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José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva | |
|---|---|
 Portrait byDécio Villares | |
| Secretary of State of Imperial Affairs Kingdom Affairs (Jan–Sep 1822) | |
| In office 30 October 1822 – 17 July 1823 | |
| Monarch | Pedro I |
| Preceded by | Baron of Santo Amaro |
| Succeeded by | José Joaquim Carneiro de Campos |
| In office 16 January 1822 – 28 October 1822 | |
| Monarchs | João VI Pedro I |
| Preceded by | Marcos de Noronha e Brito |
| Succeeded by | Baron of Santo Amaro |
| Secretary of State of Foreign Affairs | |
| In office 16 January 1822 – 16 July 1823 | |
| Monarchs | João VI Pedro I |
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Succeeded by | José Joaquim Carneiro de Campos |
| Member of the Chamber of Deputies | |
| In office 22 June 1831 – 6 October 1833 | |
| Constituency | Bahia |
| In office 3 May 1823 – 12 November 1823 | |
| Constituency | São Paulo |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1763-06-13)13 June 1763 |
| Died | 6 April 1838(1838-04-06) (aged 74) |
| Spouse | |
| Children | 3 |
| Parents |
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| Alma mater | University of Coimbra |
| Signature |  |
José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva (Brazilian Portuguese pronunciation:[ʒoˈzɛboniˈfasjudʒiɐ̃ˈdɾadɐiˈsiwvɐ]; 13 June 1763 – 6 April 1838) was a Brazilianstatesman,naturalist, mineralist, professor and poet, born inSantos,São Paulo, then part of thePortuguese Empire.
He was one of the most important mentors ofBrazilian independence, and his actions were decisive for the success ofEmperor Pedro I.[1] He supportedpublic education, was anabolitionist and suggested that a new national capital be created in Brazil's underdeveloped interior (effected over a century later asBrasília). His career as a naturalist was marked by the discovery of four new minerals.
In 1800, Bonifácio was appointed professor ofgeology atCoimbra, and soon after inspector-general of the Portuguese mines; and in 1812, he was made perpetual secretary of theLisbon Academy of Sciences. Returning to Brazil in 1819, he urged Prince RegentPedro to resist the recall of the Lisbon court, and was appointed one of his ministers in 1821. When theindependence of Brazil was declared, Bonifácio became minister of the interior and of foreign affairs; and when it was established, he was again elected by theConstituent Assembly. He was also the author of theabolition project in Brazil, presented to the Constituent Assembly in 1823. But his democratic principles resulted in his dismissal from office in July 1823.[2]
José Bonifácio spent part of his life in Europe. In his travels around Europe, he studiedchemistry andmineralogy with other scientists. He collected data, carried out scientific experiments and discovered four new minerals[which?] and eight previously unknown species. The mineralandradite is named after him. Among his other discoveries waspetalite, a lithium-containing material, first discovered by Bonifácio toward the end of the 18th century on a trip to Sweden; it was in this mineral that Swedish chemists first discoveredlithium. He was also the first to discover another important lithium-containing mineral,spodumene, from the same source, the island ofUtö in theStockholm Archipelago of Sweden.
In 1797, he was elected a foreign member of theRoyal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
Bonifácio graduated with degrees inLaw andNatural Philosophy from theUniversity of Coimbra. He joined the Lisbon Academy of Sciences. He taughtGeognosy at the University of Coimbra in Portugal. Knowing twelve languages, he could speak four.
In the year 1819, he travelled back to Brazil, where he continued to conduct scientific research. A talented man having an unquiet temperament, he was also appointed Minister for Kingdom and Overseas Affairs and became thede facto prime minister.
His relationship with the prince Dom Pedro I became incompatible, and he decided to join the opposition. In 1823, he was exiled and went to live inBordeaux where, in 1825, come out his "Poesias Avulsas" (Sundry Poetries). To publish them, he used the pseudonym Américo Elísio. On the dissolution of the Assembly in November (theNight of Agony), he was arrested and banished to France, where he lived in exile near Bordeaux until 1829, when he was permitted to return to Brazil.
In 1831, when Dom Pedro I abdicated from the throne, he was appointed by the former Emperor to be the tutor of the Emperor's son,Dom Pedro II. Since he did not agree with the Regent's government, he tried to reestablish the Empire. After being again arrested in 1833 and tried for intriguing on behalf of Dom Pedro I, he passed the rest of his days in retirement at the city ofNiterói.[2] He lost his duties as tutor and was accused of being a traitor, but he was eventually pardoned.
In December 1836, he contractedtuberculosis. He died of the disease on 6 April 1838 inNiterói.
José Bonifácio had also been engaged in Literature. His workPoesias Avulsas that came out in Bordeaux was republished in Brazil, in 1861, by the publisher Laemmert. In Brazil, it received the title "Poesias" (Poetries) and the publication had the coordination of Joaquim Norberto de Sousa. In 1942 Afrânio Peixoto prepared another issue through the Brazilian Academy of Letters. This work, prefaced with a text by Sérgio Buarque de Holanda, was also published in a collection, as Volume I, idealised by the "Instituto Nacional do Livro" (The National Book Institute), appearing in 1946 with the titlePoesias de Américo Elísio [Américo Elísio's Poetry]. His poetry shows a naturalistic pantheism that expresses his intellectual character and scientific curiosity.
His scientific, political and social works are published in Volume III, compiled and reproduced by Edgar Cerqueira Falcão with the titleObras científicas, politicas e sociais de José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva. Its third edition came out in 1963 to celebrate the bicentennial of the Patriarch of the Independence.
The mineralandradite was named after José Bonifácio.
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Andrada e Sylva, Bonifacio Jozé d'".Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 967.
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