John Obadiah Westwood (22 December 1805 – 2 January 1893) was anEnglishentomologist andarchaeologist noted for his artistic talents. He published several illustrated works on insects and antiquities. He was among the first entomologists with an academic position atOxford University. He was a natural theologian, staunchlyanti-Darwinian, and sometimes adopted aquinarian viewpoint. Although he never travelled widely, he described species from around the world on the basis of specimens, especially of the larger, curious, and colourful species obtained by naturalists and collectors in England.
Westwood holding a Goliath beetleJohn Obadiah Westwood by Ernest Edwards 1864
John Obadiah Westwood was born into aQuaker family inSheffield, the son of medal and die maker, John Westwood (1774–1850) and Mary, daughter of Edward Betts.[1] He went to school at the Friends' School, Sheffield and later atLichfield when the family moved there. He apprenticed briefly to become a solicitor and worked briefly as a partner in a firm but gave up a career in law for his interests. In his spare time he studied Anglo-Saxon and medieval manuscripts and earned a living by illustrating and writing. His early works included reproductions of old manuscripts and illuminations. In 1824, he met the entomologist ReverendFrederick William Hope for the first time and they were close friends. In 1833, Westwood and Hope were founding members of theEntomological Society of London and Westwood served as its secretary in 1834. In the same year, Hope had his insect collections organized by Westwood. This allowed Westwood to examine and describe insects from around the world.[2]
When Hope decided to gift away his collections toOxford University in 1849 he got Westwood to be appointed a curator of the collections. Westwood was appointed in 1857 and he donated his own insect specimens to the Hope Collection. Hope worked on setting up a new zoology chair endowed an entomological position in Oxford University, Westwood was the first nominee and selected as Hope professor in 1861. He received an MA by decree in 1861 and joinedMagdalen College, Oxford.[3] Among the prominent writers andnaturalists he associated with wasJames Rennie, whom he assisted in the editing ofGilbert White'sThe Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne in 1833. In his early writings he was influenced by thequinarian system,[4] but tended to be a general natural theologian.[5] Although he worked on insect classification and diversity for more than thirty years from the publication ofDarwin'sOrigin of Species, he never accepted ideas on evolution.[6] Darwin even suspected that an anonymous author of a bad review of his book in theAthenæum to have been Westwood. That review was however byJohn Leifchild although Westwood remained a critic of Darwin to the extent that he proposed a "permanent endowment of a lecturer [at Oxford] to combat the errors of Darwinism". He considered mimetic resemblances of insects as freaks of nature. Westwood was succeeded in the Hope chair byE.B. Poulton who adopted evolutionary views.[7] Westwood was among the first to attempt an estimate of the total number of species of insects which he put at half a million.[8]
In 1839, Westwood married Eliza Richardson (d. 1882), who accompanied him on all his archæological tours, and who assisted in making sketches and rubbings of the inscribed stones for his 'Lapidarium Walliæ.' Westwood was a Fellow of theLinnean Society (elected 1827) and president of theEntomological Society of London (1852–1853). He received the Royal Society's medal, based on recommendations from many including Darwin, in 1855 for his work on insects. In 1883 he was honoured in the Jubilee year of the Entomological Society as honorary life president of the society.[9] He was also on the staff of theGardener's Chronicle serving as a bridge between gardeners and entomologists.[2] He was elected as a member to theAmerican Philosophical Society in 1883.[10]
A fall in 1884 led to an arm injury that ended his studies. On 30 December 1892, not long after returning home from a convention in London, Westwood had suddenly collapsed of acerebral haemorrhage, which left him hospitalised. He slipped into a coma one day later and died on 2 January 1893. His funeral took place on 6 January 1893, and he was interred inSt Sepulchre's Cemetery, Oxford.[11]
TheJ. O. Westwood Medal, awarded every two years by the Royal Entomological Society, is named in his honour.[12] The ichneumon wasp genusWestwoodia was erected by Brullé in 1846. A vestry in St Andrew's Church, Sandford-on-Thames was constructed in 1893 in his honour.[2]
Description of several British forms amongst the parasitic hymenopterous insects.London & Edinburgh Phil. Mag. J. Sci. 1: 127–129 (1832).The full text
Further notices of the British parasitic hymenopterous insects; together with the "Transactions of a fly with a long tail," observed by Mr. E. W. Lewis; and additional observations.Magazine of Natural History 6: 414–421. (1833).
Descriptions of several new British forms amongst the parasitic hymenopterous insects.London & Edinburgh Phil. Mag. J. Sci. 2: 443–445 (1833).The full text
Descriptions of several new British forms amongst the parasitic hymenopterous insects.London & Edinburgh Phil. Mag. J. Sci. 3: 342–344 1833.
"...Hymenopterous Insects, which Mr Westwood regarded as new to science"Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 3: 68–72. (1835)The full text
Characters of new genera and species of hymenopterous insects.Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 3: 51–72 (1835).The full text
Observations on the genusTyphlopone, with descriptions of several exotic species of ants.Annals and Magazine of Natural History 6: 81–89 (1840)The full text.
On the Evaniidae and some allied genera of hymenopterous insects.Annals and Magazine of Natural History (1)7: 535–538 (1841).
Monograph of the hymenopterous group, Dorylides.Arcana Entomologica 1(5): 73–80 (1842)The full text.
On Evania and some allied genera of hymenopterous insects. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 3(4): 237–278 (1843).
Description of a new species of the hymenopterous genusAenictus, belonging to the Dorylidae.Journal of Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London 1840–1846: 85. (1843).The full text.
Description of a new dorylideous insect from South Africa, belonging to the genusAenictus.Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 4: 237–238 (1847).
Description of the "Driver" ants, described in the preceding article.Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 5: 16–18 (1847).
Descriptions of some new species of exotic Hymenoptera belonging toEvania and the allied genera, being a supplement to a memoir on those insects published in the third volume of the Transactions of the Entomological Society.Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London (2)1: 213–234. (1851).
Descriptions of some new species of short-tongued bees belonging to the genusNomia.Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1875: 207–222. (1875).
Contributions to fossil entomology.Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 10: 378–396 1854.The full text
Revisio Insectorum Familiae Mantidarum, speciebus novis aut minus cognitis descriptis et delineatis. – Revisio Mantidarum. Gurney & Jackson, London. 55pp. & 14 plates. (1889).
Works by or aboutJohn Obadiah Westwood atWikisource
