Joseph Hume | |
|---|---|
 Joseph Hume, 1854 | |
| Member of Parliament (MP) forWeymouth | |
| In office 1812–1812 | |
| Preceded by | Sir John Johnstone |
| Succeeded by | Henry Trail |
| Member of Parliament (MP) forAberdeen Burghs | |
| In office 1818–1830 | |
| Preceded by | James Farquhar |
| Succeeded by | Sir James Carnegie |
| Member of Parliament (MP) forMiddlesex | |
| In office 1830–1837 Serving with George Byng | |
| Preceded by | Samuel Charles Whitbread |
| Succeeded by | Thomas Wood |
| Member of Parliament (MP) forKilkenny | |
| In office 7 August 1837 – 3 July 1841 | |
| Preceded by | Daniel O'Connell |
| Succeeded by | John O'Connell |
| Member of Parliament (MP) forMontrose Burghs | |
| In office 1842–1855 | |
| Preceded by | Patrick Chalmers |
| Succeeded by | William Edward Baxter |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1777-01-22)22 January 1777 Montrose, Angus, Scotland |
| Died | 20 February 1855(1855-02-20) (aged 78) Somerton, Norfolk |
| Resting place | Kensal Green Cemetery, London |
| Political party | Tory Radicals |
| Spouse | |
| Children | 7 |
| Parent |
|
| Relatives | William Hardin Burnley (brother-in-law) Allan Octavian Hume (son) Mary Catherine Hume-Rothery (daughter) |
| Education | Montrose Academy |
| Alma mater | University of Aberdeen University of Edinburgh |
Joseph HumeFRS (22 January 1777 – 20 February 1855) was a Scottish surgeon andRadicalMP.[1]
He was born the son of a shipmaster James Hume inMontrose, Angus, who died shortly after he was born. He attendedMontrose Academy, where he knew the olderJames Mill; and from 1790 was apprenticed to a local surgeon-apothecary, John Bale.[2][3]
Hume studied medicine at theUniversity of Aberdeen and then theUniversity of Edinburgh. He had as patronDavid Scott MP. Before he qualified, he saw wartime service as surgeon-mate on the hoyHMSHawke; and then was on the East IndiamanHope for 18 months.[2][4]
In 1799 Hume sailed to India, nominated to the Bengal service byJacob Bosanquet of theBritish East India Company.[2] He worked his passage as medical officer on theHoughton.[5] Once there, he was commissioned as a surgeon to the 7th Sepoy Regiment. Gaining fluency inHindustani andPersian, he worked also as an interpreter and on commissariat.[2]
On the eve of theSecond Anglo-Maratha War, Hume came to the attention ofLord Lake with a method to recover damp gunpowder.[2] On the outbreak of war, he was with General Peregrine Powell who marched fromAllahabad intoBundelkhand. He took on again a variety of roles during the campaign.[5]
In 1808, Hume resigned from the army and returned to the United Kingdom with a fortune of about £40,000. Between 1808 and 1811, he travelled around England and Europe.
In 1818 Hume was elected aFellow of the Royal Society, being, according to his nomination, "well versed in various branches of Useful knowledge and particularly in Chemistry, in various branches of oriental literature and Antiquities".[6]
In 1812, Hume obtained throughSpencer Perceval a seat inParliament forWeymouth, Dorset, England, vacant by the death ofSir John Johnstone, 6th Baronet. He was allowed it byMasterton Ure, was elected unopposed and voted as aTory supporter of thePerceval administration.[4] The parliament was dissolved for the1812 United Kingdom general election. Ure refused to support Hume further, in fact being overruled by theDuke of Cumberland andViscount Newark. Hume stood nonetheless in the four-member constituency, and received just two votes.[7] He had toed the line in some matters, but on the expulsion ofBenjamin Walsh and theLuddite legislation he had shown independence unacceptable to the Duke.[4] Hume kicked up a fuss and took legal action, and was paid off with £1,000, supposedly to cover election expenses.[7][2]
This brief Tory period did bring Hume an association with theDuke of Kent and Strathearn, a patron ofJoseph Lancaster.[8][9]John Cam Hobhouse relayed an anecdote told byJohn Conroy of the Duke's household, in which Hume advised the Duke to limit theDuchess to one horse-chaise.[10] In 1833, Hume providedAlexander Burnes with an introduction to his daughterPrincess Victoria.[11]
In connection with the financial troubles of Joseph Lancaster, Hume metFrancis Place in 1813, throughJoseph Fox.[12] It was Place who brought Hume into the group of political radicals with whom he from then on was associated.[13]
Hume renewed his friendship with James Mill: they both and Place were interested in the school project of a West London Lancasterian Association floated in 1813.[14][15] The project took a turn for the worse in 1814, whenFrancis Burdett intervened and imposed on it his associateThomas Evans andArthur Thistlewood, pushing out Place who then abandoned politics for four years.[16] By the next decade Hume was identified with the group of followers of Mill andJeremy Bentham known as thePhilosophical Radicals, with organ theWestminster Review.[17]
At this period Hume also aimed to become a director of the East India Company, a position he described in an 1813 speech as an "arduous and most respectable office". He lobbied the company's shareholders, and in so doing met Maria Burnley, whom he married in 1815.[2][18]
When Hume was returned to Parliament once more in 1818, as member for theAberdeen Burghs in Scotland, it was with the support ofWilliam Maule. He stood there on a radical platform of his own devising.[4]
In 1823 Hume contested the election ofJames Duff, 4th Earl Fife as rector ofMarischal College in Aberdeen; in 1824 and 1825 he himself was elected. He revived the long-disused rectorial court in 1825, but offended the electorate of students by the use he made of it. He lost out in 1826 and 1827 toJames McGrigor, but was re-elected in 1828. There was a Royal Commission on the Scottish universities in 1826, and Hume claimed he had prompted it.[19][20][21]
In Aberdeen's local politics, Hume was at odds with a largely Tory town council, but had supporters includingAlexander Bannerman. His chances there dropped when he failed to support a road bill before parliament.[22] Faced in 1829 with a serious challenge fromSir James Carnegie, 5th Baronet, with a Brechin base, Hume decided to change seat.[23]
In March 1830, withHenry Hunt andDaniel O'Connell, Hume set up the London-basedMetropolitan Political Union, with a platform that includedmanhood suffrage and thesecret ballot. He was elected that year forMiddlesex, England.[24] He produced a County Rates Bill, and aimed to re-organise local government.[25] He came under attack, however, by 1837, as a moderate "Whig-Radical" too close to theMelbourne ministry.[26]
Hume later representedKilkenny, Ireland (1837); and then, from 1842, for the rest of his lifeMontrose Burghs.
Hume was a relentless, individualistic campaigner over a wide range of causes.Élie Halévy (English translation) characterised him in terms of "pigheadedness", with a "heavy mind"; and he was always a "dull yet dogged orator".[27][2]
During much of theLiverpool ministry, Hume could be called "the leader of the parliamentary Radicals", with emphasis on public finance.[28] Initially his group could be called (byViscount Castlereagh) "Creevey, Hume ... and two or three others" who sifted through details; it was nicknamed "The Mountain", from theMontagnards in France of the 1790s.[29]Joseph Nightingale credited Hume's attritional tactics with the resignations ofLord Ellenborough andNicholas Vansittart.[30][31]
A close ally, in parliament from 1826, wasHenry Warburton.[32] The retrenchment issue gained Hume praise fromWilliam Cobbett, and his criticism of the ultra-Protestant line on Ireland also drew support.[33] Opposing theCanning administration in 1827, however,Henry Brougham wrote toSir Robert Wilson that the Whigs "shall have no connection with Hume & Co. and the Benthamites", while expecting their votes 90% of the time.[34]
Hume often annoyed colleagues on the same side of the argument. He only with difficulty gained the trust of Francis Place, who took many years to come round to James Mill's view of his character.[12] His attitude affected coalition-building.Alexander Somerville wrote about the formation in 1830 of theGrey ministry:
We one and all thought it wrong that Joseph Hume should not be a member of the new government. We were ignorant of party connections and differences,—ignorant of the atomic nature of some politicians, of the gregarious nature of others.[35]
Around 1831, "Hume, Warburton and others" formed a recognisable group, still known as "The Mountain".[32] After theReform Act 1832, there were new radical MPs, but parliamentary voting support for the radicals reached a peak of 40, apart from specific issues on further electoral reform. Hume had become an "old parliamentary radical", Cobbett a "national radical".[36] At the period of the 1835Lichfield House Compact, Hume's plan to unite the parliamentary radicals withDaniel O'Connell's followers proved divisive.[37] In 1836–7 he was behind theConstitutional newspaper, aiming to appeal to militant radicals.[38]
Hume was an early supporter of theLondon Working Men's Association.[39]
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Hume made a habit of challenging and bringing to a vote every item ofpublic expenditure. In 1820, he secured the appointment of a committee to report on the expense of collecting tax revenue. He helped to abolish thesinking fund. It was he who caused the word "retrenchment" to be added to the Radical programme "peace and reform." The groat coin or four pence was re-introduced in 1836 during the reign of William IV at the suggestion of Hume. Popularly known as the 'joey', named after Hume's Christian name, it was introduced to ease transactions on the London buses, the fare being four pence or one groat. As the last groats were struck in 1888 the nickname became passed over to the silver threepences struck after that date until 1941 (the last year of production for British use).
TheCombination Act 1799 and its sequelCombination Act 1800 were repealed by theCombination of Workmen Act 1824, promoted by Hume and other radicals, in line with Benthamite principles on industrial harmony. Hume had packed a parliamentary committee on the issue, to support his artisan associateFrancis Place. There was an immediate surge in disputes. TheCombinations of Workmen Act 1825 backed byWilliam Huskisson then removed the legalright to strike, which remained the situation until the 1870s.[40][41]
Hume brought about the repeal of the laws prohibiting the export of machinery, and of the act preventing workmen from going abroad.
Hume protested against the use offlogging in the army, giving evidence to a parliamentary committee in 1835 based on his time as army surgeon in India.[42] He thought the inducement of a proportion of army commissions should be reserved for soldiers drawn from the ranks, an idea strongly opposed by theDuke of Wellington on social grounds.[43]
He also campaigned against theimpressment of sailors, and imprisonment for debt.
Hume in 1824 bought theSomerton estate in Norfolk, north ofGreat Yarmouth, from the heirs ofSir Philip Stephens, 1st Baronet, and named the house there Burnley Hall from his wife's name before marriage.[44] It became his seat. He died there in 1855 and is buried to the north-east of the main chapel inKensal Green Cemetery inLondon next to his good friendWilliam Williams.
Hume married in 1815 Maria Burnley, the daughter of Hardin Burnley, an American merchant andEast India Company director, and sister ofWilliam Hardin Burnley. They had three sons and four daughters: the children includedAllan Octavian Hume andMary Catherine Hume-Rothery.[2][56][57]
A memorial of Hume was published by his son Joseph Hume (London, 1855). A subscription fund established a Joseph Hume Scholarship, in jurisprudence and political economy, atUniversity College London.[66] As of 2021[update] it is still awarded.[67] Hume bequeahed his working library of approximately 5000 pamphlets to University College London in 1855.[68]
According to theHistory of the Silver Coinage of England byEdward Hawkins, agroat was known as a "Joey". It was "so called from Joseph Hume, M.P., who strongly recommended the coinage for the sake of paying short cab-fares, etc."[69]
In 1837 Hume initiated a plan for amemorial to the Scottish Political Martyrs, victims of the Pitt administration's policy of the 1790s.[70] It was supported by Peter Mackenzie, a radical journalist in Glasgow. He had already set up a memorial forJohn Baird andAndrew Hardie, two weavers executed in the 1820Radical War.[71] On 21 August 1844, 3000 gathered to see Hume lay the monument's foundation stone at theOld Calton Cemetery, Edinburgh.
In February 1852, a second monument to the Scottish Political Martyrs, again initiated by Hume, was unveiled at Nunhead Cemetery, London.[72]
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| Parliament of the United Kingdom | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by | Member of Parliament forWeymouth and Melcombe Regis 1812–1812 With:Charles Adams Richard Steward Sir John Murray, Bt | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Member of Parliament forAberdeen Burghs 1818–1830 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Member of Parliament forMiddlesex 1830–1837 With:George Byng | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Member of Parliament forKilkenny City 1837–1841 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Member of Parliament forMontrose Burghs 1842–1855 | Succeeded by |
| Academic offices | ||
| Preceded by | Rector of Marischal College, Aberdeen 1824–1825 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Rector of Marischal College, Aberdeen 1828–1829 | Succeeded by ? |
