 | This articleneeds additional citations forverification. Please helpimprove this article byadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Joseph Beuys" – news ·newspapers ·books ·scholar ·JSTOR(November 2025) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
Joseph Beuys | |
|---|---|
 Offset poster for Beuys's 1974 US lecture-series "Energy Plan for the Western Man", Ronald Feldman Gallery | |
| Born | Joseph Heinrich Beuys (1921-05-12)12 May 1921 |
| Died | 23 January 1986(1986-01-23) (aged 64) |
| Education | Kunstakademie Düsseldorf |
| Known for | Performance, sculpture, visual art, sociophilosophy,theory of art |
| Notable work | How to Explain Pictures to a Dead Hare (1965) Fettecke (1965) |
| Spouse | |
| Children | 2 |
| Signature | |
 | |
Joseph Heinrich Beuys (/bɔɪs/BOYSS;German:[ˈjoːzɛfˈbɔʏs]; 12 May 1921 – 23 January 1986) was a German artist, teacher, performance artist, andart theorist whose work reflected concepts ofhumanism and sociology. WithHeinrich Böll,Johannes Stüttgen [de;fr], Caroline Tisdall, Robert McDowell, and Enrico Wolleb, Beuys created theFree International University for Creativity & Interdisciplinary Research (FIU). Through his talks and performances, he also formed The Party for Animals and The Organisation for Direct Democracy. He was a member of a Dadaist art movementFluxus and singularly inspirational in developing of Performance Art, called Kunst Aktionen, alongsideWiener Aktionismus thatAllan Kaprow andCarolee Schneemann termed ArtHappenings.
According to his biographer Reinhard Ermen, he can be seen as the “ideal antagonist” of Andy Warhol.[1].
Beuys was professor at theKunstakademie Düsseldorf from 1961 until 1972. He was a founding member and life-long supporter of theGerman Green Party.
Joseph Beuys was born inKrefeld, Germany, on 12 May 1921, to Josef Jakob Beuys (1888–1958), a merchant, and Johanna Maria Margarete Beuys née Hülsermann (1889–1974). Soon after his birth, the family moved from Krefeld toKleve, an industrial town in Germany's Lower Rhine region, close to the Dutch border. Beuys attended primary school at theKatholische Volksschule and secondary school at theStaatliches Gymnasium Cleve (now theFreiherr-vom-Stein-Gymnasium). While in school he developed skills in drawing and took lessons in piano and cello. Other interests included the natural sciences, as well as Nordic history and mythology. By his own account, when theNazi Party stagedtheir book-burning inKleve on 19 May 1933 in his school courtyard, he salvaged the bookSystema Naturae byCarl Linnaeus "... from that large, flaming pile".[2]
In 1936, Beuys was a member of theHitler Youth; the organization at that time included a large majority of German children and adolescents, and later that year membership became compulsory. He participated in theNuremberg rally in September 1936. He was 15 years old at the time.[3]
Given his early interest in natural sciences, Beuys had considered a career in medical studies, but in his last years of school he became interested in pursuing a career in sculpture, possibly influenced by pictures ofWilhelm Lehmbruck's sculptures.[4] In around 1939 he began working part-time at a circus, where his responsibilities included posturing and taking care of animals. He held the job for about a year.[5] He graduated from school in the spring of 1941, having successfully earned hisAbitur.
Although he finally opted for a career in medicine,[6] in 1941, Beuys volunteered for theLuftwaffe,[7] and began training as an aircraft radio operator under the tutelage ofHeinz Sielmann in Posen, Poland (nowPoznań). They both attended lectures on biology and zoology at theUniversity of Posen, at that time aGermanized university. During this time he began to consider pursuing a career as an artist.[8]
In 1942, Beuys was stationed in theCrimea and was a member of various combat bomber units. From 1943 onward, he was deployed as rear-gunner in aJu 87 "Stuka" dive-bomber, initially stationed inKöniggrätz, later moving to the easternAdriatic region. Drawings and sketches from this time have been preserved, and his characteristic style is evident in this early work.[2] On 16 March 1944, Beuys's plane crashed on theCrimean Front close to Znamianka, then FreibergKrasnohvardiiske Raion.[9] Drawing from this incident, Beuys fashioned the myth that he was rescued from the crash by nomadicTatar tribesmen, who wrapped his broken body in animal fat and felt and nursed him back to health:
"Had it not been for the Tartars I would not be alive today. They were the nomads of the Crimea, in what was then no man's land between the Russian and German fronts, and favoured neither side. I had already struck up a good relationship with them and often wandered off to sit with them. 'Du nix njemcky' they would say, 'du Tartar,' and try to persuade me to join their clan. Their nomadic ways attracted me of course, although by that time their movements had been restricted. Yet, it was they who discovered me in the snow after the crash, when the German search parties had given up. I was still unconscious then and only came round completely after twelve days or so, and by then I was back in a German field hospital. So the memories I have of that time are images that penetrated my consciousness. The last thing I remember was that it was too late to jump, too late for the parachutes to open. That must have been a couple of seconds before hitting the ground. Luckily I was not strapped in – I always preferred free movement to safety belts ... My friend was strapped in and he was atomized on impact – there was almost nothing to be found of him afterwards. But I must have shot through the windscreen as it flew back at the same speed as the plane hit the ground and that saved me, though I had bad skull and jaw injuries. Then the tail flipped over and I was completely buried in the snow. That's how the Tartars found me days later. I remember voices saying 'Voda' (Water), then the felt of their tents, and the dense pungent smell of cheese, fat, and milk. They covered my body in fat to help it regenerate warmth, and wrapped it in felt as an insulator to keep warmth in."[10]
Records state that Beuys remained conscious, was recovered by a German search commando, and that there were no Tatars in the village at the time. Beuys was brought to a military hospital where he stayed for three weeks, from 17 March to 7 April.[11] It is consistent with Beuys's work that his biography would have been subject to his own reinterpretation;[12] this particular story has served as a powerful origin myth for Beuys's artistic identity, and has provided an initial interpretive key to his use of unconventional materials, amongst which felt and fat were central.[13]
Despite prior injuries, he was deployed to theWestern Front in August 1944, assigned to a poorly-equipped and trainedparatrooper unit.[2] He received a goldWound Badge for having been wounded in action over five times. On the day after theGerman unconditional surrender (8 May 1945), Beuys was taken prisoner inCuxhaven and brought to a Britishinternment camp from which he was released three months later, on 5 August. He returned to his parents who had moved to a suburb ofKleve.
| This sectionneeds additional citations forverification. Please helpimprove this article byadding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.(May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
After returning toKleve, Beuys met local sculptor Walter Brüx and painter Hanns Lamers, who encouraged him to take up art as a full-time career. He joined the Kleve Artists Association, which had been established by Brüx and Lamers. On 1 April 1946, Beuys enrolled in the monumental sculpture program at theDüsseldorf Academy of Fine Arts. Initially he was assigned to the class ofJoseph Enseling, who had a more traditional, representational focus,[2] but he managed to change his mentor after three semesters, joining the small class ofEwald Mataré in 1947, who had rejoined the academy the previous year, after having been banned by the Nazis in 1939. Theanthroposophical philosophy ofRudolf Steiner became an increasingly important basis for Beuys's philosophy. In his view it is "...an approach that refers to reality in a direct and practical way, and that by comparison, all forms of epistemological discourse remain without direct relevance to current trends and movements."[2] Reaffirming his interest in science, Beuys re-established contact withHeinz Sielmann, and assisted with a number of nature- and wildlife documentaries in the region between 1947 and 1949.
In 1947 Beuys, along with other artists (includingHann Trier), founded the group 'Donnerstag-Gesellschaft' (Thursday Group).[14] The group organised discussions, exhibitions, events and concerts between 1947 and 1950 in Alfter Castle.
In 1951,Mataré accepted Beuys into his master class[a] where he shared a studio withErwin Heerich,[15] that he kept until 1954, a year after graduation. Nobel laureateGünter Grass recollects Beuys's influence in Mataré's class as shaping "a Christian anthroposophic atmosphere".[16] He readJoyce, impressed by the "Irish-mythological elements" in his works,[2] theGerman romanticsNovalis andFriedrich Schiller, and studiedGalileo andLeonardo, whom he admired as examples of artists and scientists who are conscious of their position in society and who work accordingly.[2] Early shows include participation in the Kleve Artists Association annual exhibition in Kleve'sVilla Koekkoek, where Beuys showed aquarelles and sketches, a solo show at the home ofHans [de] andFranz Joseph van der Grinten [de] inKranenburg as well as a show in theVon der Heydt Museum inWuppertal.
Beuys finished his education in 1953, graduating at age 32 as master student from Mataré's class. He had a modest income from a number of craft-oriented commissions: a gravestone and several pieces of furniture. Throughout the 1950s, Beuys struggled both financially and from the trauma of his wartime experiences. His output consisted of drawings and sculptural work. Beuys explored a range of unconventional materials and developed his artistic agenda, exploring metaphorical and symbolic connections between natural phenomena and philosophical systems. Often difficult to interpret in themselves, his drawings constitute a speculative, contingent and hermetic exploration of the material world, myth and philosophy. In 1974, 327 drawings, the majority of which were made during the late 1940s and 1950s, were collected into a group entitled The Secret Block for a Secret Person in Ireland (a reference to Joyce), and exhibited in Oxford, Edinburgh, Dublin, and Belfast.[citation needed]
In 1956, artistic self-doubt and material impoverishment led to a physical and psychological crisis, and Beuys entered a period of serious depression. He recovered at the house of his most important early patrons, the van der Grinten brothers, in Kranenburg. In 1958, Beuys participated in an international competition for anAuschwitz-Birkenau memorial. His proposal did not win and his design was never realised. In 1958, Beuys began a cycle of drawings related to Joyce'sUlysses. Completed in around 1961, the six exercise books of drawings would constitute, Beuys declared, an extension of Joyce's seminal novel. In 1959, Beuys married Eva Wurmbach. They had two children.[citation needed]
In 1961, Beuys was appointed professor of monumental sculpture at the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf. His students were artistsAnatol Herzfeld,Katharina Sieverding,Jörg Immendorff,Blinky Palermo,Peter Angermann,Walter Dahn,Johannes Stüttgen [de;fr], Sigmar Polke and Friederike Weske. His youngest student was Elias Maria Reti who began to study art in his class at the age of 15.[17]
Beuys entered wider public consciousness in 1964, when he participated in a festival at the Technical College Aachen which coincided with the 20th anniversary of an assassination attempt on Adolf Hitler. Beuys created a performance or action (Aktion) which was interrupted by a group of students, one of whom attacked Beuys, punching him in the face. A photograph of the artist, nose bloodied and arm raised, was circulated in the media.[citation needed] It was for this 1964 festival that Beuys produced an idiosyncraticCV, which he titledLebenslauf/Werklauf (Life Course/Work Course). The document was a self-consciously fictionalised account of the artist's life, in which historical events mingle with metaphorical and mythical speech (he refers to his birth as the 'Exhibition of a wound;' he claims his Ulysses Extension to have been carried out 'at James Joyce's request' – impossible, given that the writer was long dead by 1961).[citation needed]
Beuys manifested his social philosophical ideas in abolishing entry requirements to his Düsseldorf class. Throughout the late 1960s, this renegade policy caused great institutional friction, coming to a head in October 1972 when Beuys was dismissed from his post.[citation needed] That year, he found 142 applicants who had not been accepted whom he wished to enroll under his teaching. Beuys and 16 students subsequently occupied the offices of the academy to force a hearing regarding their admission. They were admitted by the school, but the relationship between Beuys and the school was irreconcilable.[18] He again occupied the university offices with a group of students; the police were called and he was escorted laughing from the building. This was depicted in a photograph which was used to create a 1973 silkscreen print with the titleDemocracy Is Funny.[19] Shortly after, he was dismissed from his post again. The dismissal, which Beuys refused to accept, produced a wave of protests from students, artists and critics. Although now without an institutional position, Beuys continued an intense schedule of public lectures and discussions, and became increasingly active in German politics. Despite this dismissal, the walkway on the academy's side of the Rhine is named for Beuys. Later in life, Beuys became a visiting professor at various institutions (1980–1985).[citation needed]
"The most important discussion is epistemological in character," stated Beuys, demonstrating his desire for continuous intellectual exchange. Beuys attempted to apply philosophical concepts to his pedagogical practice. Beuys's action,How to Explain Pictures to a Dead Hare, exemplifies a performance that is especially relevant to the pedagogical field because it addresses "the difficulty of explaining things".[20] The artist spent three hours explaining his art to a dead hare with his head covered with honey and gold leaf, and Ulmer argues not only that the honey on the head but the hare itself are models of thinking, of man embodying his ideas in forms. Contemporary movements such as performance art may be considered 'laboratories' for a new pedagogy since "research and experiment have replaced form as the guiding force".[20]
During anArtforum interview withWilloughby Sharp in 1969, Beuys added to his famous statement – "teaching is my greatest work of art" – that "the rest is the waste product, a demonstration. If you want to express yourself you must present something tangible. But after a while this has only the function of a historic document. Objects aren't very important any more. I want to get to the origin of matter, to the thought behind it."[21] Beuys saw his role of an artist as a teacher or shaman who could guide society in a new direction.[22]
At the Düsseldorf Academy of Art, Beuys did not impose his artistic style or techniques on his students; in fact, he kept much of his work and exhibitions hidden from the classroom because he wanted his students to explore their own interests, ideas, and talents.[23] Beuys's actions were somewhat contradictory: while he was extremely strict about certain aspects of classroom management and instruction, such as punctuality and the need for students to take draftsmanship classes, he encouraged his students to freely set their own artistic goals without having to conform to set curricula.[23] Another aspect of Beuys's pedagogy was open "ring discussions" orRinggesprache, where Beuys and his students discussed political and philosophical issues of the day, including the role of art, democracy, and the university in society. Some of his ideas espoused in class discussion and in his art-making included free art education for all, the discovery of creativity in everyday life, and the belief that "everyone [was] an artist."[24] Beuys himself encouraged peripheral activity and all manner of expression to emerge during the course of these discussions.[23] While some of Beuys's students enjoyed the open discourse of theRinggesprache, others, including Palermo and Immendorf, disapproved of the classroom disorder and anarchic characteristics, eventually rejecting his methods and philosophies altogether.[23]
Beuys also advocated taking art outside of the boundaries of the (art) system and opening it up to multiple possibilities, bringing creativity into all areas of life. His nontraditional and anti-establishment pedagogical practice and philosophy made him the focus of much controversy, and to battle the policy of "restricted entry", under which only a few select students were allowed to attend art classes, he deliberately allowed students to over-enroll in his courses (Anastasia Shartin),[25] true to his belief those who have something to teach and those who have something to learn should come together.
According to Cornelia Lauf (1992),[full citation needed] "in order to implement his idea, as well as a host of supporting notions encompassing cultural and political concepts, Beuys crafted a charismatic artistic persona that infused his work with mystical overtones and led him to be called "shaman" and "messianic" in the popular press."
Beuys had adoptedshamanism not only as a presentation mode of his art but also in his own life. Although the artist as a shaman has been a trend in modern art (Picasso,Gauguin), Beuys is unusual in that respect as he integrated "his art and his life into the shaman role."[26] Beuys believed that humanity, with its turn on rationality, was trying to eliminate emotions and thus eliminate a major source of energy and creativity. In his first lecture tour in America he espoused that humanity was in an evolving state and that as "spiritual" beings we ought to draw on both our emotions and our thinking as they represent the total energy and creativity for every individual. Beuys described how we must seek out and energize our spirituality and link it to our thinking powers so that "our vision of the world must be extended to encompass all the invisible energies with which we have lost contact."[27][28]
Beuys saw his performance art as shamanistic and psychoanalytic to both educate and heal the general public.
"It was thus a strategic stage to use the shaman's character but, subsequently, I gave scientific lectures. Also, at times, on one hand, I was a kind of modern scientific analyst, on the other hand, in the actions, I had a synthetic existence as shaman. This strategy aimed at creating in people an agitation for instigating questions rather than for conveying a complete and perfect structure. It was a kind of psychoanalysis with all the problems of energy and culture."[29]
Beuys's art was considered both instructive and therapeutic – "His intention was to use these two forms of discourse and styles of knowledge as pedagogues." He used shamanistic and psychoanalytic techniques to "manipulate symbols" and affect his audience.[30]In his personal life, Beuys had adopted a felt hat, a felt suit, a cane and a vest as his standard look. The imagined story of him being rescued by Tartar herdsmen perhaps is an explanation for his adopting materials such as felt and fat.
Beuys experienced severe depression between 1955 and 1957. After recovering, he observed at the time that "his personal crisis"[This quote needs a citation] caused him to question everything in life, and he called the incident "a shamanistic initiation."[This quote needs a citation] He saw death not only in its inevitability for people, but also death in the environment, and through his art and his political activism, he became a strong critic of environmental destruction. He said at the time, "I don't use shamanism to refer to death, but vice versa – through shamanism, I refer to the fatal character of the times we live in. But at the same time I also point out that the fatal character of the present can be overcome in the future."[This quote needs a citation]
In 1972 Joseph Beuys arrived in Italy, in the small village of Bolognano, invited by Baron Buby Durini and his wife, Baroness Lucrezia De Domizio Durini: he spent the last 15 years of his life making some of his most important works called OperazioneDifesa della Natura (Defense of Nature): a project with a strong ecological but also anthropological value, understood as a defense of man, human values, and the creativity of individuals, in a continuous close relationship between man, the artistic gesture and thus art, nature and the earth. A four-year long work of planting trees and shrubs of different species to protect biodiversity and endangered species. Planting Paradise, became a kind of paradise of 7000 trees and shrubs of different species; the preparation of the land, chosen within the estate of Barons Durini, began in 1982 and two years later the artist delivered the final list of specimens chosen for planting. On May 13, 1984 in Bolognano, Beuys held the historic public discussion "Defense of Nature" and on the same occasion he was awarded the town’s honorary citizenship. But his efforts do not stop there indeed, he also created the work Olivestone, consisting of five stone tanks used for decanting oil in which blocks are inserted, leaving only a small channel free, inside which the oil flows. The work aimed to evoke memories, experienced places, and seasons in the viewer through the stimulation of the sense of smell.[31] His italian works are now part of the collections of the world's major museums, such as theKunsthaus Zürich and theSolomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York.[32]
During this time, the only major retrospective of Beuys work to be organised in Beuys's lifetime opened at theGuggenheim Museum in New York in 1979. The exhibition has been described as a "lightning rod for American criticism," eliciting as it did some powerful and polemical responses.[3]
In 1982, he was invited to participate in the seventh edition of the major exhibition “documenta,” which takes place every five years in the German city of Kassel. Beuys expressed all his sensitivity with one of his most evocative works: 7000 Oaks. This was not a traditional sculpture but a large triangle placed in front of the Frederician Museum and composed of 7000 basalt stones, each of which could be “adopted” by a potential buyer. The proceeds from the sale of each stone were used over the years to plant an oak tree. The operation, which officially ended in 1987, a year after the artist's death, has yet to be completed, as it will take about 300 years for the 7,000 oak trees to become the great forest imagined by Joseph Beuys. However, by transcending the temporal limits of his own existence, he succeeded in transforming an ordinary and often trivialized action, such as planting trees, into a great collective ritual capable of evoking the deepest meanings of the relationship between man and nature. This work has become a symbol of “social sculpture.”[33]
Beuys died of heart failure on 23 January 1986, inDüsseldorf.[34]
Beuys's body of work principally comprises four domains: works of art in a traditional sense (painting, drawing, sculpture and installations), performance, contributions to the theory of art and academic teaching, and social and political activities.
In 1962, Beuys befriended his Düsseldorf colleagueNam June Paik, a member of theFluxus movement. This began what was to be a brief formal involvement with Fluxus, a loose international group of artists who championed radical erosion of artistic boundaries, bringing aspects of creative practice outside of the institution and into the everyday. Although Beuys participated in a number of Fluxus events, it soon became clear that he viewed the implications of art's economic and institutional framework differently. Indeed, whereas Fluxus was directly inspired by the radicalDada activities emerging during the First World War, Beuys in a 1964 broadcast (from the Second German Television Studio) a different message:Das Schweigen von Marcel Duchamp wird überbewertet [de] ('The silence ofMarcel Duchamp is overrated'). Beuys's relationship with the legacy of Duchamp and thereadymade is a central (if often unacknowledged) aspect of the controversy surrounding his practice.[citation needed]
On 12 January 1985, Beuys, together withAndy Warhol andKaii Higashiyama, became involved in the "Global-Art-Fusion" project. This was afax art project, initiated by the conceptual artist Ueli Fuchser, in which faxes with drawings of all three artists were sent within 32 minutes around the world – from Düsseldorf (Germany) via New York (USA) to Tokyo (Japan), and received at Vienna'sPalais-Liechtenstein Museum of Modern Art. This fax event was a sign of peace during theCold War in the 1980s.[35]
Beuys's first solo exhibition in a private gallery opened on 26 November 1965 withHow to Explain Pictures to a Dead Hare. The artist could be viewed through the glass of the gallery's window. His face was covered in honey and gold leaf, and an iron slab was attached to his boot. In his arms he cradled a dead hare, into whose ear he uttered muffled noises as well as explanations of the drawings lining the walls. Such materials and actions had specific symbolic value for Beuys. For example, honey is the product of bees, and for Beuys (following Rudolf Steiner), bees represented an ideal society of warmth and brotherhood. Gold had its importance within alchemical enquiry, and iron, the metal of Mars, stood for a masculine principle of strength and connection to the earth. A photograph from the performance, in which Beuys sits with the hare, has been described "by some critics[who?] as a newMona Lisa of the 20th century," though Beuys disagreed with the description.[36]
Beuys explained his performance this way:
"In putting honey on my head I am clearly doing something that has to do with thinking. Human ability is not to produce honey, but to think, to produce ideas. In this way the deathlike character of thinking becomes lifelike again. For honey is undoubtedly a living substance. Human thinking can be lively too. But it can also be intellectualized to a deadly degree, and remain dead, and express its deadliness in, say, the political or pedagogic fields. Gold and honey indicate a transformation of the head, and therefore, naturally and logically, the brain and our understanding of thought, consciousness and all the other levels necessary to explain pictures to a hare: the warm stool insulated with felt ... and the iron sole with the magnet. I had to walk on this sole when I carried the hare round from picture to picture, so along with the strange limp came the clank of iron on the hard stone floor—that was all that broke the silence, since my explanations were mute .... This seems to have been the action that most captured people's imaginations. On one level this must be because everyone consciously or unconsciously recognizes the problem of explaining things, particularly where art and creative work are concerned, or anything that involves a certain mystery or question. The idea of explaining to an animal conveys a sense of the secrecy of the world and of existence that appeals to the imagination. Then, as I said, even a dead animal preserves more powers of intuition than some human beings with their stubborn rationality.The problem lies in the word 'understanding' and its many levels, which cannot be restricted to rational analysis. Imagination, inspiration, and longing all lead people to sense that these other levels also play a part in understanding. This must be the root of reactions to this action, and is why my technique has been to try and seek out the energy points in the human power field, rather than demanding specific knowledge or reactions on the part of the public. I try to bring to light the complexity of creative areas."[36][failed verification]
Further examples of such performances include:Eurasienstab [de] (1967),Celtic (Kinloch Rannoch) Scottish Symphony (1970), andI Like America and America Likes Me (1974).[18]
The Chief was first performed in Copenhagen in 1963 and in Berlin in 1964.[37] Beuys positioned himself on the gallery floor wrapped entirely in a large felt blanket, and remained there for nine hours. Emerging from either end of the blanket were two dead hares. Around him was an installation of copper rod, felt, fat, hair, and fingernails. Inside the blanket Beuys held a microphone into which he breathed, coughed, groaned, grumbled, whispered and whistled at irregular intervals, with the results amplified by a PA system as viewers observed from the doorway.[37]
In her book on Beuys, Caroline Tisdall wrote thatThe Chief "is the first performance in which the rich vocabulary of the next fifteen years is already suggested,"[37] and that its theme is "the exploration of levels of communication beyond human semantics, by appealing to atavistic and instinctual powers."[38] Beuys stated that his presence in the room "was like that of a carrier wave, attempting to switch off my own species' range of semantics."[39] He also said: "For meThe Chief was above all an important sound piece. The most recurring sound was deep in the throat and hoarse like the cry of the stag....This is a primary sound, reaching far back. ... The sounds I make are taken consciously from animals. I see it as a way of coming into contact with other forms of existence beyond the human one. It's a way of going beyond our restricted understanding to expand the scale of producers of energy among co-operators in other species, all of whom have different abilities[.]"[39] Beuys also acknowledged the physical demands of the performance. "It takes a lot of discipline to avoid panicking in such a condition, floating empty and devoid of emotion and without specific feelings of claustrophobia or pain, for nine hours in the same position ... such an action ... changes me radically. In a way it's a death, a real action and not an interpretation."[39]
Writer Jan Verwoert noted that Beuys's "voice filled the room, while the source was nowhere to be found. The artist was the focus of attention, yet remained invisible, rolled up in a felt blanket throughout the duration of the event...visitors were...forced to stay in the neighboring room. They could see what was happening but remained barred from direct physical access to the event. The partial closing-off of the performance space from the audience space created distance, and at the same time increased the attraction of the artist's presence. He was present acoustically and physically as part of a piece of sculpture, but also absent, invisible, untouchable[.]"[40] Verwoert suggests thatThe Chief "can be read as a parable of cultural work in a public medium. The authority of those who dare — or are so bold as — to speak publicly results from the fact that they isolate themselves from the gaze of the public, under the gaze of the public, in order to still address it in indirect speech, relayed through a medium. What is constituted in this ceremony is authority in the sense of authorship, in the sense of a public voice....Beuys stages the creation of such a public voice as an event that is as dramatic as it is absurd. He thus asserts the emergence of such a voice as an event. At the same time, however, he also undermines this assertion through the lamentably powerless form by which this voice is produced: in emitting half-smothered inarticulate sounds that would have remained inaudible without electronic amplification."[40] Lana Shafer Meador wrote: "Inherent toThe Chief were issues of communication and transformation .... For Beuys, his own muffled coughs, breaths, and grunts were his way of speaking for the hares, giving a voice to those who are misunderstood or do not possess their own....In the midst of this metaphysical communication and transmission, the audience was left out in the cold. Beuys deliberately distanced the viewers by physically positioning them in a separate gallery room — only able to hear, but not see what is occurring — and by performing the action for a grueling nine hours."[41]
Beuys performedInfiltration Homogen for Piano [de] in Düsseldorf in 1966.[42] The result was a piano covered entirely in felt with two crosses made of red material affixed to its sides. Beuys wrote: "The sound of the piano is trapped inside the felt skin. In the normal sense a piano is an instrument used to produce sound. When not in use it is silent, but still has a sound potential. Here no sound is possible and the piano is condemned to silence."[42] He also said, "The relationship to the human position is marked by the two red crosses signifying emergency: the danger that threatens if we stay silent and fail to make the next evolutionary step...Such an object is intended as a stimulus for discussion, and in no way is to be taken as an aesthetic product."[42] During the performance he also used wax earplugs and drew and wrote on a blackboard.[43]
The piece is subtitled "The greatest composer here is the thalidomide child", and attempts to bring attention to the plight of children affected by the drug.[18][42] (Thalidomide was a sleep aid introduced in the 1950s in Germany. It was promoted to help relieve the symptoms of morning sickness and was prescribed in unlimited doses to pregnant women. However, it quickly became apparent that Thalidomide caused death and deformities in some children of mothers who had taken the drug. It was on the market for less than four years. In Germany around 2,500 children were affected.[18]) During his performance, Beuys held a discussion about the tragedy surrounding Thalidomide children.[18]
Beuys also preparedInfiltration Homogens for Cello, a cello wrapped in grey felt with a red cross attached,[44] for musicianCharlotte Moorman, who performed it in conjunction withNam June Paik.[43][45]
Caroline Tisdall noted how, in this work, "sound and silence, exterior and interior, are ... brought together in objects and actions as representatives of the physical and spiritual worlds."[42] Australian sculptor Ken Unsworth wrote thatInfiltration "became a black hole: instead of sound escaping, sound was drawn into it ... It wasn't as if the piano was dead. I realised Beuys identified felt with saving and preserving life."[46] Artist Dan McLaughlin wrote of the "quiet absorptive silencing of an instrument capable of an infinity of expressions The power and potency of the instrument is dressed, swaddled even, in felt, legs and all, and creates a clumsy, pachyderm-like metaphor for a kind of silent entombment. But it is also a power incubated, protected and storing potential expressions ... pieces likeInfiltration showcase the intuitive power Beuys had, understanding that some materials had invested in them human language and human gesture through use and proximity, through morphological sympathy."[47]
Art historianUwe Schneede [de] considers this performance pivotal for the reception of Germanavant-garde art in the United States since it paved the way for recognition of not only Beuys's own work but also that of contemporaries such asGeorg Baselitz,Kiefer,Lüpertz, and many others in the 1980s.[48] In May 1974, Beuys flew to New York and was taken by ambulance to the site of the performance, a room in the René Block Gallery at 409 West Broadway.[49] Beuys lay on the ambulance stretcher swathed in felt. He shared this room with acoyote for eight hours over three days. At times he stood, wrapped in a thick, grey blanket of felt, leaning on a large shepherd's staff. At times he lay on the straw, at times he watched the coyote as the coyote watched him and cautiously circled the man or shredded the blanket to pieces, and at times he engaged in symbolic gestures, such as striking a large triangle or tossing his leather gloves to the animal; the performance continuously shifted between elements that were required by the realities of the situation and elements that had a purely symbolic character. At the end of the three days, Beuys hugged the coyote that had grown quite tolerant of him and was taken to the airport. Again he rode in a veiled ambulance, leaving America without having set foot on its ground. As Beuys later explained: 'I wanted to isolate myself, insulate myself, see nothing of America other than the coyote.'[48]
In 2013, Dale Eisinger ofComplex rankedI Like America and America Likes Me the second greatest work of performance art ever, afterPandrogeny byGenesis P-Orridge.[50]
Richard Demarco invited Beuys to Scotland in May 1970 and again in August to show and perform in theEdinburgh International Festival withGünther Uecker,Blinky Palermo and other Düsseldorf artists plusRobert Filliou[51] where they took over the main spaces of theEdinburgh College of Art. The exhibition was a defining moment for British and European art, directly influencing several generations of artists and curators.
In Edinburgh in 1970, Beuys created ARENA for Demarco as a retrospective of his art up to that time, showed his installationThe Pack (Beuys) [de;The Pack] and performedCeltic Kinloch Rannoch withHenning Christiansen andJohannes Stüttgen [de;fr] in support, seen by several thousands. This was Beuys's first use of blackboards and the beginning of nine trips to Scotland to work with Richard Demarco, and six to Ireland and five to England, working mainly with art critic Caroline Tisdall and Troubled Image Group artist Robert McDowell and others in the detailed formulation of theFree International University for Creativity and Interdisciplinary Research (FIU) presented atdocumenta 6 in 1977, in London in 1978 and Edinburgh in 1980, as well as in many other iterations.
In Edinburgh, at the end of the 1970s the FIU became among four organisations that founded theGerman Green Party. Beuys became entranced by the periphery of Europe as a dynamic counter in cultural and economic terms to Europe's centralisation, and this included linking Europe's energies North-South to Italy and East-West in the Eurasia concept, with special emphasis on Celtic traditions in landscape, poetry, and myths that also define Eurasia. In his view anything that survives as art and ideas and beliefs, including the great religions for centuries or millennia, contain eternal truths and beauty. The truth of ideas and of 'thinking as form', the sculpture of energies across a wide and variegated spectrum from mythos and spirituality to materialism, Socialism and Capitalism, and of 'creativity = capital' encompassed for him the study of geology, botany, and animal life, finding meanings and precepts in all of these as much as in the study of society, philosophy and the human condition, and in his art practice as 'Social Sculpture'.[citation needed]
He adopted and developed aGestalt way to examine and work with both organic and inorganic substances and human social elements, following Leonardo,Loyola,Goethe, Steiner, Joyce, and many other artists, scientists and thinkers, working with all visible and invisible aspects comprising a totality of cultural, moral and ethical significance as much as practical or scientific value. These trips inspired many works and performances. Beuys considered Edinburgh with its Enlightenment history as a laboratory of inspirational ideas. When visitingLoch Awe andRannoch Moor on his May 1970 visit to Demarco he first conceived the necessity of the7,000 Oaks work. After making the Loch Awe sculpture, at Rannoch Moor he began what became theCeltic (Kinlock Rannoch) Scottish Symphony performance, developed further in Basel the next year asCeltic+. The performance in Edinburgh included his first blackboard that later appeared in many performances when in discussion with the public. With it and his Eurasian staff he is a transmitter and, despite long periods of imperturbable stillness interspersed by Christiansen's 'sound sculptures', he also creates dialogue evoking artists' thoughts and in discussion with spectators. He collected gelatin representing crystalline stored energy of ideas that had been spread over the wall. In Basel the action including washing the feet of seven spectators. He immersed himself in water with reference to Christian traditions and baptism and symbolized revolutionary freedom from false preconceptions.[citation needed]
He then, as in Edinburgh, pushed a blackboard across the floor alternately writing or drawing on it for his audience. He put each piece in a tray and as the tray became full he held it above his head and convulsed, causing the gelatin to fall on him and the floor. He followed this with a quiet pause. He stared into emptiness for over half an hour, fairly still in both performances. During this time, he had a lance in his hand and was standing by the blackboard where he had drawn a grail. He took a protective stance. After this he repeated each action in the opposite order, ending with the washing with water as a final cleansing.[18] The performances were filled with Celtic symbolism with various interpretations or historic influences. This extended in 1972 with the performanceVitex Agnus Castus in Naples, of combining female and male elements and evoking much else, and extended further withI Like America and America Likes Me to have a performance dialogue with the original energy of America represented by the endangered yet highly intelligent coyote.
In 1974, in Edinburgh, Beuys worked withBuckminster Fuller in Demarco's 'Black & White Oil Conference', where Beuys talked of 'The Energy Plan of the Western Man' using blackboards in open discussion with audiences at Demarco's Forrest Hill Schoolhouse. In the 1974Edinburgh Festival, Beuys performedThree Pots for the Poorhouse again using gelatin in Edinburgh's ancient poorhouse, continuing the development begun withCeltic Kinloch Rannoch. He met thereTadeusz Kantor directingLovelies and Dowdies and was atMarina Abramović's first ever performance. In 1976, Beuys performedIn Defence of the Innocent at theDemarco Gallery where he stood for the imprisoned gangster and sculptorJimmy Boyle in a manner associating Boyle with the coyote. In 1980 Edinburgh Festival Beuys was at the FIU exhibition and performedJimmy Boyle Days (the name of the blackboards he used in public discussions), and where he went on a hunger strike as a public protest and led with others in a legal action against the Scottish Justice system. This was the first case under the new European Human Rights Act. The eight performances should be understood as one continuum.
During the 1960s Beuys formed his central theoretical concepts about arts' social, cultural and political function and potential.[52] Indebted to Romantic writers likeNovalis andSchiller, Beuys was motivated by a belief in the power of universal human creativity and was confident about the potential for art to bring about revolutionary change. These ideas were founded in the body of social ideas ofRudolf Steiner, known asSocial Threefolding, of which he was a vigorous and original proponent. This translated into Beuys's devising the concept ofsocial sculpture, in which society as a whole was to be regarded as one great work of art (the WagnerianGesamtkunstwerk) to which each person can contribute creatively (perhaps Beuys's most famous phrase, borrowed from Novalis, is "Everyone is an artist"). In the video "Willoughby SHARP, Joseph Beuys, Public Dialogues (1974/120 min.)", a record of Beuys's first major public discussion in the U.S., Beuys elaborates three principles: Freedom, Democracy, and Socialism, saying that each of them depends on the other two in order to be meaningful. In 1973, Beuys wrote:
"Only on condition of a radical widening of definitions will it be possible for art and activities related to art [to] provide evidence that art is now the only evolutionary-revolutionary power. Only art is capable of dismantling the repressive effects of a senile social system that continues to totter along the deathline: to dismantle in order to build 'A SOCIAL ORGANISM AS A WORK OF ART' ... EVERY HUMAN BEING IS AN ARTIST who – from his state of freedom – the position of freedom that he experiences at first-hand – learns to determine the other positions of the TOTAL ART WORK OF THE FUTURE SOCIAL ORDER."[53]
In 1982, he was invited to create a work fordocumenta 7. He delivered a large pile of basalt stones. From above one could see that the pile of stones was a large arrow pointing to a single oak tree that he had planted. He announced that the stones should not be moved unless an oak tree was planted in a stone's new location.7,000 oak trees were then planted in Kassel, Germany.[54] This project exemplified the idea that a social sculpture was defined as interdisciplinary and participatory. Beuys wanted to effect environmental and social change through this project. TheDia Art Foundation is perpetuating his project and has planted more trees and paired them with basalt stones, too.
Beuys said that:
My point with these seven thousand trees was that each would be a monument, consisting of a living part, the live tree, changing all the time, and a crystalline mass maintaining its shape, size, and weight. This stone can be transformed only by taking from it, when a piece splinters off, say, never by growing. By placing these two objects side by side, the proportionality of the monument's two parts will never be the same.[55]
In 1982, Beuys recorded a music video for a song he had written entitled "Sonne statt Reagan"[56] which translates to "Sun, not Rain/Reagan", an anti-Reagan political piece that included some German puns and reinforced some key messages of Beuys's career (at least, after his days as a soldier) – namely, a liberal, pacifist political attitude, a desire to perpetuate open discourse about art and politics, a refusal to sanctify his own image and 'artistic reputation' by only doing the kinds of work other people expected he would do, and above all an openness to exploring different media forms to get across the messages he wanted to convey. His continued commitment to the demystification and dis-institutionalization of the 'art world' was never more clear than it is here.[original research?]
Beuys regarded this song as a work of art, not "pop". The lyrics are aimed at Reagan, the military complex and whoever is trying to defrost the "Cold War" to make it "Hot." Beuys warns Reaganet al. that the peace-loving masses are behind him, including Americans.[57]
Among Beuys's pieces of social sculpture was the7,000 Oaks project, one which met with some controversy.[citation needed]
Amongst other things, Beuys founded (or co-founded) the following political organisations: German Student Party (1967), Organization for Direct Democracy Through Referendum (1971),Free International University for Creativity and Interdisciplinary Research (1974), and German Green PartyDie Grünen (1980). Beuys became a pacifist and a vocal opponent of nuclear weapons; he campaigned for environmental causes (in fact he was elected as a Green Party candidate for the European Parliament). Some of his art directly addressed the political issues of the day among groups with which he affiliated.
The Guggenheim retrospective and catalogue offered a comprehensive view of Beuys's practice and rhetoric to an American critical audience. Although for some time he had been a central figure in the post-war European artistic consciousness, his work to that point had had only fleeting and partial exposure among American audiences. In 1980, building on scepticism voiced by Belgian artistMarcel Broodthaers, who in a 1972 Open Letter had compared Beuys to Wagner,[58] art historianBenjamin Buchloh (who was teaching at Staatliche Kunstakademie, just like Beuys) launched a polemically forceful attack on Beuys.[59] The essay was a vitriolic and extensive critique of both Beuys's rhetoric (referred to as "simple-minded utopian drivel") and persona (Buchloh regards Beuys as both infantile and messianic).[60]
First, Buchloh notes Beuys's fictionalisation of his own biography,[61] which he sees as symptomatic of a dangerous cultural tendency to disavow past trauma and retreat into the realms of myth and esoteric symbolism. Buchloh critiques Beuys for failing to acknowledge and engage with Nazism, the Holocaust, and their implications. Buchloh then criticizes Beuys for displaying an inability or reluctance to engage with the consequences of the work ofMarcel Duchamp, in particular, a failure to acknowledge theframing function of the art institution and the inevitable dependence upon such institutions to create meaning for art objects. If Beuys championed art's power to foster political transformation, Buchloh asserts that Beuys nevertheless failed to acknowledge the limits imposed upon such aspirations by the art museum and dealership networks which, he asserts, may serve somewhat less utopian ambitions. For Buchloh, rather than acknowledging the collective and contextual formation of meaning, Beuys instead tried to prescribe and control the meanings of his art, often through dubious esoteric or symbolic codings. Buchloh's critique has been expounded upon by commentators like Stefan Germer and Rosalind Krauss.[62][63]
Buchloh's critique has been subject to revision. His attention is given to dismantling a mythologized artistic persona and utopian rhetoric, which he regarded to be irresponsible. Since Buchloh's essay was published, however, much new archival material has come to light, most significantly Beuys's proposal for an Auschwitz-Birkenau memorial, submitted in 1958. Some argue that the existence of such a project invalidates Buchloh's claim that Beuys retreated from engaging with the Nazi legacy, a point that Buchloh himself has acknowledged, although the charges of romanticism and self-mythologizing remain.[64]
His work has attracted admiration, addressing the works, by Gene Ray,[65]Claudia Mesch,[66][67][68]Christa-Maria Lerm Hayes,[69] Briony Fer[70] and Alex Potts[71] .
Beuys's social sculpture proposals and underpinning ideas have been explored, shared and developed through the practices, pedagogies, actions and writings of his master student and collaborator Shelley Sacks, first in South Africa in the 1970s as a branch of the Free International University (FIU); in the first Social Sculpture Colloquium, hosted by the Goethe Institute in Glasgow (1995); from 1997-2018 as Professor in Social Sculpture in the Social Sculpture Research Unit (SSRU) at Oxford Brookes University, where Johannes Stüttgen, Caroline Tisdall and Volker Harlan were research fellows; and since 2021, through the Social Sculpture Lab, curated by Sacks and hosted by the Documenta Archive in 2021 for the Beuys Centenery. The Social Sculpture Lab continues to engage with, develop and share Beuys's social sculpture understandings through such initiatives as the 7000 HUMANS Global Social Forest,. which has close connections with Beuys's 7000 Oaks, Sacks' social sculpture-connective practice methodologies, and a network of Social Sculpture Hubs in Germany, India, Holland, Brazil and UK.[citation needed]
Examples of contemporary artists who have drawn from the legacy of Beuys includeAA Bronson, former member of the artists' collaborativeGeneral Idea, who, not without irony, adopts the subject position of the shaman to reclaim art's restorative, healing powers;[citation needed]Andy Wear whose installations are deliberately formed according to the Beuysian notion of 'stations' and are (in particular, referencing the Block Beuys in Darmstadt) essentially a constellation of works performed or created external to the installation;[citation needed] andPeter Gallo, whose drawing cycleI wish I could draw like Joseph Beuys features stretches of Beuys's writings combined with images traced from vintage gay pornography onto pieces of paper.[citation needed]
Additionally, the counter-institution of the FIU or Free International University, initiated by Beuys, continues as a publishing concern (FIU Verlag) and has chapters in German cities including Hamburg, Munich, and Amorbach.[citation needed]
| External videos | |
|---|---|
 | |
 Joseph Beuys,Table with Accumulator,Smarthistory, in the Tate Modern |
Franz Joseph and Hans van der Grinten organized Beuys's first solo show at their house in Kranenburg in 1953. The Alfred Schmela Galerie was the first commercial gallery to hold a Beuys solo exhibition in 1965. Beuys participated for the first time in documenta in Kassel in 1964. In 1969, he was included inHarald Szeemann's groundbreaking exhibitionWhen Attitudes Become Form at theKunsthalle Bern.
The 1970s were marked by numerous major exhibitions throughout Europe and the United States. In 1970, a large collection of Beuys's work formed under the artist's own aegis, the Ströher Collection, was installed in theHessisches Landesmuseum in Darmstadt, which remains the most important public collection of his work.Pontus Hultén invited him to exhibit atModerna Museet in 1971. Beuys exhibited and performed at each documenta Kassel, most notably withThe Honeypump at the FIU Workplace in 1977 and with7,000 Oaks in 1982. He showed four times at the Edinburgh International Festival and represented Germany at theVenice Biennale in 1976 and 1980. In 1980, Beuys took part in a meeting withAlberto Burri at theRocca Paolina inPerugia, curated byItalo Tomassoni. During his performance, Beuys explainedOpera Unica: six blackboards then purchased by the municipality of Perugia and now housed in the Museo civico diPalazzo della Penna inPerugia. A retrospective of his work was held at theSolomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York, in 1979. In 1984, Beuys visited Japan and showed various works, including installations and performances, while also holding discussions with students and giving lectures. His first Beuys exhibition took place at theSeibu Museum of Art in Tokyo that same year. The DIA Art Foundation held exhibitions of Beuys's work in 1987, 1992, and 1998, and has planted trees and basalt columns in New York City as part of his7,000 Oaks, echoing his planting of 7,000 oaks each with a basalt stone, a project begun in 1982 for Documenta 7 in Kassel, Germany. Large collections of his multiples are held by Harvard University, the Walker Art Center Minneapolis, and the Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art, which also has a collection of Beuys vitrines, The Schellmann and D'Offey collections. Most of the Marx collection of Beuys works includingThe secret Block for a Secret Person in Ireland drawings is at The Hamburger Bahnhof Museum, Berlin. Major art museums in Germany have Beuys works including Fond III at Landesmuseum Darmstadt, while Mönchengladbach Museum has the Poor House Doors and much more. Beuys also gave a large collection to the Solidarinosc Movement in Poland. Feuerstätte I und Feuerstätte II (Hearth I and Hearth II) and other works are at the Museum for Contemporary Art Basel, and a dedicated museum was created for 'The Museum des Geldes' collection mainly of FIU blackboards from Documenta 6. As well, perennial Beuys exhibitions continue to take place around the world.[72]
The first works Franz Joseph and Hans van der Grinten bought from Joseph Beuys in 1951 cost about €10 each in 2021 currency. Beginning with small woodcuts, they purchased about 4,000 works, creating the largest Beuys collection in the world.[89] In 1967, the 'Beuys Block', a group of first works, was purchased by the collector Karl Ströher in Darmstadt (now part of the Hessisches Landesmuseum).
Beuys's artworks have fluctuated in price in the years since his death, sometimes even failing to reach bid minimums.[90] A bronze sculpture titledBett (Corsett, 1949/50) sold for US$900,000 (hammer price) atSotheby's New York in May 2008, a record.[91] HisSchlitten (Sled, 1969) sold for $314,500 atPhillips de Pury & Company, New York, in April 2012.[92] At the same auction, aFilzanzug (Felt Suit, 1970) sold for $96,100.[93] This surpassed the previous auction record for aFilzanzug, 62,000 euros (US$91,381.80) atKunsthaus Lempertz (Cologne, Germany) in November 2007.[94] Details and prices of Beuys's works sold at auction are listed byArtsy.[95]
The artist produced over 600 original multiples in his lifetime. Large sets of multiples are in the collections of thePinakothek der Moderne in Munich, Germany,Harvard University Art Museums in Cambridge, Massachusetts, theWalker Art Center in Minneapolis, and theKunstmuseum Bonn, Germany. In 2006, theBroad Art Foundation in Los Angeles acquired 570 multiples by Beuys, including aFilzanzug and aSchlitten,[96] thereby becoming the most complete collection of Beuys works in the United States and among the largest collections of Beuys multiples in the world.[97]
{{cite web}}:Missing or empty|title= (help)
Media from Commons
Quotations from Wikiquote
Data from Wikidata| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Academics | |
| Artists | |
| People | |
| Other | |
