John Grierson | |
|---|---|
 Grierson (right) with Bolivian filmmaker Jorge Ruiz in 1955 | |
| Born | (1898-04-26)26 April 1898 Deanston,Perthshire, Scotland |
| Died | 19 February 1972(1972-02-19) (aged 73) Bath, Somerset, England |
| Occupations | Filmmaker, film critic, film theorist |
| 1st Government Film Commissioner and Chairperson of theNational Film Board of Canada | |
| In office 1939–1945 | |
| Prime Minister | William Lyon Mackenzie King |
| Preceded by | Position established |
| Succeeded by | Ross McLean |
John GriersonCBE (26 April 1898 – 19 February 1972) was a Scottish filmmaker, film theorist, and critic, often considered the father of British and Canadiandocumentary film.[1][2] In 1926, Grierson coined the term"documentary" in a review ofRobert J. Flaherty'sMoana.[3] In 1939, Grierson established the all-time Canadian film institutional production and distribution companyThe National Film Board of Canada controlled bythe Government of Canada.[2]
Grierson was born in the old schoolhouse inDeanston, nearDoune,Scotland, to schoolmaster Robert Morrison Grierson from Boddam, nearPeterhead, and Jane Anthony, a teacher fromAyrshire.[4] His mother, asuffragette and ardentLabour Party activist, often took the chair atTom Johnston's election meetings.[4]
The family moved toCambusbarron,Stirling, in 1900, when the children were still young, after Grierson's father was appointed headmaster of Cambusbarron school.[5] When the family moved, John had three elder sisters, Agnes, Janet, and Margaret, and a younger brother, Anthony.[4] John and Anthony were enrolled at Cambusbarron school in November 1903. His sister Margaret died in 1906; however, the family continued to grow as John gained three younger sisters, Dorothy,[4]Ruby, and finallyMarion in 1907.[6]
Both parents steeped their son inliberal politics,humanistic ideals, andCalvinist moral and religious philosophies, particularly that education was essential to individual freedom and that hard and meaningful work was the way to prove oneself worthy in the sight of God.[7] John was enrolled in the High School at Stirling in September 1908, and he played football and rugby for the school.[4]
In July 1915, Grierson left school with an overall subject mark of 82%; John had sat the bursary examination at Gilmorehill the month before, as his parents wanted him to follow his elder sisters, Janet and Agnes, in going to theUniversity of Glasgow.[4] The results for the bursary examination were not posted until October 1915; Grierson applied to work at the munitions atAlexandria; the munitions building had been the original home of the Argyll Motor Company which had earlier in the twentieth century built the first complete motor car in Scotland.[4]
Grierson was the second name on the bursary list and received the John Clark bursary, which was tenable for four years.[4] Grierson entered the University of Glasgow in 1916;[7] however, he was unhappy that his efforts to help inWorld War I were only through his work at the munitions.[4] Grierson wanted to join the navy; his family on his father's side had long been lighthouse keepers, and John had many memories of visiting lighthouses and being beside the sea.[4] He went to theCrystal Palace inLondon to train with theRoyal Naval Volunteer Reserve. In his recruitment letter he had added a year to his age so that he could attend.[4]
On 7 January 1916, Grierson was sent to the wireless telegraphy station atAultbea,Cromarty, as an ordinarytelegraphist but was promoted to telegraphist on 2 June 1916.[4] On 23 January 1917, he became a telegraphist on theminesweeper H.M.SSurf and served there until 13 October 1917. The next day he joined H.M.SRightwhale, where he was promoted to leading telegraphist on 2 June 1918 and remained on the vessel until he was demobilised[4] with aBritish War Medal and theVictory Medal.[4]
Grierson returned to university in 1919; he joined the Fabian Society in 1919 and dissolved it in 1921.[4] The New University Labour Club was initiated by John as well as the Critic's Club; he also had poetry published in the Glasgow University magazine from November 1920 until February 1923.[4] Grierson received the Buchan Prize in the Ordinary Class of English Language in the academic year of 1919–20, he also received the prize and first-class certificate in the academic year of 1920–21 in the Ordinary Class of Moral Philosophy and graduated with a Master of Arts in English and moral philosophy in 1923.[4]
In 1923, Grierson received aRockefeller Research Fellowship to study in the United States at theUniversity of Chicago, and later at Columbia and theUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison.[8] His research focus was thepsychology ofpropaganda—the impact of the press, film, and other mass media on forming public opinion.[8] Grierson was particularly interested in the popular appeal and influence of the"yellow" (tabloid) press, and the influence and role of these journals on the education of new American citizens from abroad.[9]
In his review ofRobert Flaherty's filmMoana (1926) in theNew York Sun (8 February 1926), Grierson wrote that it had 'documentary' value.[3][10]In his essay "First Principles of Documentary" (1932), Grierson argued that the principles of documentary were that cinema's potential for observing life could be exploited in a new art form; that the "original" actor and "original" scene are better guides than their fiction counterparts to interpreting the modern world; and that materials "thus taken from the raw" can be more real than the acted article. In this regard, Grierson's views align with the Soviet filmmakerDziga Vertov's contempt for dramatic fiction as "bourgeois excess", though with considerably more subtlety. Grierson's definition of documentary as "creative treatment of actuality" has gained some acceptance, though it presents philosophical questions about documentaries containing stagings and reenactments.
Like many social critics of the time, Grierson was profoundly concerned about what he perceived to be clear threats to democracy. In the US, he encountered a marked tendency toward political reaction, anti-democratic sentiments, and political apathy. He read and agreed with the journalist and political philosopherWalter Lippmann's bookPublic Opinion which blamed the erosion of democracy in part on the fact that the political and social complexities of contemporary society made it difficult if not impossible for the public to comprehend and respond to issues vital to the maintenance of democratic society.
In Grierson's view, a way to counter these problems was to involve citizens in their government with the kind of engaging excitement generated by the popular press, which simplified and dramatized public affairs. It was during this time that Grierson developed a conviction that motion pictures could play a central role in promoting this process. (It has been suggested film scholar Paul Swann that some of Grierson's notions regarding the social and political uses of film were influenced by readingLenin's writing about film as education and propaganda.[11])
Grierson's emerging view of film was as a form of social and political communication—a mechanism for social reform, education, and perhaps spiritual uplift. His view of Hollywood movie-making was considerably less sanguine:
Grierson's emerging and outspoken film philosophies caught the attention of New York film critics at the time. He was asked to write criticism for theNew York Sun. At theSun, Grierson wrote articles on film aesthetics and audience reception, and developed broad contacts in the film world. According to popular myth, in the course of this writing stint, Grierson coined the term "documentary" in writing aboutRobert J. Flaherty's filmMoana (1926): "Of courseMoana, being a visual account of events in the daily life of a Polynesian youth and his family, has documentary value."[12]
During this time, Grierson was also involved in scrutinizing the film industries of other countries. He may have been involved in arranging to bringSergei Eisenstein's groundbreaking filmThe Battleship Potemkin (1925) to US audiences for the first time. Eisenstein's editing techniques and film theories, particularly the use of montage, would have a significant influence on Grierson's own work.
Grierson returned to Great Britain in 1927 armed with the sense that film could be enlisted to build national morale and consensus, and to deal with social problems, a theory he would enact especially during theGreat Depression. Filmmaking for Grierson was an exalted, patriotic calling. Grierson's thinking was elitist in some ways, which he exposed with his many dicta of the time, such as "The elect have their duty" and "I look on cinema as a pulpit, and use it as a propagandist."
Grierson was also a cultural relativist. In the US, he had met pioneering documentary filmmakerRobert Flaherty and respected Flaherty immensely for his contributions to documentary form and his attempts to use the camera to bring alive the lives of everyday people and events. Less commendable in Grierson's view was Flaherty's invalidating focus on exotic and faraway cultures. ("In the profounder kind of way", wrote Grierson of Flaherty, "we live and prosper each of us by denouncing the other"). In Grierson's view, the focus of film should be on the everyday drama of ordinary people. As Grierson wrote in his diaries: "Beware the ends of the earth and the exotic: the drama is on your doorstep wherever the slums are, wherever there is malnutrition, wherever there is exploitation and cruelty." "'You keep your savages in the far place Bob; we are going after the savages of Birmingham,' I think I said to him pretty early on. And we did.")
On his return to England, Grierson was employed on a temporary basis as an Assistant Films Officer of theEmpire Marketing Board (EMB), a governmental agency which had been established in 1926 to promote British world trade and British unity throughout theempire. One of the major functions of the EMB was publicity, which the Board accomplished through exhibits, posters, and publications and films. It was within the context of this State-funded organisation that the "documentary" as we know it today got its start.
In late 1929 Grierson and his cameraman,Basil Emmott completed his first film,Drifters, which he wrote, produced and directed. The film, which follows the heroic work ofNorth Sea herring fishermen, was a radical departure from anything being made by the British film industry or Hollywood. A large part of its innovation lies in the fierce boldness in bringing the camera to rugged locations such as a small boat in the middle of a gale while leaving relatively less of the action staged. The choice of topic was chosen less from Grierson's curiosity than the fact that he discovered that the Financial Secretary had made the herring industry his hobbyhorse. It premiered in a private film club in London in November 1929 on a double-bill withEisenstein's -then controversial- filmThe Battleship Potemkin (which was banned from general release in Britain until 1954) and received high praise from both its sponsors and the press. The film was shown from 9 December 1929, in the Stoll in Kingsway and then was later screened throughout Britain.[4]
After this success, Grierson moved away from film direction into a greater focus on production and administration within the EMB. He became a tireless organizer and recruiter for the EMB, enlisting a stable of energetic young filmmakers into the film unit between 1930 and 1933. Those enlisted included filmmakersBasil Wright,Edgar Anstey,Stuart Legg,Paul Rotha,Arthur Elton,Humphrey Jennings,Harry Watt, andAlberto Cavalcanti. This group formed the core of what was to become known as the BritishDocumentary Film Movement.Robert Flaherty himself also worked briefly for the unit. In 1933 the EMB Film Unit was disbanded, a casualty of Depression-era economics.
Grierson's boss at the EMB moved to theGeneral Post Office (GPO) as its first public relations officer, with the stipulation that he could bring the EMB film unit with him. Grierson's crew were charged with demonstrating how the Post Office facilitated modern communication and brought the nation together, a task aimed as much at GPO workers as the general public. During Grierson's administration, theGPO Film Unit produced a series of groundbreaking films, includingNight Mail (dir.Basil Wright andHarry Watt, 1936) andCoal Face (dir.Alberto Cavalcanti, 1935). In 1934 he produced at the GPO Film Unit the award-winningThe Song of Ceylon (dir.Basil Wright) which was sponsored jointly by the Ceylon Tea Propaganda Bureau and the EMB.
In 1934, Grierson sailed on theIsabella Greig out ofGranton to filmGranton Trawler on Viking Bank which is betweenShetland and the Norwegian coast.[4] The footage from his voyage was handed over toEdgar Anstey, who pulled footage of when the camera had fallen over on the deck of the boat to create a storm scene.[4]Granton Trawler was a favourite film of Grierson's, he saw it as a homage to theIsabella Greig that was sunk in 1941 by German bombs when it went out to fish and was never seen again.[4]The Private Life of Gannets was also filmed on theIsabella Greig; the film was shot onGrassholm with Grierson shooting the slow-motion sequence of the gannets diving for fish which took only one afternoon to shoot nearBass Rock in the Firth of Forth.[4] The Private Life of Gannets went on to pick up an Academy Award in 1937.[4]
Grierson eventually grew restless with having to work within the bureaucratic and budgetary confines of government sponsorship. Grierson resigned from the G.P.O. on 30 June 1937, which gave him more time to pursue his passions and the freedom to speak his mind on issues around the world.[4] In response, he sought out private industry sponsorship for film production. He was finally successful in getting the British gas industry to underwrite an annual film program. Perhaps the most significant works produced during this time wereHousing Problems (dir.Arthur Elton,Edgar Anstey,John Taylor, and Grierson's sisterRuby Grierson, 1935).
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In 1938, Grierson was invited by the Canadian government to study the country's film production.[4] Grierson sailed at the end of May in 1938 forCanada and arrived on 17 June.[4] Grierson met with the Prime Minister,William Lyon Mackenzie King and also spoke with many important figures across Canada, they were all in agreement of the importance of film in reducing sectionalism and in promoting the relationship of Canada between home and abroad.[4] The head of the Motion Picture Bureau for Canada, Frank Badgley, did not appreciate Grierson's assessment and criticism of the films made by the Bureau which was that they focused too much on Canada as a place to holiday.[4] Grierson delivered his report on government film propaganda and the weaknesses he had found in Canadian film production; his suggestion was to create a national coordinating body for the production of films.[4] An abridged version of the report ran to 66 pages, which was prepared by August in London.[4] Grierson returned to Britain but was invited back to Canada on 14 October 1938; he returned in November.[4]
In 1939, Canada created the National Film Commission, which would later become theNational Film Board of Canada. The bill to create a National Film Board was drafted by Grierson; the bill was introduced in March 1939 and given Royal Assent on 2 May 1939.[4] Grierson was appointed the first Commissioner of the National Film Board in October 1939.[2] When Canada enteredWorld War II in 1939, the NFB focused on the production ofpropaganda films, many of which Grierson directed. For example, captured footage of German war activity was incorporated in documentaries that were distributed to the then-neutral United States.
Grierson grieved the death of his sister Ruby in 1940; she was on theSS City of Benares while it was evacuating one hundred children to Canada.[4] TheBenares was torpedoed four days after its sailing, and sank within thirty-one minutes in a Force 10 Gale.[4] Ruby Grierson had managed to enter Lifeboat 8, full with more than thirty people, including eighteen girls and two female escorts, but as it was lowering, a wave crashed into the lifeboat, sending it into a vertical position, and throwing everyone in that boat into the sea. No one from Boat 8 survived. In the end, of 406 people on board, only 148 people survived, including only 19 of 100 children.[13] Grierson resigned from his position in January 1941. Over his year as Commissioner at the National Film Board 40 films were made; the year before the Motion Picture Bureau had made only one and a half.[4] Recommendations for the future running were made for the National Film Board, and Grierson was persuaded to stay for a further six months to oversee the changes.[4]
During WWII, Grierson was a consultant to prime minister William Lyon Mackenzie King as a minister of theWartime Information Board. He remained on the National Film Board and managed to complete his duties to Wartime Information Board as well through his deputies that aided him in the task.[4] Grierson was asked to keep his dual role until January 1944, however, he resigned in 1943 as the job he had been asked to complete had been finished as far as he was concerned.[4] Before he finished with the Wartime Information Bureau Grierson was also offered the role of chairman of theCanadian Broadcasting Corporation but turned it down as he believed that this would give him too much power.[4]
On 26 February 1942, Grierson attended the Academy Awards and received the award on behalf of the National Film Board forChurchill's Island.[4] Grierson also presented the award for the best documentary, the first time that this award was given by the Academy.[4] After theDieppe Raid, there were reports that Canadians that had been taken as prisoners of war had been manacled under Hitler's orders.[4] Grierson proposed that the Film Board show how the German prisoners of war were being treated in Canada through a film. Ham Wright directed the film showing the German sailors that had been captured; playing football, enjoying meals and looking healthy.[4] Only one copy of the film was made, it was sent to the Swiss Red Cross who deliberately let it fall into German hands.[4] Grierson was to learn at a later date that Hitler had indeed watched the film and ordered that the Canadian prisoners of war released from their manacles.[4]
After the war, the National Film Board focused on producing documentaries that reflected the lives of Canadians. The National Film Board has become recognized around the world for producing quality films, some of which have wonAcademy Awards. The National Film Board had become one of the largest film studios and was respected around the world for what it had achieved; it had especially had influence in Czechoslovakia and China.[4]
In December 1943 Grierson was elected by the Permanent Film Committee of the National Council for Canadian-Soviet Friendship to become honorary chairman.[4] One of the tasks at the National Film Board that Grierson strongly pushed for the films being produced to be in French as well as English.[4] He also pushed for a French unit in the National Film Board.[4]
Grierson concentrated on documentary film production in New York after resigning his post following in August 1945; his resignation was to take effect in November 1945.[4] In 1946 Grierson was asked to testify as part of the investigation of theGouzenko Affair regarding communist spies in the National Film Board and the Wartime Information Board, rumours spread that he had been a leader of a spy ring during his offices with the Canadian government, a rumour he denied.[4] Due to the rumours, the projects that Grierson had been trying to put together were not commissioned and he was barred from taking an important position at theUnited Nations.[4][14]
Grierson was appointed as a foreign adviser to the Commission on Freedom of the Press in December 1943, which had been set up by theUniversity of Chicago.[4] Grierson was able to make a large contribution to the committee which includedRobert M. Hutchins,William E. Hocking,Harold D. Lasswell,Archibald McLeish andCharles Merriam.[4]A Free and Responsible Press was published in 1947.[4]
Grierson was offered the position of head of information atUNESCO at the end of 1946; he attended the first General Conference of UNESCO from 26 November until 10 December in Paris.[4] He had the idea for theUnesco Courier which was published in several languages across the world, first as a tabloid and later as a magazine.[4] Grierson was invited to open theEdinburgh International Film Festival in 1947, from 31 August to 7 September.[4] At the start of 1948 he resigned from his position as director for Mass Communications and Public Information, he left in April to return to Britain.[4]
In February 1948, Grierson was appointed the controller of theCentral Office of Information's film operations to co-ordinate the work of the Crown Film Unit and Films Division, and to take overall charge of the planning, production and distribution of government films.[4] On 23 June 1948, he accepted an honorary degree, an LL.D from the University of Glasgow.[4] He left in 1950 due to financial restrictions on the documentaries that he wished to make.[4]
Grierson was appointed to the position of executive producer ofGroup 3 at the end of 1950; it was a film production enterprise that received loans of government money through theNational Film Finance Corporation.[4] They filmed atSouthall Studios inWest London but later moved toBeaconsfield Studios.[4] Group 3 was to have continuous production from 1951 until 1955 when it stopped producing films, the organisation had made a loss of over £400,000 as production of the films usually ran over the time allocated, and there had also been difficulty getting the films shown in cinemas.[4]
During this time Grierson had been diagnosed withtuberculosis in May 1953, he spent a fortnight in hospital and then had a year of convalescing at his home, Tog Hill inCalstone.[4] Grierson spent much of his time corresponding with the directors at Group 3, as well as commenting on scripts and story ideas.[4] He had recovered enough to attend the Cannes Film Festival in April 1954, taking the production ofMan of Africa.[4] At the Edinburgh Film Festival in the same year, a dinner was held in Grierson's honour to celebrate twenty-five years of documentary.[4]
Grierson joined the newly revived Films of Scotland Committee in 1955. Also on the committee wereNorman Wilson,Forsyth Hardy,George Singleton, C. A. Oakley andNeil Paterson.[4] In 1956, Grierson was the president of theVenice Film Festival's jury; he was also jury president at theCork Film Festival and theSouth American Film Festival in 1958.[4] In 1957, Grierson received a specialCanadian Film Award. Grierson wrote the script for,Seawards the Great Ships, which was directed byHilary Harris and awarded an Academy Award in 1961, a feat for the Films of Scotland Committee.[4]
The first programme ofThis Wonderful World was aired on 11 October 1957 in Scotland; it was onThe Culbin Sands which focused on how theForestry Commission had replanted six thousand acres of woodland along the mouth ofFindhorn.[4] In the seventeenth century wild sand had blown into the mouth and covered the land, the successful replanting of the forest was a great success for the commission.[4] This Wonderful World was shown weekly, other topics for episodes includedLeonardo da Vinci, ballet,king penguins andNorman McLaren'sBoogie Doodle.[4]
This Wonderful World began to be aired in England in February 1959, it ran for a further eight years and was in the Top Ten programmes for the week for the UK in 1960.[4] In 1961, Grierson was appointed aCommander of the Order of the British Empire in the Queen's Birthday Honours.[4] In 1962, he was a member of the jury for theVancouver Film Festival, during his visit to Canada he also received the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts Medal for his contribution to the visual arts.[4] In 1963, he was busy with This Wonderful World and the Films of Scotland Committee but still found time to attend the twenty-fifth anniversary of the National Film Board in Montreal.[4]
In 1965, Grierson was the patron of theCommonwealth Film Festival which took place inCardiff in that year.[4] In 1966, he was offered the role of Governor of theBritish Film Institute; however, he turned down the position.[4] This Wonderful World changed the title to John Grierson Presents.[4]
In 1967, after returning from theOberhausen Film Festival where he had been the President of Honour of the jury, Grierson suffered a bout ofbronchitis which lasted eight days.[4] His brother Anthony, who had trained to be a doctor was called and diagnosed Grierson withemphysema, his coughing fits were a cause for concern, and he was admitted toManor Hospital.[4] Grierson decided to give up smoking and drinking to benefit his health.[4]
Grierson opened the new primary school at Cambusbarron on 10 October 1967; his sister Dorothy attended the day with him.[4] TheBBC expressed their wishes to make a programme about Grierson in the year of his seventieth birthday, which he turned down three times[4] In the year of his seventieth birthday, Grierson received many tributes from across the globe. He was made an honorary member of theAssociation of Cinematograph, Television and Allied Technicians; he pressed for the ceremony to be held in Glasgow.[4] He also received the Golden Thistle Award for Outstanding Achievement in the Art of Cinema at the Edinburgh Film Festival.[4]
In January 1969, Grierson left for Canada to lecture atMcGill University; enrollment for his classes grew to around seven hundred students. He also lectured atCarleton University once a fortnight.[4] AtHeriot-Watt University in Edinburgh on 8 July 1969, Grierson received anHonorary Doctorate of Literature.[15] A few days earlier on 4 July 1969, Grierson had opened theScottish Fisheries Museum inAnstruther.[4]
Grierson was a member of the jury for the Canadian Film Awards in 1970.[4] He spent a few months in 1971, travelling around India instilling the importance of having small production units throughout the country.[4] He returned to the UK in December 1971 and was meant to travel back to India; however, his trip was delayed by theIndo-Pakistani War.[4] Grierson went into hospital for a health check-up in January 1972; he was diagnosed with lung and liver cancer and was given months to live.[4] During his time in hospital he spent time dictating letters to his wife, Margaret, and received visitors; however, he fell unconscious on 18 February and died on the 19th.[4] In his wishes for his funeral he had detailed his desire to be cremated. Also according to his wishes, his urn was placed in the sea off the Old Head inKinsale, and his brother Anthony, who had died in August 1971, had his ashes placed at the same time.[4] A small flotilla followed theAble Seaman, which carried the ashes, and when the urns were lowered into the water, the fishing boats sounded their sirens.[4]
The Grierson Archive at theUniversity of Stirling Archives was opened by Angus Macdonald in October 1977.[4]
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Filmography as director:
Filmography as producer/creative contributor:
The Grierson Documentary Film Awards were established in 1972 to commemorate John Grierson andare currently supervised by The Grierson Trust. The aim of the awards is to recogniseoutstanding films that demonstrate integrity, originality and technical excellence, together with social or cultural significance.[17]
Grierson Awards are presented annually in nine categories:
TheCanadian Film Awards had presented a Grierson Award for "an outstanding contribution to Canadian cinema in the spirit of John Grierson."[18]
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| Preceded by New position | Government Film Commissioner and Chairperson of theNational Film Board of Canada 1939-1945 | Succeeded by |
