Movatterモバイル変換

[0]ホーム
URL:

Jump to content
WikipediaThe Free Encyclopedia
Search

John Hopfield

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
American scientist (born 1933)
For his father, the Polish-American spectroscopist, seeJohn J. Hopfield (spectroscopist).

John Hopfield
Hopfield in 2016
Born
John Joseph Hopfield

(1933-07-15)July 15, 1933 (age 91)
EducationSwarthmore College (AB)
Cornell University (PhD)
Known forHopfield network
Modern Hopfield network
Hopfield dielectric
Polariton
Kinetic proofreading
Awards
Scientific career
FieldsPhysics
Molecular biology
Complex systems
Neuroscience
InstitutionsBell Labs
Princeton University
University of California, Berkeley
California Institute of Technology
ThesisA quantum-mechanical theory of the contribution of excitons to the complex dielectric constant of crystals (1958)
Doctoral advisorAlbert Overhauser
Doctoral studentsSteven Girvin
Gerald Mahan
Bertrand Halperin
David J. C. MacKay
José Onuchic
Terry Sejnowski
Erik Winfree
Li Zhaoping

John Joseph Hopfield (born July 15, 1933)[1] is an American physicist andemeritus professor ofPrinceton University, most widely known for his study ofassociative neural networks in 1982. He is known for the development of theHopfield network. Previous to its invention, research in artificial intelligence (AI) was in a decay period orAI winter, Hopfield's work revitalized large-scale interest in this field.[2][3]

In 2024 Hopfield, along withGeoffrey Hinton, was awarded theNobel Prize in Physics for "foundational discoveries and inventions that enablemachine learning withartificial neural networks."[4][2] He has been awarded various major physics awards for his work in multidisciplinary fields includingcondensed matter physics,statistical physics andbiophysics.

Biography

[edit]

Early life and education

[edit]

John Joseph Hopfield was born in 1933 inChicago[1] to physicistsJohn Joseph Hopfield (born in Poland as Jan Józef Chmielewski) and Helen Hopfield (née Staff).[5][6]

Hopfield received aBachelor of Arts with a major in physics fromSwarthmore College in Pennsylvania in 1954 and aDoctor of Philosophy in physics fromCornell University in 1958.[1] His doctoral dissertation was titled "A quantum-mechanical theory of the contribution ofexcitons to the complexdielectric constant of crystals".[7] Hisdoctoral advisor wasAlbert Overhauser.[1]

Career

[edit]

He spent two years in the theory group atBell Laboratories working on optical properties of semiconductors working withDavid Gilbert Thomas[8] and later on a quantitative model to describe the cooperative behavior ofhemoglobin in collaboration withRobert G. Shulman.[1][5][9] Subsequently he became a faculty member atUniversity of California, Berkeley (physics, 1961–1964),[2]Princeton University (physics, 1964–1980),[2]California Institute of Technology (Caltech, chemistry and biology, 1980–1997)[2] and again at Princeton (1997–),[2][1] where he is the Howard A. Prior Professor of Molecular Biology, emeritus.[10]

In 1976, he participated in a science short film on the structure of the hemoglobin, featuringLinus Pauling.[11]

From 1981 to 1983Richard Feynman,Carver Mead and Hopfield gave a one-year course at Caltech called "The Physics of Computation".[12][13] This collaboration inspired theComputation and Neural Systems PhD program at Caltech in 1986, co-founded by Hopfield.[14][12]

His former PhD students includeGerald Mahan (PhD in 1964),[15]Bertrand Halperin (1965),[16]Steven Girvin (1977),[16]Terry Sejnowski (1978),[16]Erik Winfree (1998),[16]José Onuchic (1987),[16]Li Zhaoping (1990)[17] andDavid J. C. MacKay (1992).[16]

Work

[edit]

In his doctoral work of 1958, he wrote on the interaction ofexcitons in crystals, coining the termpolariton for aquasiparticle that appears insolid-state physics.[18][19] He wrote: "The polarization field 'particles' analogous tophotons will be called 'polaritons'."[19] His polariton model is sometimes known as theHopfield dielectric.[20]

From 1959 to 1963, Hopfield and David G. Thomas investigated the exciton structure ofcadmium sulfide from its reflection spectra. Their experiments and theoretical models allowed to understand the optical spectroscopy ofII-VI semiconductor compounds.[21]

Condensed matter physicistPhilip W. Anderson reported that John Hopfield was his "hidden collaborator" for his 1961–1970 works on theAnderson impurity model which explained theKondo effect. Hopfield was not included as a co-author in the papers but Anderson admitted the importance of Hopfield's contribution in various of his writings.[22]

William C. Topp and Hopfield introduced the concept of norm-conservingpseudopotentials in 1973.[23][24][25]

In 1974 he introduced a mechanism for error correction inbiochemical reactions known askinetic proofreading to explain the accuracy ofDNA replication.[26][27]

Hopfield published his first paper in neuroscience in 1982, titled "Neural networks and physical systems with emergent collective computational abilities" where he introduced what is now known asHopfield network, a type of artificial network that can serve as acontent-addressable memory, made of binary neurons that can be 'on' or 'off'.[28][5] He extended his formalism to continuousactivation functions in 1984.[29] The 1982 and 1984 papers represent his two most cited works.[10] Hopfield has said that the inspiration came from his knowledge ofspin glasses from his collaborations with P. W. Anderson.[30]

Together withDavid W. Tank, Hopfield developed a method in 1985–1986[31][32] for solving discrete optimization problems based on the continuous-time dynamics using a Hopfield network with continuous activation function. The optimization problem was encoded in the interaction parameters (weights) of the network. The effective temperature of the analog system was gradually decreased, as in global optimization withsimulated annealing.[33]

Hopfield is one of the pioneers of thecritical brain hypothesis, he was the first to link neural networks withself-organized criticality in reference to theOlami–Feder–Christensen model for earthquakes in 1994.[34][35] In 1995, Hopfield and Andreas V. Herz showed that avalanches in neural activity follow power law distribution associated to earthquakes.[36][37]

The original Hopfield networks had a limited memory, this problem was addressed by Hopfield and Dimitry Krotov in 2016.[33][38] Large memory storage Hopfield networks are now known asmodern Hopfield networks.[39]

Views on artificial intelligence

[edit]

In March 2023, Hopfield signed an open letter titled "Pause Giant AI Experiments", calling for a pause on the training ofartificial intelligence (AI) systems more powerful thanGPT-4. The letter, signed by over 30,000 individuals including AI researchersYoshua Bengio andStuart Russell, cited risks such as human obsolescence andsociety-wide loss of control.[40][41]

Upon being jointly awarded the 2024 Nobel Prize in Physics, Hopfield revealed he was very unnerved by recent advances in AI capabilities, and said "as a physicist, I'm very unnerved by something which has no control".[42] In a followup press conference in Princeton University, Hopfield compared AI withdiscovery of nuclear fission, which led tonuclear weapons andnuclear power.[2]

Awards and honors

[edit]
The 1969 ceremony of theOliver E. Buckley Prize of condensed matter physics.Luis Walter Alvarez (left) congratulatesDavid Gilbert Thomas (middle) and John Hopfield (right).

Hopfield received aSloan Research Fellowship[43] in 1962 and as his father, he received aGuggenheim Fellowship (1968).[44] Hopfield was elected as a member of theAmerican Physical Society (APS) in 1969,[45][46] a member of theNational Academy of Sciences in 1973, a member of theAmerican Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1975, and a member of theAmerican Philosophical Society in 1988.[47][48][49] He was the President of the APS in 2006.[50]

In 1969 Hopfield andDavid Gilbert Thomas were awarded theOliver E. Buckley Prize of condensed matter physics by the APS "for their joint work combining theory and experiment which has advanced the understanding of the interaction of light with solids".[51]

In 1983 he was awarded the MacArthur Foundational Prize by theMacArthur Fellows Program.[52] In 1985, Hopfield received the Golden Plate Award of theAmerican Academy of Achievement[53] and theMax Delbruck Prize in Biophysics by the APS.[9] In 1988, he received theMichelson–Morley Award byCase Western Reserve University.[54] Hopfield received the Neural Networks Pioneer Award in 1997 by theInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).[55]

Geoffrey E. Hinton (left) and Hopfield at 2024 Nobel Week

He was awarded theDirac Medal of theInternational Centre for Theoretical Physics in 2001 "for important contributions in an impressively broad spectrum of scientific subjects"[56][57] including "an entirely different [collective] organizing principle inolfaction" and "a new principle in which neural function can take advantage of the temporal structure of the 'spiking' interneural communication".[57]

Hopfield received theHarold Pender Award in 2002 for his accomplishments incomputational neuroscience andneural engineering from theMoore School of Electrical Engineering,University of Pennsylvania.[58] He received theAlbert Einstein World Award of Science in 2005 in the field of life sciences.[59] In 2007, he gave theFritz London Memorial Lecture atDuke University, titled "How Do We Think So Fast? From Neurons to Brain Computation".[60] Hopfield received theIEEE Frank Rosenblatt Award in 2009 for his contributions in understanding information processing in biological systems.[61] In 2012 he was awarded theSwartz Prize by theSociety for Neuroscience.[62] In 2019 he was awarded theBenjamin Franklin Medal in Physics by theFranklin Institute,[63] and in 2022 he shared theBoltzmann Medal award in statistical physics withDeepak Dhar.[64]

He was jointly awarded the 2024Nobel Prize in Physics withGeoffrey E. Hinton for "foundational discoveries and inventions that enable machine learning with artificial neural networks".[65][66]

In 2025 he was awarded theQueen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering jointly withYoshua Bengio,Bill Dally,Geoffrey E. Hinton,Yann LeCun,Jen-Hsun Huang andFei-Fei Li for the development of modern machine learning.[67]

References

[edit]
  1. ^abcdef"Hopfield, John J."Physics History Network American Institute of Physics. RetrievedOctober 8, 2024.
  2. ^abcdefgTaylor, D.B.; et al. (October 8, 2024),"Nobel Physics Prize Awarded for Pioneering A.I. Research by 2 Scientists",The New York Times,archived from the original on October 8, 2024, retrievedOctober 8, 2024
  3. ^Crevier, Daniel (1993).AI: The Tumultuous Search for Artificial Intelligence. New York, NY: BasicBooks.ISBN 0-465-02997-3.
  4. ^"Press release: The Nobel Prize in Physics 2024".NobelPrize.org.Archived from the original on October 8, 2024. RetrievedOctober 8, 2024.
  5. ^abcLindsay, Grace (March 4, 2021).Models of the Mind: How Physics, Engineering and Mathematics Have Shaped Our Understanding of the Brain. Bloomsbury Publishing.ISBN 978-1-4729-6645-2.Archived from the original on October 8, 2024. RetrievedOctober 8, 2024.
  6. ^"American Men of Science: A Biographical Directory". Science Press. 1966.
  7. ^John Hopfield (1958).A Quantum-Mechanical Theory of the Contribution of Excitons to the Complex Dielectric Constant of Crystals.ISBN 979-8-6578-5817-4.OCLC 63226906.Wikidata Q130468423.
  8. ^Orton, John W. (December 11, 2008).The Story of Semiconductors. OUP Oxford.ISBN 978-0-19-156544-1.
  9. ^ab"American Physical Society Meets in Baltimore".Physics Today.38 (3):87–93. March 1, 1985.Bibcode:1985PhT....38c..87..doi:10.1063/1.2814495.ISSN 0031-9228.
  10. ^abOffice of Communications (October 8, 2024)."Princeton's John Hopfield receives Nobel Prize in physics".Princeton University.Archived from the original on October 8, 2024. RetrievedOctober 8, 2024.
  11. ^"The Life and the Structure of Hemoglobin, American Institute of Physics".Orego State Documentary History of Linus Pauling. 1976. RetrievedOctober 9, 2024.
  12. ^abHey, Anthony (March 8, 2018).Feynman And Computation. CRC Press.ISBN 978-0-429-96900-3.
  13. ^Hillis, W. Daniel (February 1, 1989)."Richard Feynman and the Connection Machine".Physics Today.42 (2):78–83.Bibcode:1989PhT....42b..78H.doi:10.1063/1.881196.ISSN 0031-9228.
  14. ^"Caltech Celebrates 30 Years of its Computation and Neural Systems Option | Caltech Alumni".Archived from the original on October 8, 2024. RetrievedOctober 8, 2024.
  15. ^"Gerald Mahan Obituary (1937 - 2021) - New York, NY - The Oregonian".Legacy.com. RetrievedOctober 13, 2024.
  16. ^abcdefJohn Joseph Hopfield at theMathematics Genealogy Project
  17. ^Li, Zhaoping (1990).A model of the olfactory bulb and beyond (phd thesis). California Institute of Technology.
  18. ^Hopfield, J. J. (December 1, 1958)."Theory of the Contribution of Excitons to the Complex Dielectric Constant of Crystals".Physical Review.112 (5):1555–1567.Bibcode:1958PhRv..112.1555H.doi:10.1103/PhysRev.112.1555.ISSN 0031-899X.
  19. ^abAgranovich, Vladimir M. (February 12, 2009).Excitations in Organic Solids. OUP Oxford.ISBN 978-0-19-155291-5.Archived from the original on October 8, 2024. RetrievedOctober 8, 2024.
  20. ^Huttner, B.; Barnett, S. M. (1992)."Dispersion and Loss in a Hopfield Dielectric".Europhysics Letters.18 (6): 487.Bibcode:1992EL.....18..487H.doi:10.1209/0295-5075/18/6/003.ISSN 0295-5075.Archived from the original on October 8, 2024. RetrievedOctober 8, 2024.
  21. ^Reynolds, D. C.; Litton, C. W.; Collins, T. C. (1965)."Some Optical Properties of Group II-VI Semiconductors (I)".Physica Status Solidi B.9 (3):645–684.Bibcode:1965PSSBR...9..645R.doi:10.1002/pssb.19650090302.ISSN 0370-1972.
  22. ^Zangwill, Andrew (January 8, 2021).A Mind Over Matter: Philip Anderson and the Physics of the Very Many. Oxford University Press.ISBN 978-0-19-264055-0.
  23. ^Topp, William C.; Hopfield, John J. (February 15, 1973)."Chemically Motivated Pseudopotential for Sodium".Physical Review B.7 (4):1295–1303.Bibcode:1973PhRvB...7.1295T.doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.7.1295.ISSN 0556-2805.
  24. ^Martin, Richard M. (August 27, 2020).Electronic Structure: Basic Theory and Practical Methods. Cambridge University Press.ISBN 978-1-108-42990-0.
  25. ^Marx, Dominik; Hutter, Jürg (April 30, 2009).Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics: Basic Theory and Advanced Methods. Cambridge University Press.ISBN 978-1-139-47719-2.
  26. ^Hopfield, J. J. (1974)."Kinetic Proofreading: A New Mechanism for Reducing Errors in Biosynthetic Processes Requiring High Specificity".Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.71 (10):4135–4139.Bibcode:1974PNAS...71.4135H.doi:10.1073/pnas.71.10.4135.ISSN 0027-8424.PMC 434344.PMID 4530290.
  27. ^Flyvbjerg, Henrik; Jülicher, Frank; Ormos, Pal; David, Francois (July 1, 2003).Physics of Bio-Molecules and Cells: Les Houches Session LXXV, 2–27 July 2001. Springer Science & Business Media.ISBN 978-3-540-45701-5.Archived from the original on October 8, 2024. RetrievedOctober 8, 2024.
  28. ^Hopfield, J J (April 1982)."Neural networks and physical systems with emergent collective computational abilities".Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.79 (8):2554–2558.Bibcode:1982PNAS...79.2554H.doi:10.1073/pnas.79.8.2554.ISSN 0027-8424.PMC 346238.PMID 6953413.
  29. ^Hopfield, J J (1984)."Neurons with graded response have collective computational properties like those of two-state neurons".Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.81 (10):3088–3092.Bibcode:1984PNAS...81.3088H.doi:10.1073/pnas.81.10.3088.ISSN 0027-8424.PMC 345226.PMID 6587342.
  30. ^Hopfield, John J. (March 1, 2014)."Whatever Happened to Solid State Physics?".Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics.5 (1):1–13.Bibcode:2014ARCMP...5....1H.doi:10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031113-133924.ISSN 1947-5454.
  31. ^Hopfield, J. J.; Tank, D. W. (July 1, 1985).""Neural" computation of decisions in optimization problems".Biological Cybernetics.52 (3):141–152.doi:10.1007/BF00339943.ISSN 1432-0770.PMID 4027280.Archived from the original on October 8, 2024. RetrievedOctober 8, 2024.
  32. ^Hopfield, John J.; Tank, David W. (August 8, 1986)."Computing with Neural Circuits: A Model".Science.233 (4764):625–633.Bibcode:1986Sci...233..625H.doi:10.1126/science.3755256.ISSN 0036-8075.PMID 3755256.Archived from the original on April 14, 2024. RetrievedOctober 8, 2024.
  33. ^abThe Nobel Committee for Physics (October 8, 2024)."Scientific Background to the Nobel Prize in Physics 2024"(PDF).The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.Archived(PDF) from the original on October 8, 2024. RetrievedOctober 8, 2024.
  34. ^Pruessner, Gunnar (August 30, 2012).Self-Organised Criticality: Theory, Models and Characterisation. Cambridge University Press.ISBN 978-0-521-85335-4.
  35. ^Hopfield, John J. (February 1, 1994)."Neurons, Dynamics and Computation".Physics Today.47 (2):40–46.Bibcode:1994PhT....47b..40H.doi:10.1063/1.881412.ISSN 0031-9228.
  36. ^Hopfield, J J; Herz, A V (July 18, 1995)."Rapid local synchronization of action potentials: toward computation with coupled integrate-and-fire neurons".Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.92 (15):6655–6662.Bibcode:1995PNAS...92.6655H.doi:10.1073/pnas.92.15.6655.ISSN 0027-8424.PMC 41391.PMID 7624307.
  37. ^Beggs, John (2007)."Neuronal avalanche".Scholarpedia.2 (1): 1344.Bibcode:2007SchpJ...2.1344B.doi:10.4249/scholarpedia.1344.ISSN 1941-6016.
  38. ^Krotov, Dmitry; Hopfield, John J. (2016)."Dense Associative Memory for Pattern Recognition".Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems.29. Curran Associates, Inc.arXiv:1606.01164.Archived from the original on June 19, 2024. RetrievedOctober 8, 2024.
  39. ^Kahana, Michael J.; Wagner, Anthony D. (2024).The Oxford Handbook of Human Memory, Two Volume Pack: Foundations and Applications. Oxford University Press.ISBN 978-0-19-774614-1.
  40. ^Feathers, Todd (October 8, 2024)."Nobel Prize Goes to 'Godfathers of AI' Who Now Fear Their Work Is Growing Too Powerful".Gizmodo. RetrievedOctober 9, 2024.
  41. ^"Pause Giant AI Experiments: An Open Letter".Future of Life Institute. RetrievedOctober 9, 2024.
  42. ^"Nobel winner John Hopfield warns of 'catastrophe' if AI advances are not 'controlled'".Hindustan Times. October 9, 2024.
  43. ^"Fellows Database | Alfred P. Sloan Foundation".sloan.org. RetrievedOctober 10, 2024.
  44. ^"John J. Hopfield – John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation…". RetrievedOctober 10, 2024.
  45. ^"APS Fellowship recipients".American Physical Society.
  46. ^APS Press Office (October 8, 2024)."American Physical Society congratulates winners of the 2024 Nobel Prize in Physics".
  47. ^"John J. Hopfield".www.nasonline.org.Archived from the original on March 24, 2019. RetrievedMay 24, 2020.
  48. ^"John Joseph Hopfield".American Academy of Arts & Sciences. October 12, 2023.Archived from the original on October 8, 2024. RetrievedMay 24, 2020.
  49. ^"APS Member History".search.amphilsoc.org.Archived from the original on October 18, 2023. RetrievedMay 24, 2020.
  50. ^"John Hopfield, Array of Contemporary Physicists". Archived fromthe original on October 19, 2013. RetrievedOctober 19, 2013.
  51. ^"Honors and Award Winners".American Physical Society. RetrievedOctober 8, 2024.
  52. ^"Biologist awarded $224,000 - tax free, no strings attached"(PDF).CalTech News.17 (5): 6. October 5, 1983.
  53. ^"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement".American Academy of Achievement.Archived from the original on December 15, 2016. RetrievedJune 26, 2020.
  54. ^"Random Walk - Honors and Awards".Engineering and Science. Record Number: CaltechES:51.3.0.51 (3). CalTech: 43. Spring 1988.
  55. ^"Past Recipients - IEEE Computational Intelligence Society".cis.ieee.org. RetrievedOctober 10, 2024.
  56. ^"Dirac Medallist 2001 | ICTP".www.ictp.it.Archived from the original on October 8, 2024. RetrievedOctober 20, 2023.
  57. ^ab"Princeton Physicist Garners Dirac Medal".Physics Today.54 (10): 85. October 1, 2001.Bibcode:2001PhT....54S..85..doi:10.1063/1.1420565.ISSN 0031-9228.Archived from the original on October 8, 2024. RetrievedOctober 8, 2024.
  58. ^"Pender Lecture". RetrievedOctober 13, 2024.
  59. ^"Albert Einstein World Award of Science 2005". Archived fromthe original on October 23, 2013. RetrievedAugust 13, 2013.
  60. ^"Fritz London Memorial Lecture | Department of Physics".physics.duke.edu. RetrievedOctober 13, 2024.
  61. ^MacPherson, Kitta (May 8, 2009)."Hopfield wins IEEE's Rosenblatt Award".Princeton University. RetrievedOctober 10, 2024.
  62. ^"Swartz Prize awarded to John Hopfield for contributions to computational neuroscience".Office of the Dean for Research. RetrievedOctober 10, 2024.
  63. ^"John J. Hopfield Named Winner of 2019 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Physics - IAS News | Institute for Advanced Study".www.ias.edu. December 10, 2018. RetrievedOctober 9, 2024.
  64. ^"STATPHYS28".statphys28.org.Archived from the original on April 14, 2024. RetrievedOctober 8, 2024.
  65. ^"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2024". Nobel Media AB.Archived from the original on October 8, 2024. RetrievedOctober 8, 2024.
  66. ^Nobel Prize (October 8, 2024).Announcement of the 2024 Nobel Prize in Physics.Archived from the original on October 8, 2024. RetrievedOctober 8, 2024 – via YouTube.
  67. ^Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering 2025

External links

[edit]
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
1899–1925
1926–1950
1951–1975
1976–2000
2001–
1901–1925
1926–1950
1951–1975
1976–2000
2001–
present
2024Nobel Prize laureates
Chemistry
Literature (2024)
Peace (2024)
Physics
Physiology or Medicine
Economic Sciences
International
National
Academics
People
Other
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Hopfield&oldid=1282161967"
Categories:
Hidden categories:
[8]ページ先頭
©2009-2025 Movatter.jp