikiquote
