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| John V Palaiologos | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans | |||||
.jpg) Restored mosaic of John V Palaiologos in the eastern arch ofHagia Sophia.[1] | |||||
| Byzantine emperor | |||||
| 1st reign | 19 November 1341[2] – 12 August 1376 | ||||
| Predecessor | Andronikos III Palaiologos | ||||
| Successor | Andronikos IV Palaiologos[a] | ||||
| Co-rulers | John VI Kantakouzenos[b] Matthew Kantakouzenos[c] | ||||
| 2nd reign | 1 July 1379 – 14 April 1390 | ||||
| Successor | John VII Palaiologos | ||||
| 3rd reign | 17 September 1390 – 16 February 1391 | ||||
| Successor | Manuel II Palaiologos[d] | ||||
| Born | 18 June 1332 Didymoteicho,Byzantine Empire[3] | ||||
| Died | 16 February 1391 (aged 58) Constantinople | ||||
| Spouse | Helena Kantakouzene | ||||
| Issue |
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| House | Palaiologos | ||||
| Father | Andronikos III Palaiologos | ||||
| Mother | Anna of Savoy | ||||
| Religion | Eastern Orthodox then converted toEastern Catholicism | ||||
John V Palaiologos orPalaeologus (Greek:Ἰωάννης Παλαιολόγος,romanized: Iōánnēs Palaiológos; 18 June 1332 – 16 February 1391) wasByzantine emperor from 1341 to 1391, with interruptions. His long reign was marked by constant civil war, the spread of theBlack Death and several military defeats to theOttoman Turks, who rose as the dominant power of the region.
John V became emperor at age eight, which resulted in acivil war between his regentJohn VI Kantakouzenos and a rival council led by his motherAnna of Savoy, who pawned the crown jewels toVenice in order to raise funds. Kantakouzenos was recognized as emperor in 1347, coinciding with thearrival of the Black Death. Shortly after, anothercivil war erupted in 1352, with John V seeking help fromSerbia against John VI's sonMatthew and his enlistedOttoman Turks. The Turks used the ensuing chaos to gain their first European territory on former Byzantine soil.
John V assumed real power in 1354, removing John VI and his son Matthew. He attempted to gain Western support for the war against the Turks, resulting in his conversion to Catholicism in 1369 in presence of the Pope. These efforts were useless, as he was imprisoned in Venice due to his debts and was eventually forced to recognize Ottoman suzerainty. Political intriguing continued to plague his late reign; John was twice usurped from the throne, first by his sonAndronikos IV in 1376 and then by his grandsonJohn VII in 1390. He died in 1391 and was succeeded by his sonManuel, while his younger sonTheodore ruled theDespotate of the Morea.
John V was the son of EmperorAndronikos III and his wifeAnna,[4] the daughter of CountAmadeus V of Savoy by his wifeMaria of Brabant. His long reign was marked by the gradual dissolution of imperial power amid numerous civil wars and the continuing ascendancy of theOttoman Turks.
John V came to the throne at age eight. His reign began with an immediatecivil war between his self-proclaimedregent, his father's friendJohn VI Kantakouzenos, and a self-proclaimed council of regency composed of his mother Anna, thepatriarchJohn XIV Kalekas, and themegas douxAlexios Apokaukos. During this civil war in 1343 Anna pawned theByzantine crown jewels for 30,000Venetian ducats. From 1346 to 1349, theBlack Death devastatedConstantinople.
Victorious in 1347, John VI Kantakouzenos ruled as co-emperor until his sonMatthew Kantakouzenos was attacked by John V in 1352, leading to asecond civil war. John V asked the ruler of Serbia,Stefan Dušan for help, and Dušan obliged by sending 4,000 Serbian horsemen to his aid. Matthew Kantakouzenos asked his father for help, and 10,000 Ottoman Turks showed up at Demotika (Didymoteicho) in October 1352 and engaged the forces of John V's Serbian allies in anopen field battle that resulted in the destruction of the allies and a victory for the more numerous Turks in the service of the Byzantines. TheOttoman Empire thus acquired its first European territory, atÇimpe andGallipoli. Able to retake Constantinople in 1354, John V removed andtonsured John VI Kantakouzenos; by 1357, he had deposed Matthew as well, who had been captured by the Serbs and was ransomed to John V.
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In 1366, John V reached theKingdom of Hungary, arriving at the Royal city ofBuda to meet KingLouis I of Hungary. However, the Byzantine emperor offended the king by staying on his horse, while Louis descended and approached him on foot. The Hungarian monarch then offered him help on the condition that John join the Catholic Church, or at least achieve recognition by the Patriarch of the Pope's supremacy. The Emperor left the court of Buda with empty hands and continued his trip through Europe searching for assistance against the Ottomans.[5]
The Ottomans, who had been allied with the Kantakouzenoi, continued to press John.Suleyman Paşa, the son of the Ottoman sultan, led their forces in Europe and was able to takeAdrianople andPhilippopolis and to exact tribute from the emperor. John V appealed to the West for help, proposing toPope Urban V in 1367 to end theschism between theByzantine andLatin churches by submitting thepatriarchate to the supremacy of thePope. In October 1369, John, having travelled through Naples to Rome, formally converted to Catholicism in Saint Peter's Basilica and recognized the Pope as supreme head of the Church.[6] He was not accompanied by the clergy of the Byzantine Church and the move failed to bring about an end to the Schism.[7] He became the last Byzantine emperor (the first since emperorConstans II' visit in 663) to make a visit to Rome.
Impoverished by war, he was detained as a debtor when he visitedVenice in 1369 on his way back from Rome and was later captured on his way back through Bulgarian territories. In 1371, he recognized the suzerainty of the Ottoman sultanMurad I. Murad later assisted him against his sonAndronikos when the latterdeposed him in 1376.
In 1390, his grandsonJohn VII briefly usurped the throne, but was quickly overthrown. The same year, John V ordered the strengthening of theGolden Gate in Constantinople, utilizing marble from the decayed churches in and around the city. Upon completion of this construction,Bayezid I demanded that John raze these new works, threatening war and the blinding of his son Manuel, whom he held in captivity. John V carried out the Sultan's order but is said to have suffered from this humiliation and died soon thereafter on 16 February 1391, and was buried in theHodegon Monastery in Constantinople.[8]
John V was finally succeeded to the imperial throne by his sonManuel. His younger sonTheodore had already acceded to theDespotate of Morea in 1383.
John V marriedHelena Kantakouzene, daughter of his co-emperorJohn VI Kantakouzenos andIrene Asanina, on 28 May 1347. They had at least ten children – five sons and at least five daughters.[9] Their known children include:
John V also had an illegitimate daughter,Zampia Palaiologina, who married the officialHilario Doria.
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This mosaic, known to us from drawings prepared by the Fossatis during their restoration of the building in 1847–1849, accidentally came to light when part of the plaster covering it fell off due to dampness caused by water leakage from the dome.
John V Palaiologos Palaiologos dynasty Born: 1332 Died: 16 February 1391 | ||
| Regnal titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by | Byzantine emperor 1341–1376 withJohn VI Kantakouzenos (1347–1354) Matthew Kantakouzenos (1353–1357) Andronikos IV Palaiologos (1352–1373) Manuel II Palaiologos (1373–1376) | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by Andronikos IV Palaiologos | Byzantine emperor 1379–1390 withManuel II Palaiologos (1379–1390) Andronikos IV Palaiologos (1381–1385) | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by John VII Palaiologos | Byzantine emperor 1390–1391 withManuel II Palaiologos (1390–1391) | Succeeded by |
