John Jolly | |
|---|---|
| Ahuludegi, Oolooteka | |
_Smithsonian.jpg) Ahuludegi, also known asJohn Jolly;oil on canvas byGeorge Catlin, 1834 | |
| Cherokee Nation–West leader | |
| Preceded by | Tahlonteeskee |
| Succeeded by | John Looney |
| Personal details | |
| Born | c. 1769 |
| Died | 1838 Webbers Falls, Oklahoma |
| Relations | Brother,Tahlonteeskee; Sister, Jenny Due; Nephews,John Rogers, John Rogers Jr.; Niece, Tiana Rogers, (wife ofSam Houston) |
| Known for | Cherokee Leadership; first leader of theOld Settlers |
John Jolly (Cherokee:Ahuludegi; also known asOolooteka) was a leader of the Cherokee in Tennessee, theArkansaw district of the Missouri Territory, andIndian Territory (now Oklahoma). After a reorganization of the tribal government around 1818, he was madePrincipal Chief of theCherokee Nation–West. Jolly was a wealthy slave-owning planter, cow rancher, and merchant. In many ways, he lived the life of a Southernplanter.
John Jolly was born around 1769,[1]: 402 into a mixed-race family in Tennessee. He had a successful trading post onHiwassee Island (in present-dayMeigs County) ineastern Tennessee. The island was located at the confluence of theTennessee andHiwassee Rivers.[2]
Jolly was also a wealthy planter. He dressed inbuckskin hunting shirts, leggings, andmoccasins".[3][4] He was a friendly and low-key person who was dedicated to providing the Cherokee people opportunities to thrive, including the use of technology and formal education. Jolly did not speak English, but likely understood it as well as other tribal languages and French. He led the plantation group of Cherokee originating in Tennessee[3] after his brother Tahlonteeskee's departure for 'the west' in 1809. His brother, one of the first 'Old Settlers' of the western Cherokee, moved after the United States' acquisition of theLouisiana Purchase.[2]
Sam Houston first met Jolly when he was a teenager. He had left his family inMaryville, Tennessee and come to live with theCherokee on Hiwassee Island in 1809. He was taken in by Jolly, who treated him like a son. Jolly adopted him and acted as his father in theCherokee Nation. Jolly gave Houston the Cherokee name ofKa'lanu, meaning 'the Raven'. He became an emissary for the Cherokee and helped negotiate treaties, and—eventually—their removal to the west. Houston later returned to his family inMaryville, Tennessee,[5] but he lived once again with the Cherokee in the west in 1829.[6] Jolly was a source of refuge for Houston after his ill-fated marriage toEliza Allen.
His brother settled with tribe members in what was thensouthern Missouri Territory. After a treaty in 1817,Tahlonteeskee (orTalontiski) and his followers moved to western Arkansas, along theArkansas River at the mouth of thePoteau River. They were given an equal amount of land to what they had owned east of theMississippi River. The Cherokee lands were located north of the Arkansas River, in the area designated asLovely's Purchase. The rights of the Cherokee people, however, were not clearly spelled out in the treaty.[2] Houston was subagent to the Cherokee during the negotiations.[7]
The Cherokee treaty delegates were bribed by GovernorJoseph McMinn andJohn C. Calhoun to ensure a successful removal from Tennessee. Jolly's brother, Tahlonteeskee, received $1,000 and other delegates received $500 each.[8][a] In February 1818, Jolly and his followers left Tennessee with sixteen riverboats, provisions for 70 days, and rifles that they received from the government.[9] They moved to the Arkansas District, living along the Arkansas River nearSpadra, Arkansas inJohnson County.[2] When they began to settle on their land, they learned that they were historic hunting grounds of theQuapaw andOsage people, who fought with them.Fort Gibson was established to protect the Cherokee, who had not been at war for some time. They also had pressure from pioneering white people.[9]
Jolly saw that native tribes were being pushed west within the United States. He believed that the tribes should unite and become the United Tribes of America to "...preserve the sinking race of Native Americans from extinction."[10]
Jolly had a large plantation, with a network of fields and peach orchards, worked by up to twelve slaves.[11][2] He had more than 500 head of cattle. He was a generous host to whoever visited his large, fine house.[11][b] His visitors included naturalistThomas Nuttall. He stayed in contact withIndian agents. Near his house was theDwight Mission run by missionaryCephas Washburn and was supported by Jolly.[2] Jolly was popular with the planter class, who were often of Cherokee and European descent and whose lives were similar to Southern planters, as well as the full-blooded Cherokee, who did not trust whites and wanted to maintain their culture and heritage.[12]
There are ways in which the Cherokee Nation lived like southern planters. Their labor was supplied by enslaved black people. They had nice goods, clothing, and furnishings that they purchased from Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New Orleans. They copied the fine mansions of the South when they built their homes. But they did not approve of the way that whites lived, and they had their own cultural traditions. For instance, Houston and Jolly followed an ancient tradition among friends where they fed one another from a common spoon.[11]
Jolly was elected Principal Chief of theCherokee Nation—West upon the death of his brother Tahlonteeskee in the spring of 1819. He was responsible for managing the affairs of the Cherokee within the Cherokee settlements and with governmental officials over diplomatic issues, particularly the treaties between the Cherokee and the United States government.[2]
Jolly was elected president of the Arkansas Cherokee after the tribal government was reorganized in 1824.[2] He worked with Arkansas territorial authorities and government officials in Washington D.C. regarding treaty rights and security. There was pressure on the Cherokees to relinquish land as Americanssettled in the western lands of the United States. He wrote toGeorge Izard, thegovernor of Arkansas to squelch a rumor that Cherokees were interested in selling any of their land. He also conveyed that the U.S. government had not met the financial terms of the treaty of 1817.[2]
In 1828, most of the western Cherokee were moved from Indian reserve areas in the Arkansas Territory to the newly establishedIndian Territory (in present-dayOklahoma). Jolly established a plantation at the confluence of the Arkansas and Illinois Rivers,[2] near present-dayWebbers Falls, Oklahoma.[13] During Jolly's term of office, the Cherokee Nation—West adopted a constitution establishing a tripartite government, much like that previously adopted by the Cherokee Nation—East (1827). Jolly established a capital city,Tahlonteeskee, named in honor of his brother.
One writer states that much of Jolly's success "was due to the counsel and support ofJohn Rogers", his brother-in-law and Cherokee headman.[14]
In 1829, Sam Houston sought refuge with Jolly after his brief marriage toEliza Allen, which sparked many rumors and theories, and led to his resignation as governor of Tennessee.[15] Jolly met Houston when the steamboat arrived atFort Gibson with a number of his enslaved men bearing torches.[16] Jolly was grateful for Houston's return, both because he was happy to be a place of refuge and because the Nation could use his assistance in ensuring that the Cherokee people's voices were heard by the government.[17][c]
George Catlin painted his portrait in 1834. He described him as "...a dignified chief … a mixture of white and red blood, of which … the first seems decidedly to predominate". Of his visit to the Cherokee, he mentioned that there were six or seven thousand members of the tribe under Jolly who had removed with him from Tennessee.[3]
Black Coat, who served with Jolly as second chief, died in the spring of 1835, and was succeeded byJoseph Vann.[18]
Jolly served until his death near present-dayWebbers Falls, Oklahoma in December 1838.[2] He was succeeded byJohn Looney, who had been his assistant principal chief.
Hiwassee Island, at the mouth of theHiwassee River where it meets theTennessee, used to be commonly known as "Jolly's Island" after the Cherokee leader. Residents in the area sometimes still call it that.
He [John Jolly] is described as a man of uncommon force and courage, which would be natural in his position, and as at that time [1829] about sixty years of age, of massive frame, although not tall, and a rotund but commanding countenance, with his long locks plentifully sprinkled with gray.
| Preceded by | Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation–West 1819–1838 | Succeeded by |
| International | |
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| National | |
