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Johnny Mercer | |
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.jpg) Mercer,c. 1947 | |
| Background information | |
| Born | John Herndon Mercer (1909-11-18)November 18, 1909 Savannah, Georgia, U.S. |
| Died | June 25, 1976(1976-06-25) (aged 66) Hollywood, California, U.S. |
| Occupations |
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| Years active | 1930–1976 |
John Herndon Mercer (November 18, 1909 – June 25, 1976) was an American lyricist, songwriter, and singer, as well as a record label executive who co-foundedCapitol Records with music industry businessmenBuddy DeSylva andGlenn E. Wallichs.[1]
He is best known as aTin Pan Alley lyricist, but he also composed music and was a popular singer who recorded his own as well as others' songs from the mid-1930s through the mid-1950s. Mercer's songs were among the most successful hits of the time, including "Moon River", "Days of Wine and Roses", "Autumn Leaves", and "Hooray for Hollywood". He wrote the lyrics to more than 1,500 songs, including compositions for movies andBroadway shows. He received nineteenOscar nominations, and won fourBest Original Song Oscars.
Mercer was born in 1909, inSavannah, Georgia, where one of his first jobs, aged 10, was sweeping floors at the original 1919 location ofLeopold's Ice Cream.[2][3] Mercer lived onLincoln Street, a block away from the store's East Gwinnett andHabersham location.[4][5]
Mercer's father, George Anderson Mercer, was a prominent attorney and real-estate developer. Mercer's mother, Lillian Elizabeth (née Ciucevich), was the daughter of a Croatian immigrant father and a mother with Irish ancestry. Lillian was the senior Mercer's secretary and second wife. Lillian's father, born inLastovo, in 1834 to Ivana Cucevic and Marijo Dundovic, was a merchant seaman who ran the Union blockade during theCivil War.[6] Mercer was George's fourth son, and his first son by Lillian. His great-grandfather was Confederate GeneralHugh Weedon Mercer and he was a direct descendant ofAmerican Revolutionary War GeneralHugh Mercer, a Scottish soldier-physician who died at theBattle of Princeton. Mercer was also a distant cousin of GeneralGeorge S. Patton.[7]
Mercer liked music as a small child and attributed his musical talent to his mother, who would sing sentimental ballads. Mercer's father also sang, mostly old Scottish songs. His aunt told him he was humming music when he was six months old and later she took him to see minstrel and vaudeville shows where he heard "coon songs" and ragtime.[8] The family's summer home, "Vernon View", was on the tidal waters and Mercer's long summers there among mossy trees, saltwater marshes, and soft, starry nights inspired him years later.[9]
Mercer's exposure to black music was perhaps unique among the white songwriters of his generation.[citation needed] As a child, Mercer had African-American playmates and servants, and he listened to the fishermen and vendors about him, who spoke and sang in theGullah language (also known as "Geechee"). He was also attracted to Black church services. Mercer later stated, "Songs always fascinated me more than anything."[10] He had no formal musical training but was singing in a choir by six and at 11 or 12 he had memorized almost all of the songs he had heard and became curious about who wrote them. He once asked his brother who the bestTin Pan Alley songwriter was, and his brother saidIrving Berlin.[11]
Despite Mercer's early exposure to music, his talent was clearly in creating the words and singing, not in playing music, though early on he had hoped to become a composer. In addition to the lyrics that Mercer memorized, he was an avid reader and wrote adventure stories. His attempts to play the trumpet and piano were not successful, and he never could read musical scores with any facility, relying instead on his own notation system.[12]
As a teenager in theJazz Era, he searched for records by early black blues/jazz figures includingMa Rainey,Bessie Smith, andLouis Armstrong. His father owned the first car in town, and Mercer's teenage social life was enhanced by his driving privilege, which sometimes verged on recklessness.[13] The family would motor to the mountains nearAsheville, North Carolina, to escape the Savannah heat and there Mercer learned to dance (fromArthur Murray himself) and to flirt withSouthern belles, his natural sense of rhythm helping him on both accounts. (Later, Mercer wrote a humorous song called "Arthur Murray Taught Me Dancing in a Hurry".)
Mercer attended the exclusiveWoodberry Forest School in Virginia until 1927. Although not a top student, he was active in literary and poetry societies and as a humor writer for the school's publications. In addition, his exposure to classic literature augmented his already rich store of vocabulary and phraseology. He began to scribble ingenious, sometimes strained, rhymed phrases for later use. Mercer was also the class clown and a prankster, and member of the "hop" committee that booked musical entertainment on campus.[14]
Mercer was already somewhat of an authority on jazz at an early age. His yearbook stated: "No orchestra or new production can be authoritatively termed 'good' until Johnny's stamp of approval has been placed upon it. His ability to 'get hot' under all conditions and at all times is uncanny."[15] Mercer began to write songs, an early effort being "Sister Susie, Strut Your Stuff".[16]
Given his family's long association withPrinceton, New Jersey, andPrinceton University,[17] Mercer was groomed to go to school there, but those ambitions were dashed by his father's financial setbacks in the late 1920s. He went to work in his father's recovering business, collecting rent and running errands, but soon grew bored with the routine and with Savannah.
Mercer moved to New York in 1928, when he was 19. The music he loved,jazz andblues, was booming inHarlem andBroadway was bursting with musicals and revues fromGeorge Gershwin,Cole Porter, andIrving Berlin.Vaudeville, though beginning to fade, was still a strong musical presence. Mercer's first few jobs were as a bit actor (billed as John Mercer). Holed up in a Greenwich Village apartment with plenty of time on his hands and a beat-up piano to play, Mercer soon returned to singing and lyric writing.[18] He secured a day job at a brokerage house and sang at night. Pooling his meager income with that of his roommates, Mercer managed to keep going, sometimes on little more than oatmeal. One night he dropped in onEddie Cantor backstage to offer a comic song, but although Cantor didn't use the song, he began encouraging Mercer's career.[19] Mercer's first lyric, for the song "Out of Breath (and Scared to Death of You)" (1930), composed by friend Everett Miller, appeared in a musical revueThe Garrick Gaieties in 1930. Mercer met his future wife at the show, chorus girl Ginger Meehan. She had earlier been one of the many chorus girls pursued by the young croonerBing Crosby. Through Miller's father, an executive at the prominent music publisher T. B. Harms, Mercer's first song was published.[20] It was recorded byJoe Venuti and his New Yorkers.
The 20-year-old Mercer began to frequent the company of other songwriters and to learn the trade. He traveled to California to undertake a lyric writing assignment for the musicalParis in the Spring and met his idolsBing Crosby andLouis Armstrong. Mercer found the experience sobering and realized that he much preferred free-standing lyric writing to writing on demand for musicals. Upon his return, he got a job as staff lyricist for Miller Music for a $25-a-week draw, which give him a base income and enough prospects to win over and marry Ginger in 1931.[21] The new Mrs. Mercer quit the chorus line and became a seamstress, and to save money the newlyweds moved in with Ginger's mother inBrooklyn. Johnny did not inform his own parents of his marriage until after the fact, perhaps in part because he knew that Ginger being Jewish would not sit comfortably with some members of his family, and he worried they would try to talk him out of marrying her.In 1932, Mercer won a contest to sing with thePaul Whiteman orchestra, but singing with the band did not help his situation significantly. He made his recording debut, singing with Frank Trumbauer's Orchestra, on April 5 of that year. Mercer then apprenticed withYip Harburg on the score forAmericana, a Depression-flavored revue famous for "Brother, Can You Spare a Dime?" (not a Mercer composition), which gave Mercer invaluable training. While with Whiteman, he recorded two duets with fellow band memberJack Teagarden, "Fare Thee Well to Harlem" and "Christmas Night in Harlem". Both are talk songs in a heavy Black accent. The latter was a best-selling record.[22] After several songs which didn't catch fire during his time with Whiteman, he wrote and sang "Pardon My Southern Accent" (1934). Mercer's fortunes improved dramatically with a chance pairing with Indiana-bornHoagy Carmichael, already famous for the standard "Stardust", who was intrigued by the "young, bouncy butterball of a man from Georgia."[23] Mercer, later well known for rapidly writing lyrics, spent a year laboring over the ones for "Lazybones", which became a hit one week after its first radio broadcast, and each received a large royalty check of $1250.[24] A regional song in pseudo-black dialect, it captured the mood of the times, especially in rural America. Mercer became a member ofASCAP and a recognized "brother" in theTin Pan Alley fraternity, receiving congratulations from Irving Berlin, George Gershwin, and Cole Porter among others. Whiteman lured Mercer back to his orchestra (to sing, write comic skits and compose songs), temporarily breaking up the working team with Carmichael.
During the golden age of sophisticated popular song of the late 1920s and early '30s, songs were put into revues with minimal regard for plot integration. The 1930s saw a shift from revues to stage and movie musicals using song to further the plot. Demand diminished accordingly for the pure stand-alone songs that Mercer preferred. Thus, although he had established himself in the New York music world, when he was offered a job in Hollywood to compose songs and perform in low-budget musicals forRKO, he accepted and followed idolBing Crosby west.[25]
Mercer moved to Hollywood in 1935, and began writing music for films. His first Hollywood assignment was a B-movie college musical,Old Man Rhythm, to which he contributed two songs and appeared in a small role. His next project,To Beat the Band, was a commercial flop, but it led to a meeting and a collaboration withFred Astaire on the moderately successful song "I'm Building Up to an Awful Let-Down".
Mercer landed into a hard-drinking circle, and began to drink more at parties and was prone to vicious outbursts when under the influence of alcohol, contrasting sharply with his ordinarily genial and gentlemanly behavior.[26] Often he would assuage the guilt he felt for this behavior by sending roses the following day to the friend or acquaintance he had treated unkindly while drunk.[27] Ironically, he would later say that he found the Hollywood nightlife lacking: "Hollywood was never much of a night town. Everybody had to get up too early ... the movie people were in bed with the chickens (or each other)."[28]
Mercer's first big Hollywood song, the satirical "I'm an Old Cowhand from the Rio Grande", was inspired by a road trip throughTexas (he wrote both the music and the lyrics). It was performed by Crosby in the filmRhythm on the Range in 1936, and from then on the demand for Mercer as a lyricist took off. His second hit that year was "Goody Goody", music byMatty Malneck. In 1937, Mercer began working forWarner Bros., working with the composerRichard Whiting, soon producing his standard, "Too Marvelous for Words", followed by "Hooray for Hollywood", the opening number in the filmHollywood Hotel (1937). After Whiting's sudden death from a heart attack, Mercer collaborated withHarry Warren and wrote "Jeepers Creepers",[29] which earned Mercer his firstOscar nomination for Best Song (1938). Another hit with Warren in 1938 was "You Must Have Been a Beautiful Baby". The pair also created "Hooray for Spinach", a comic song produced for the filmNaughty but Nice in 1939.
During a lull at Warners, Mercer revived his singing career. He joined Crosby's informal minstrel shows put on by the "Westwood Marching and Chowder Club", which included many Hollywood luminaries.[30] Mercer worked on numerous duets for himself and Crosby to perform: several were recorded, and two, "Mr. Gallagher and Mr. Shean" (1938) a reworking of an old vaudville song, and "Mister Meadowlark" (1940), became hits.[31]
In 1939, Mercer wrote the lyrics to a melody byZiggy Elman, a trumpet player withBenny Goodman. The song was "And the Angels Sing" and, although recorded by Crosby andCount Basie, it was the Goodman version with vocal byMartha Tilton andklezmer style trumpet solo by Elman that became a major hit. Years later, the title was inscribed on Mercer's tombstone.
Mercer was invited to theCamel Caravan radio show in New York to sing his hits and create satirical songs, like "You Ought to be in Pittsburgh", a parody of "You Ought to be in Pictures", with theBenny Goodman orchestra, then becoming the emcee of the nationally broadcast show for several months. Two more hits followed shortly, "Day In, Day Out" and "Fools Rush In" (both with music by Rube Bloom), and Mercer in short order had five of the top ten songs on the popular radio showYour Hit Parade.[32] Mercer also started a short-lived publishing company during his stay in New York. Mercer undertook a musical,Walk with Music (originally calledThree After Three), withHoagy Carmichael, but it was critically panned and commercially unsuccessful.
Shortly thereafter, Mercer began working withHarold Arlen, who wrotejazz andblues-influenced compositions while Mercer wrote lyrics. Their first hit was "Blues in the Night" (1941), whichArthur Schwartz called "probably the greatest blues song ever written."[33]
They went on to compose "One for My Baby (and One More for the Road)" (1941), "Ac-Cent-Tchu-Ate the Positive" (1944),[34] "That Old Black Magic" (1942),[35] and "Come Rain or Come Shine" (1946), among others.[36]
"Come Rain" was Mercer's only Broadway hit, composed for the showSt. Louis Woman withPearl Bailey. "On the Atchison, Topeka and the Santa Fe" with music by Harry Warren, was a big smash forJudy Garland in the 1946 filmThe Harvey Girls, and earned Mercer the first of his fourAcademy Awards for Best Song, after eight unsuccessful nominations.
Mercer re-united with Hoagy Carmichael with "Skylark" (1941),[35] and, ten years later, theOscar-winning "In the Cool, Cool, Cool of the Evening" (1951). WithJerome Kern, Mercer createdYou Were Never Lovelier forFred Astaire andRita Hayworth in the movie of the same name,[35] as well as "I'm Old Fashioned".
Mercer foundedCapitol Records in Hollywood in 1942, with the help of producerBuddy DeSylva and record store owner Glen Wallichs.[1] He also co-foundedCowboy Records. As the founder active in the management of Capitol during the 40s, he signed many of its important recording artists, includingNat "King" Cole. It also gave him an outlet for his own recordings. His hit "Strip Polka" was its third release. But Mercer recorded not only his own songs but ones by others as well. His four million-sellers were his own "Ac-Cent-Tchu-Ate the Positive" and "On the Atchison, Topeka, and the Santa Fe", and two by other composers, "Candy" and "Personality". One recording of a song that has lived on is his recording of "Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah", written byAllie Wrubel andRay Gailbert for Disney's 1946 movie,Song of the South. Mercer's recording was a top hit for eight weeks in December 1947 and January 1948, reaching number 8. Today it continues to be the version most played on Sirius's 40s satellite channel.
Mercer by the mid-1940s enjoyed a reputation as one of the premier Hollywood lyricists. He was adaptable, listening carefully and absorbing a tune and then transforming it into his own style. LikeIrving Berlin, he was a close follower of cultural fashion and changing language, which in part accounted for the long tenure of his success. He loved many words (Too Marvelous for Words), including puns (Strip Polka), and current terms ("G. I. Jive"). He employed sound effects, as well, such as the train whistle sounds in "Blues in the Night" and "On the Atchison, Topeka, and the Santa Fe".
Mercer preferred to have the music first, taking it home and working on it. He claimed composers had no problem with this method provided that he returned with the lyrics.
Mercer was often asked to write new lyrics to already popular songs. The lyrics to "Laura", "Midnight Sun", and "Satin Doll" were all written after the melodies had become hits. He was also asked to compose English lyrics to foreign songs, the most famous example being "Autumn Leaves", based on the French song "Les Feuilles Mortes".
In 1943,Johnny Mercer's Music Shop was a summer replacement forThe Pepsodent Show on NBC.[37] Mercer was the star, and singersElla Mae Morse andJo Stafford were regulars on the program, with musical support fromThe Pied Pipers andPaul Weston and his orchestra.[38]The Chesterfield Music Shop, a similar program in a 15-minute version, was broadcast in 1944.[37]
In the 1950s, the advent of rock and roll cut deeply into Mercer's natural audience, and dramatically reduced venues for his songs. Mercer wrote for severalMGM films, includingSeven Brides for Seven Brothers (1954) andMerry Andrew (1958). He collaborated on three Broadway musicals in the 1950s—Top Banana (1951),Li'l Abner (1956), andSaratoga (1959).
His more successful songs of the 1950s include "The Glow-Worm" (sung by theMills Brothers) and "Something's Gotta Give". In 1961, he wrote the lyrics to "Moon River" forAudrey Hepburn inBreakfast at Tiffany's and forDays of Wine and Roses, both with music byHenry Mancini, and Mercer received his third and fourth Oscars for Best Song. The back-to-back Oscars were the first time a songwriting team had achieved that feat.[39] Mercer, also with Mancini, wrote "Charade" for the 1963 romantic thrillerof the same name. TheTony Bennett classic "I Wanna Be Around" was written by Mercer in 1962, as was theFrank Sinatra hit "Summer Wind" in 1965.
An indication of the high esteem in which Mercer was held can be observed in that he was the only lyricist to have his work recorded as a volume ofElla Fitzgerald's series of Song book albums.Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Johnny Mercer Song Book was released byVerve Records in 1964.
Mercer was humble about his work, attributing much of his success to luck and timing. He was fond of telling the story of how he was offered the job of doing the lyrics forJohnny Mandel's music onThe Sandpiper, only to have the producer turn his lyrics down. The producer offered the commission toPaul Francis Webster and the result was "The Shadow of Your Smile", which became a huge hit, winning the1965 Oscar forBest Original Song. However, Mercer and Mandel did collaborate on the 1964 song "Emily" from the filmThe Americanization of Emily starringJulie Andrews.[11]
In 1969, Mercer helped publishersAbe Olman andHowie Richmond found theNational Academy of Popular Music's Songwriters Hall of Fame. In 1971, Mercer presented a retrospective of his career for the "Lyrics and Lyricists Series" in New York, including an omnibus of his "greatest hits" and a performance byMargaret Whiting. It was recorded live asAn Evening with Johnny Mercer.[40] In 1974, he collaborated on the West End productionThe Good Companions. He also recorded two albums of his songs in London in 1974, with the Pete Moore Orchestra and with the Harry Roche Constellation, later compiled into a single album and released as...My Huckleberry Friend: Johnny Mercer Sings the Songs of Johnny Mercer.
Late in his life, Mercer became friends with pianistEmma Kelly. He gave her the nickname "The Lady of Six-Thousand Songs" after challenging her, over several years, to play numerous songs he named. He kept track of the requests, and estimated she knew 6,000 songs from memory.[41]
In the last year of his life, Mercer became fond of pop singerBarry Manilow, in part because Manilow's first hit record was "Mandy", which was also the nickname of Mercer's daughter Amanda. After Mercer's death, his widow, Ginger Mehan Mercer, arranged to give some unfinished lyrics he had written to Manilow to possibly develop into complete songs. Among these was a piece titled "When October Goes", a melancholy remembrance of lost love. Manilow applied his own melody to the lyric and issued it as a single in 1984, when it became a top 10 Adult Contemporary hit in the United States. The song has since become a jazz standard, with notable recordings byRosemary Clooney,Nancy Wilson, andMegon McDonough, among other performers.
Well regarded also as a singer with a folksy quality, Mercer was a natural for his own songs such as "Ac-Cent-Tchu-Ate the Positive", "On the Atchison, Topeka and the Santa Fe", "One for My Baby (and One More for the Road)", and "Lazybones". He was considered a first-rate performer of his own work.[11]
It has been said that he penned "One for My Baby (and One More for the Road)"—one of the greattorch laments of all times—on a napkin while sitting at the bar atP. J. Clarke's when Tommy Joyce was the bartender. The next day Mercer called Joyce to apologize for the line "So, set 'em up, Joe," explaining "I couldn't get your name to rhyme."
ATCO Records issuedTwo of a Kind in 1961, a duet album byBobby Darin and Johnny Mercer withBilly May and his Orchestra, produced byAhmet Ertegun.
In 1931, Mercer married Ginger Meltzer, a chorus girl, later a seamstress; and in 1940, when he was 30, the Mercers adopted a daughter, Amanda ("Mandy"). In 1960, Mandy married Bob Corwin, who was a pianist forPeggy Lee,Anita O'Day, andCarmen McRae, and also Mercer's long-time accompanist. They had a son, Jim Corwin, in 1961.[42]
In 1941, Mercer began an affair with 19-year-oldJudy Garland, while she was engaged to composerDavid Rose. Garland ended her involvement when she married Rose. In later years, Garland and Mercer rekindled their affair. Mercer stated that his song "I Remember You" was the most direct expression of his feelings for Garland.[43]
Mercer died in 1976, aged 66, from an inoperablebrain tumor, in theBel Air neighborhood of Los Angeles, California. He was buried in Savannah's historicBonaventure Cemetery.[44] The line-drawing caricature adorning hismemorial bench is a reproduction of a self-portrait.
Mercer won fourAcademy Awards on eighteen nominations forBest Original Song:
Mercer was also nominated forBest Original Song Score for the 1970 Mancini collaborationDarling Lili.[45]
In 1980, the Songwriters Hall of Fame established the annualJohnny Mercer Award as its highest honor, for songwriters with a history of outstanding creative works.[46] Mercer was honored by theUnited States Postal Service with his portrait placed on astamp in 1996. Mercer's star on theHollywood Walk of Fame at 1628 Vine Street is a block away from the Capitol Records building at 1750 Vine Street.
In 1983, Mercer earned a posthumous nomination for aTony Award for Best Original Score for his original lyrics and for Gene de Paul's original music and score with new songs byAl Kasha andJoel Hirschhorn for the stage musicalSeven Brides for Seven Brothers at the37th Tony Awards,[47] but lost toAndrew Lloyd Webber andT. S. Eliot forCats.
Mercer was given tribute inJohn Berendt's 1994 novelMidnight in the Garden of Good and Evil. The1997 film adaptation directed byClint Eastwood features prominentlyHoagy Carmichael/Johnny Mercer song "Skylark", sung byk.d. lang. Themovie soundtrack contains 14 Mercer songs performed by artists such asAlison Krauss,Paula Cole, andCassandra Wilson; the film's star,Kevin Spacey, sang Mercer's 1942 hit "That Old Black Magic".
For the occasion of Mercer's 100th birthday in 2009, Eastwood produced a documentary film about Mercer's life and work calledThe Dream's on Me (Turner Classic Movies). The film was nominated for aPrimetime Emmy in the category of Outstanding Nonfiction Special.
The Complete Lyrics of Johnny Mercer was published byKnopf[48] in October 2009.The Complete Lyrics contains the texts to nearly 1,500 of his lyrics, several hundred of them appearing in print for the first time.
In November 2009, a bronze statue of Mercer was unveiled inEllis Square inSavannah, Georgia, his hometown and birthplace. It was commissioned by the Friends of Johnny Mercer.
The Johnny Mercer Collections, including his papers and memorabilia, are preserved in the library ofGeorgia State University in Atlanta. GSU occasionally holds events showcasing Mercer's works.
On March 25, 2015, it was announced that Mercer's version of the popular song "Ac-Cent-Tchu-Ate the Positive" would be inducted into the Library of Congress's National Recording Registry for the song's "cultural, artistic and/or historical significance to American society and the nation's audio legacy".[49] The music was written by Harold Arlen and the lyrics by Mercer. The song was nominated for the "Academy Award for Best Original Song" at the 18th Academy Awards in 1945 after being used in the film "Here Come the Waves". In describing his inspiration for the lyrics, Mercer told the "Pop Chronicles" radio documentary "[my] publicity agent ... went to hearFather Divine and he had a sermon and his subject was 'you got to accentuate the positive and eliminate the negative.' And I said, 'Wow, that's a colorful phrase!'"[50]
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