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Joseph Kony | |
|---|---|
| Head of theLord's Resistance Army | |
| Assumed office August 1987 | |
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1961 (age 63–64) Odek,Northern Region,British Uganda |
| Children | 42 (as of 2006)[1] |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | Lord's Resistance Army |
| Years of service | 1987–present |
| Rank | General |
| Battles/wars | Lord's Resistance Army insurgency |
Joseph Rao Kony (bornc. 1961) is aUgandanmilitant andwarlord who founded theLord's Resistance Army (LRA), designated as a terrorist group by theUnited Nations Peacekeepers, theEuropean Union, and various other governments including theUnited Kingdom andUnited States.
AnAcholi, Kony served as analtar boy in his childhood. After theUgandan Civil War, Kony participated in the subsequentinsurgency against presidentYoweri Museveni under theHoly Spirit Movement or theUganda People's Democratic Army before founding the LRA in 1987. Aiming to create aChristian state based ondominion theology, Kony directed the multi-decadeLord's Resistance Army insurgency. After Kony's terror activities, he was banished from Uganda and shifted toSouth Sudan.
Kony has long been one of Africa's most notorious and most wanted militant warlords. He has been accused by government entities of ordering the abduction of children to becomechild soldiers andsex slaves. Approximately 66,000 children became soldiers, and 2 million people were displaced internally from 1986 to 2009 by his forces. Kony was indicted in 2005 forwar crimes andcrimes against humanity by theInternational Criminal Court (ICC) inThe Hague, but he has evaded capture. He has been subject to anInterpolRed Notice at the ICC's request since 2006. Since theJuba peace talks in 2006, the Lord's Resistance Army no longer operates in Uganda. Sources claim that they are in theDemocratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), theCentral African Republic (CAR), orSouth Sudan. In 2013, Kony was reported to be in poor health, andMichel Djotodia, president of the CAR, claimed he was negotiating with Kony to surrender.
By April 2017[update], Kony was still at large, but his force was reported to have shrunk to approximately 100 soldiers, down from an estimated high of 3,000. Both the United States and Uganda ended the hunt for Kony and the LRA, believing that the LRA was no longer a significant security risk to Uganda. As of 2022, he is reported to be hiding inDarfur.
Kony was born inc. 1961 inOdek,Northern Region,Uganda.[2][3][4][5][6] He is a member of theAcholi people.[2][7] His father, Luizi Obol, was a farmer andlay catechist of the Catholic Church. Kony's mother, Nora Oting, was anAnglican and also a farmer.[8] He was either the youngest or second-youngest of six children in the family.[9] His older sister, Gabriela Lakot, still lives in Odek.[8] He enjoyed a good relationship with his siblings, but was quick to retaliate in a dispute, and when confronted, would often resort to physical violence.[10] Kony never finished elementary school, dropping out at age 15.[2][9] He was analtar boy until 1976.[10] He married Selly and together they had a son, Ali Ssalongo Kony.[11]
In 1995, Kony rose to prominence inAcholiland after theHoly Spirit Movement ofAlice Auma (also known as Lakwena and to whom Kony is believed to be related).[2] The overthrow of Acholi PresidentTito Okello byYoweri Museveni and hisNational Resistance Army (NRA) during theUgandan Bush War (1981–1986) had culminated in the mass looting of livestock, rape, burning of homes,genocide, andmurder by Museveni's army.[12]
The acts committed by the Museveni's NRA, now known as theUganda People's Defence Force, led to Kony's creation of the LRA. The insurgencies gave rise toconcentration camps in northern Uganda where over 2 million people were confined. The government burned people's properties using helicopter gunships, killing many. There were forced displacements in the northern region. International campaigns called for all camps to be dismantled and for the people to return to their former villages.[13][14][15][16]
In 2006, in theJuba peace talks with the LRA rebels, Museveni's government gave permission for local people to return to their villages. This marked the beginning of the rehabilitation of homes, roads, and so on.[13][17][18]
Kony has been implicated in abduction and recruitment ofchild soldiers. The LRA has had battle confrontations with the government's NRA orUPDF withinUganda and in South Sudan for ten years. In 2008 the Ugandan army invaded the DRC in search for the LRA in Operation Lightning Thunder.[19] In November 2013, Kony was reported to be in poor health in the eastern CAR town of Nzoka.[20]
Looking back at the LRA's campaign of violence,The Guardian stated in 2015 that Kony's forces had been responsible for the deaths of over 100,000 and the abduction of at least 60,000 children. Various atrocities committed includeraping young girls and abducting them for use assex slaves.[21][22][23][24][25]
The actual number of LRA militia members has varied significantly over the years, reaching as high as 3000 soldiers. By 2017, the organization's membership had shrunk significantly to an estimated 100 soldiers. In April 2017, both the US andUgandan governments ended efforts to find Kony and fight the LRA, stating that the LRA no longer posed a significant security risk to Uganda.[21][22]
While initially purporting to fight against government oppression, the LRA allegedly turned against Kony's own supporters, supposedly to "purify" theAcholi people and turn Uganda into atheocracy.[2][26][27][28][29] Kony proclaims himself the spokesperson ofGod and aspirit medium and claims he is visited by a multinational host of 13 spirits, including a Chinese phantom.[2] Ideologically, the group is asyncretic mix ofmysticism, Acholi nationalism, and heterodoxChristian fundamentalism, and claims to be establishing a theocratic state based on theTen Commandments and local Acholi tradition.[41]
In October 2006, the ICC announced that arrest warrants had been issued for five members of the Lord's Resistance Army for crimes against humanity following a sealed indictment. On the next day, Ugandan defense ministerAmama Mbabazi revealed that the warrants include Kony, his deputyVincent Otti, and LRA commandersRaska Lukwiya,Okot Odhiambo, andDominic Ongwen. The Ugandan army killed Lukwiya on 12 August 2006.[42][21]
TheBBC received information that Otti had been killed on 2 October 2007, at Kony's home.[43] In November 2006, Kony metJan Egeland, the UNUnder-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator.[44] Journeyman Pictures released a 2006 interview with Kony in which he proclaims: "I am a freedom fighter, not a terrorist."[45] He toldReuters: "We don't have any children. We only have combatants."[46]
Prosecutors at the ICC applied for anin absentia hearing to confirm the charges against Kony in November 2022, and in 2024 the hearing was scheduled for 15 October.[47] Kony will be represented by a court-appointed lawyer if he has not been captured when the hearing, the first of its kind to take place at the ICC, takes place.[48]
Kony's followers, as well as some detractors, believe he ispossessed by spirits. Kony tells his child soldiers that a cross on their chest drawn in oil will protect them from bullets.[10] He is a proponent ofpolygamy, and is thought to have had 60 wives,[3] and to have fathered 42 children.[1][49]: page 136 Kony insists that he and the LRA are fighting for theTen Commandments,[50] and defended his actions in an interview, saying, "Is it bad? It is not against human rights. And that commandment was not given by Joseph. It was not given by LRA. No, those commandments were given by God."[51]
Ugandan political leaderBetty Bigombe recalled that Kony and his followers used oil to ward off bullets andevil spirits.[52] Kony claims to be a spirit medium. In 2008, responding to a request by Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni to engage in peace talks via telephone, he said, "I will communicate with Museveni through the holy spirits and not through the telephone."[3][53]
During peace talks in 1994, Kony was preceded by men in robes sprinklingholy water.[3] According to Francis Ongom, a former LRA officer who defected, Kony "has foundBible justifications for killing witches, for killing [those who farm or eat] pigs because of the story of theGadarene swine, and for killing [other] people because God did the same withNoah's flood andSodom and Gomorrah."[54]
Before the insurgency, he escaped in 1989 to Uganda. He was later captured by the Ugandan government. He was released in 1992 after the government no longer viewed him as a threat.[55]
The Ugandan military has attempted to kill Kony throughout the insurgency. In Uganda's attempt to track down Kony, former LRA combatants have been enlisted to search remote areas of the CAR, Sudan, and the DRC where he was last seen.[56]
After theSeptember 11 attacks, theUnited States designated the LRA a terrorist group.[57] In August 2008, the US Department of State declared Kony aSpecially Designated Global Terrorist pursuant toExecutive Order 13224, a designation that carries financial and other penalties.[58] In November 2008, U.S. PresidentGeorge W. Bush signed the directive to theUnited States Africa Command to provide financial and logistical assistance to the Ugandan government during the unsuccessful2008–2009 Garamba offensive, code-namedOperation Lightning Thunder.[59]
No U.S. troops were directly involved. 17 U.S. advisers and analysts provided intelligence, equipment, and fuel to Ugandan military counterparts. The offensive pushed Kony from his jungle camp, but he was not captured. One hundred children were rescued.[60]
In May 2010, U.S. PresidentBarack Obama signed into law theLord's Resistance Army Disarmament and Northern Uganda Recovery Act,[61] legislation aimed at stopping Kony and the LRA. The bill passed unanimously in theUnited States Senate on 11 March. On 12 May 2010, a motion to suspend the rules and pass the bill was agreed to by voice vote (two-thirds being in the affirmative) in the House of Representatives.[62] In November 2010, Obama delivered a strategy document to Congress asking for more funding to disarm Kony and the LRA.[63]
In October 2011, Obama authorized the deployment of approximately 100 combat-equipped U.S. troops to central Africa.[64] Their goal is to help regional forces remove Kony and senior LRA leaders from the battlefield. In a letter to Congress, Obama wrote: "Although the U.S. forces are combat-equipped, they will only be providing information, advice, and assistance to partner nation forces, and they will not themselves engage LRA forces unless necessary for self-defense".[65][66] On 3 April 2013, the Obama administration offered rewards of up to US$5 million for information leading to the arrest, transfer, or conviction of Kony, Ongwen, and Odhiambo.[67][68][69][70] On 24 March 2014, the U.S. announced it would deploy at least fourCV-22 Ospreys and refueling planes, and 150 Air Force special forces personnel to assist in the capture of Kony.[71]
On 23 March 2012, theAfrican Union announced its intentions to "send 5,000 soldiers to join the hunt for rebel leader Joseph Kony" and to "neutralize" him while isolating the scattered LRA groups responsible for 2,600 civilian killings since 2008. This international task force was said to include soldiers "from Uganda, South Sudan, Central African Republic and Congo, countries where Kony's reign of terror has been felt over the years." Before this announcement, the hunt for Kony had primarily been carried out by troops from Uganda. The soldiers began their search in South Sudan on 24 March 2012, and the search "will last until Kony is caught".[72]
Kony and the LRA received a surge of attention in early March 2012, when a 30-minute documentary,Kony 2012, by US filmmakerJason Russell for the campaign groupInvisible Children, Inc. was released.[73] The intention of the production was to draw attention to Kony in an effort to increase US involvement in the issue and have Kony arrested by the end of 2012.[74]
A poll suggested that more than half of young adult Americans heard aboutKony 2012 in the days following its release. Several weeks after its release, a resolution condemning Kony and supporting US assistance fighting the LRA was introduced in the US Senate, passing several months later.[75][76][77][78]Kony 2012 has been criticized for simplifying the history of the LRA conflict, and for failing to note that Kony was already pushed out of Uganda six years before the film was made.[79][80]
Dominic Ongwen served as a key member of the LRA and constituted one of Kony's senior aides in the organization. Kidnapped as a child, he became a soldier in the LRA, then rose through the organization's hierarchy. Ongwen surrendered himself to representatives of the CAR in January 2015, which was a major blow to Kony's group. Ugandan army spokesman Paddy Ankunda stated that the event "puts the LRA in the most vulnerable position" and that it "is only Kony left standing".[22]
Of the five LRA commanders charged by the ICC in 2004, only Kony remained at large at that time. With only a few hundred fighters remaining loyal to him, it was mistakenly thought that he would be unable to evade capture much longer.[22] In February 2021, Ongwen was convicted by the International Criminal Court of 61 counts of crimes against humanity and war crimes.[81]
In April 2017, Ugandan and US military forces ended their hunt for Kony and his group, with a Ugandan spokesperson saying, "the LRA no longer poses a threat to us as Uganda".[21] At that time, his force was estimated to have shrunk to around 100 soldiers.[21]
In April 2022,DW News reported that a number of LRA members said Kony was hiding in theDarfur region of Sudan. From there, he was allegedly giving orders to his fighters. One former member said that the fighters were "tired and unmotivated", and leaving in favor of living a normal life.[82] Kony was previously provided with armed and logistical support from former Sudanese presidentOmar al-Bashir.[83]
In April 2024, Kony was reportedly settled in a camp 10 miles from a village named Yemen in the Central African Republic. In the same month, hearing the news of the surrender of 14 LRA members to the government forces, theWagner Groupattacked Kony's camp, prompting him and his 71 men to flee towards Sudan.[84]
• "Interview with Vincent Otti, LRA second in command"Archived 29 September 2007 at theWayback Machine and"A leadership based on claims of divine revelations"Archived 29 September 2007 at theWayback Machine inIRIN In Depth, June 2007
