 | |
| Formerly | The John Lewis Partnership, Limited (1929–1982)[1][2] |
|---|---|
| Company type | Public limited company[3][4] |
| Industry | Retail,financial services,build to rent |
| Founded | 23 April 1929; 96 years ago (1929-04-23) in London, England[1][5] |
| Founder | John Spedan Lewis |
| Headquarters | Pimlico,City of Westminster, London |
Key people | Jason Tarry (Chairman) Rita Clifton (Deputy Chairman) Nish Kankiwala (CEO) |
| Products |
|
| Revenue |  £12.426 billion (FY2023/24)[6] |
| £0.147 billion (FY2023/24)[6] | |
Number of employees | 74,000 (2024)[7] |
| Subsidiaries |
|
| Website | johnlewispartnership |
John Lewis Partnership plc[3] (JLP) is a British company that operatesJohn Lewis & Partners department stores,Waitrose supermarkets, financial services and abuild to rent operation. Thepublic limited company[3][4] is owned by atrust[4] on behalf of all its employees, known as Partners, who share the responsibilities and rewards of ownership. JLP has around 74,000 employees as of 2024.[8]
John Lewis opened a drapery shop at 132Oxford Street, London, in 1864. Born inShepton Mallet inSomerset in 1836, he had been apprenticed at 14 to a linen draper inWells. He came to London in 1856 and worked as a salesman for Peter Robinson, an Oxford Street draper, rising to be his silk buyer. In 1864, he declined Robinson's offer of a partnership, and rented his own premises on the north side of Oxford Street, on part of the site now occupied by the department store which bears his name. There he sold silk and woollen cloth andhaberdashery. His retailing philosophy was to buy good quality merchandise and sell it at a modest 'mark up'. Although he carried a wide range of merchandise, he was less concerned about displaying it and never advertised it. His skill lay insourcing the goods he sold, and most mornings he would go to theCity of London, accompanied by a man with ahand barrow. Later he would make trips to Paris to buy silks.[9]
Lewis spurned holidays and games and devoted himself entirely to the business, which was successful. He invested the money he made from it in residential and small retail properties, many of which he never visited. He expanded the Oxford Street business by renting neighbouring properties on Oxford Street and then alongHolles Street, and gradually moved into other classes of merchandise: first the new area of ready-made women's apparel, and later children's wear and furniture. He never held 'sales', saying that he was intent on building a sound, permanent business.[10]
In 1884, aged 48, Lewis married Eliza Baker, a schoolmistress with a university education, who was 18 years his junior. They set up home in a mansion on the edge ofHampstead Heath, for which Lewis made up the name Spedan Tower after his aunt, Ann Speed,[11] and when Eliza bore a son in 1885, he was calledJohn Spedan Lewis. A second son, Oswald Lewis, was born in 1887. AfterWestminster School, both sons joined Lewis in the business, and he gave each of them a quarter share of it on their twenty-first birthdays.[9]
There was constant quarrelling between Lewis and his sons. By 1909, Oswald wanted out, and Lewis senior reluctantly agreed to buy back Oswald's quarter share of the business for £50,000 (equivalent to about £4.5 million in 2010). Oswald went to study at theFaculty of Law, University of Oxford, qualified as abarrister, and became acavalry officer in 1914. He was injured and discharged in 1916, whereupon he accepted an invitation from his father to rejoin the business.[10]
Lewis had several run-ins withLord Howard de Walden, his Oxford Streetlandlord, and in 1903 he spent three weeks inBrixton Prison for defying acourt order obtained by de Walden. In 1911, de Walden sued him forlibel. Lewis was found guilty, but the jury awarded damages of just afarthing.[12]
In 1906, Lewis bought a controlling interest in theSloane Square-based businessPeter Jones Limited, named after the eponymous founderPeter Rees Jones who had died the previous year. Lewis walked fromOxford Street with the £20,000 purchase price in banknotes.[9]
In the next 13 years, the Peter Jones business was unprofitable – nodividends were paid to Lewis and the externalshareholders – and in desperation, in 1914 Lewis appointed his son Spedan as chairman of Peter Jones. This gave Spedan Lewis complete control, and he decided that the underlying problem was that the staff had no incentive to do a good day's work because their own interests were not in line with those of the business. He shortened their working day and instituted a system ofcommission for each department, paying selling staff amounts based on turnover. He held regular meetings at which staff could air any grievances directly with him. In 1916, after a disagreement with his father, Spedan Lewis exchanged his 25% interest in the Oxford Street business for Lewis's shares in Peter Jones Limited. He made improvements in staff conditions, including granting a third week's paid holiday each year. He had hot and cold running water installed in the staff bedrooms over the shop. In 1918, he started publishing a fortnightly newspaper telling staff how the business was faring. In 1919, he instituted a staff council meeting, the first decision of which was that staff should be paid weekly instead of four-weekly. The business prospered: there was a profit of £20,000 in 1920.[10] Spedan Lewis's radical idea was that the profits generated by the business should not be paid solely to shareholders as a reward for their capital. Shareholders should receive a reasonable but limited return, and labour should be the recipient of the excess. His concept of 'fairer shares' involved sharing gain, knowledge, and power. In 1920, Spedan started distributing Peter Jones preference shares to staff, who were referred to asPartners.[13]
The early 1920s were not successful for Peter Jones. Dividends on preference shares, many of which were held by employees, were not paid. In 1924, there was a reconciliation between John Lewis and Spedan Lewis. Trade at Oxford Street had fared better, and John Lewis made a cash injection into the Sloane Square business.[10]
In 1925, Spedan Lewis devised the slogan "never knowingly undersold" at Peter Jones. Intended mainly as a control on sourcing merchandise, it also meant that customers could shop knowing that they were not paying more at Peter Jones than they could buy identical goods for at other stores.[13] This principle, which was refined several times, most notably to exclude retailers who trade only online and to include extended insurance and delivery charges when comparing prices,[14] was honoured until August 2022, when it was replaced with a general commitment to providing competitive value on their own-label merchandise.[15]
By 1926, Lewis senior was 90, Spedan was impatient to gain control of John Lewis in Oxford Street so that he could implement his radical ideas there, and Oswald again wanted out. Without telling their father, Spedan took out a bank loan and bought out Oswald's inheritance. After going around the world, Oswald embarked on a political career, becomingConservative PartyMP forColchester in 1929, and holding the seat until 1945. Spedan Lewis became the sole owner in the Oxford Street business after John Lewis died aged 92 in 1928.[16]
In 1929, Spedan Lewis signed adeed of settlement, which transferred shares in John Lewis & Co. Limited and Peter Jones Limited to trustees. The profits of the combined business would be distributed to its employees, either as cash or as fixed-interest stock in the new company: John Lewis Partnership Limited.[16]
In 1933, JLP started acquiring other retail businesses, buyingJessop & Son ofNottingham, and Lance & Lance ofWeston-super-Mare. In 1934, it acquired Knight & Lee inSouthsea, and Tyrrell & Green inSouthampton. It also started rebuilding Peter Jones to a modern design. In 1937, it boughtWaitrose, which operated ten counter-service grocery shops in London and the home counties.[17]
The biggest acquisition came in 1940 when JLP paid £30,000 for Selfridge Provincial Stores Limited, which owned 16 shops: John Barnes inHampstead, Blinkhorn & Son inGloucester andStroud, Bon Marché inBrixton, Buckleys inHarrogate, A H Bull inReading, Caleys inWindsor,Cole Brothers inSheffield, Holdrons inPeckham, Jones Brothers inHolloway, George Henry Lee inLiverpool, Pratts inStreatham, Quin & Axten in Brixton, Robert Sayle inCambridge, Thomsons inPeterborough and Trewin Brothers inWatford, substantially increasing the size of the business.[18]
TheSecond World War took its toll, and several stores were damaged bybombing, notably the 'west house' of John Lewis in Oxford Street (on the west side of Holles Street), which was lost completely in September 1940.[19]
In 1950, Spedan Lewis executed a seconddeed of settlement, which passed ownership of JLP to trustees to hold for the benefit of those who worked in the business. He continued to manage it as if he were still the owner, saying in 1957 that it was necessary to concentrate management in one pair of hands.[20]
Spedan Lewis also retained for himself the right to choose his successor when he retired on his 70th birthday in 1955. He had originally intended that Michael Watkins, his right-hand man for many years, would succeed him as chairman, but Watkins died in 1950. Spedan asked his son, Edward Lewis, if he would fill the role, but he declined. Spedan appointed a loyal, long-serving lieutenant,Bernard Miller, but expressed the hope that in due course Edward would succeed Miller as chairman. In the event, Miller was succeeded by Peter Lewis, the son of Oswald Lewis.[10]
In 1953 JLP sold several small stores but acquired two large ones:Heelas inReading andBainbridge inNewcastle upon Tyne. The rebuilt store onOxford Street was reopened in 1960, and the sculptureWinged Figure byBarbara Hepworth was added in 1963.[21]
To accommodate national advertising, in 2002, the company began the process of renaming department stores not branded as John Lewis (Tyrrell & Green, Heelas, etc.) with the nationally recognisable name.Peter Jones in London remains the sole exception to this policy. The company experimented with smaller format stores, adding 12 At Home shops and 2 Convenience-driven stores, alongside 3 more full-line department stores (Leeds, Stratford, Birmingham).[22]
John Lewis faced a series of strikes in 2012 and 2013 by cleaners, who had been outsourced, regarding pay.[23]
The group made its first-ever half-year operating loss of £26 million in the first half of 2019. During theCOVID-19 pandemic, 16 loss-making John Lewis stores were closed.[24][25]
In December 2020, JLP appointedRita Clifton as deputy chair of its board.[26]
In June 2025, the company appointed Anna Braithwaite as its chief commercial officer, effective from 1 October 2025.[27]
The company is overseen by the chair of the board, who is responsible for the overall success of the business.[28][29]
In March 2023, a chief executive was hired for the first time,[30] making Nish Kankiwala responsible for day-to-day operations of the partnership as delegated by the chairman.[29] However, this role was eliminated in October 2024 by new chairman Jason Tarry, with Kankiwala due to complete his two-year contract and step down in March 2025.[31]
The highest level of the JLP's democratic structure is the Partnership Council, a directly elected body of 58 Partners who both represent opinions from across the Partnership and hold the Chairman to account for their running of the business. Partnership Councillors are company insiders with voting rights, and the only body within the company's governance structures with the power to remove the Chairman from office. Biannually the Council conducts a "Holding to Account" session where the Chairman fields questions from representatives in an open meeting, following which a vote is held which indicates whether or not Councillors support the Chairman's leadership and the progress of the business.[32]
Further to this structure, the Partnership Council elects three directors to the "Partnership Board". The three Elected Directors join the Chairman, Deputy Chairman, Executive Director Finance, and two further Non-Executive Directors to form the Partnership Board. The Council also elects three individuals to act as Trustees of the John Lewis Partnership.[33]
Employees of JLP usually receive an annualbonus, akin to a share of the profit. It is calculated as a percentage of salary, with the same percentage awarded to all employees. The bonus is dependent on the profitability of JLP each year, varying historically between 5% and 20% of Partners' annual salaries, but falling to 3% in 2019 in light of tough trading conditions.[34] The annual bonus dropped to 2% in 2020[35] and it was confirmed that no bonus would be paid in 2021 in light of theCOVID-19 pandemic. This was the first time since 1953 that the bonus had not been paid.[36] The bonus returned in 2022 paid at a rate of 3%.[37]
In 1999, in response to a fall in profits, there were calls from some employees for the business to undertake aninitial public offering and float on the stock market. If this had gone through, each employee stood to receive a windfall averaging £100,000. A company-wide ballot was held regarding the matter which did not approve the proposals.[38]
In 2023, the early stages of a plan to sell shares were explored but no action was taken.[39]
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In 2012, the John Lewis division operated 30 full-line department stores, one John Lewis Click and Commute atSt Pancras railway station, one John Lewis convenience store atHeathrow Airport, 10 John Lewis at Home Stores, and aweb store.[17] The stores are in a mixture of city centre and out-of-town shopping centre locations. The flagship Oxford Street store in London remains the largest John Lewis outlet in the UK.[40]
'John Lewis at Home' stores cater for areas which have no large John Lewis department store near them. The first store opened inPoole in October 2009.[41] They are around a third the size of a normal department store, and have both Home and Electrical departments with services such as a cafe and 'click and collect' also available. A new 'flexible format' store was trialled inExeter in 2012, with a full line of stock in a smaller physical store, relying heavily on 'click and collect' or next day delivery, both in-store and to homes.[42]
Peter Jones is a large department store in central London. It is a store of JLP and is located on Sloane Square, at the junction of King's Road and Sloane Street, in the Chelsea district, close to the Belgravia and Knightsbridge districts. Peter Jones was founded as an independent store but was bought by John Lewis, owner of the eponymous store in Oxford Street, in 1905. In 1929 Lewis's son, John Spedan Lewis, who then owned both businesses, combined them into a single business.[16]
JLP also owns Waitrose & Partners, an upmarket supermarket chain that had 332 branches and 78,000 employees as of early 2021.[43] Waitrose trades mainly in London and the south of England, and was originally formed by Wallace Waite, Arthur Rose, and David Taylor. The company was taken over by JLP in 1937.[44]
In June 2004, JLP launched their own credit card, brandedPartnership Card, provided byHSBC UK.[45] The card was launched to complement the existing John Lewis and Waitrose account cards.[46] It was announced in May 2022 that thewhite-label agreement with HSBC would end later that year, with new and existing Partnership Card accounts migrated to a reshaped service run by British financial services companyNewDay.[47][48]
The company has provided insurance products since it launchedGreenbee in October 2006.[49][50] Later, the Greenbee brand was retired and the services rebrandedJohn Lewis Finance. Initially, it offeredhome,travel, wedding and events insurance as well as a travel and tickets service.[50] It subsequently expanded to offer other services includingcar insurance[51] and policies for second homes.[52] John Lewis Finance later branched out into providingpet insurance,[53] as well as creating John Lewis Investments,[54] in partnership withNutmeg.[55]
In October 2021, John Lewis Finance released a home insurance advertisement showing a boy in make-up and a dress vandalising his house. The advertisement was banned by theFinancial Conduct Authority as misleading, because the insurance plan did not include deliberate damage, as portrayed.[56]
John Lewis offered broadband and home telephone services via awhite-label agreement withPlusnet. The service closed to new customers in October 2022 and, following this, to existing customers when they reached the end of their contract.[57]
JLP currently operates one manufacturing business, Herbert Parkinson, inDarwen, Lancashire. This company, established as a weaver ofjacquard fabrics in 1934, was acquired by the Partnership in 1953. Herbert Parkinson currently produces John Lewis own-brand fabrics and curtains as well as filled furnishing products such as cushions and pillows. The company operates a wholesale business to outside customers in addition to supplying John Lewis branches.[58]
Until September 2007, the Partnership also owned two further textile production businesses:Carlisle-based printer Stead McAlpin (founded c. 1875, 200 workers) andHaslingden, Lancashire-based weaver J. H. Birtwistle.[59][60]
The manufacture and sale of furnishing textiles was organised by the business Cavendish Textiles,[61] produced under the trade name of 'Jonelle' from 1937, dropped in 2000 in favour of 'John Lewis'. Designers included many associated withHeal's, such asLucienne Day and Pat Albeck,[62] as well asJacqueline Groag.[63]
John Lewis Partnership helped finance the creation of Ocado, an independent online supermarket, and later transferred its interest to its pension fund, which owned 29% of Ocado.[64] The pension fund fully divested itself of its final 10.4% share ownership in February 2011 for £152 million, which represented a total profit from the company's investment in Ocado of about £220 million.[65] In September 2020, the Partnership's relationship with Ocado came to an end.[66]
| 'Big four' | |
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| Convenience | |
| Discount | |
| Frozen specialists | |
| Online | |
| Premium | |
| Regional | |
| International | |
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| National | |
