John F. Fitzgerald | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Fitzgerald in 1900 | |
| Mayor of Boston | |
| In office February 7, 1910[1] – February 2, 1914[2] | |
| Preceded by | George A. Hibbard |
| Succeeded by | James Michael Curley |
| In office January 1, 1906[3] – January 6, 1908[4] | |
| Preceded by | Daniel A. Whelton |
| Succeeded by | George A. Hibbard |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives fromMassachusetts | |
| In office March 4, 1895 – March 3, 1901 | |
| Preceded by | Joseph H. O'Neil |
| Succeeded by | Joseph A. Conry |
| Constituency | 9th district |
| In office March 4, 1919 – October 23, 1919 | |
| Preceded by | Peter Francis Tague |
| Succeeded by | Peter Francis Tague |
| Constituency | 10th district |
| Member of theMassachusetts Senate from the 3rd Suffolk district | |
| In office 1892–1894 | |
| Member of the Boston Common Council from Ward 6 | |
| In office 1891–1892 | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | John Francis Fitzgerald (1863-02-11)February 11, 1863 Boston,Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Died | October 2, 1950(1950-10-02) (aged 87) Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Resting place | St. Joseph Cemetery West Roxbury, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse | |
| Relations | Kennedy family |
| Children | 6, includingRose |
| Parents |
|
| Alma mater | |
John Francis "Honey Fitz"Fitzgerald (February 11, 1863 – October 2, 1950) was an AmericanDemocratic politician fromBoston,Massachusetts. Fitzgerald served asmayor of Boston and a member of theUnited States House of Representatives. He also made unsuccessful runs for theUnited States Senate in1916 and1942 and governor of Massachusetts in1922. Fitzgerald maintained a high profile in the city whether in or out of office, and his theatrical style of campaigning and charisma earned him the nickname "Honey Fitz".
He was the father ofRose Fitzgerald and maternal grandfather of her sons PresidentJohn F. Kennedy, Attorney GeneralRobert F. Kennedy, and SenatorTed Kennedy. In his old age, Fitzgerald helped his namesake grandson, John F. Kennedy, win his first election to Congress.
John Francis Fitzgerald was born on February 11, 1863, in theNorth End ofBoston to Irish immigrant businessman and politician Thomas Fitzgerald ofBruff,County Limerick and Rose Anna Cox ofTonymore,Tomregan,Knockninny,County Fermanagh,Ireland.[5] He was the fourth of twelve children. Both of his sisters, Ellen and Mary, and his eldest brother, Michael, died in infancy. Fitzgerald's brother Joseph had severe brain damage frommalaria. Only three of the children survived in good health.
Fitzgerald's mother died when he was sixteen.[6] His father wished for him to become a doctor to help prevent future deaths of the sort that had marred the family. Accordingly, after being educated atBoston Latin School andBoston College,[7][8] he enrolled atHarvard Medical School for one year, but withdrew following the death of his father in 1885.[9] Fitzgerald later became a clerk at theCustoms House in Boston and was active in the localDemocratic Party.
In the 1890s, Fitzgerald founded the Jefferson Club, a political club founded to organize the Irish Catholic voters of South Boston. It was modeled on earlier clubs likeTammany Hall in New York andMartin Lomasney's Hendricks Club in the West End of Boston.[10] Fitzgerald won election to Boston's Common Council in 1891. In 1892, he became a member of theMassachusetts Senate. These early victories came with support fromMartin Lomasney.[11]
In 1894, he was elected toCongress for the 9th district, serving from 1895 to 1901.[12] In his first two terms (1895–1899), Fitzgerald was the only Democrat to represent New England in Congress.
In 1901, Fitzgerald was one of three representatives, along withCharles H. Grosvenor andGeorge Henry White, to argue in favor of reducing the size of southern delegations in accordance with theFourteenth Amendment due to their suppression of voting rights for black people. This measure failed by a vote of 94 to 136.[13]
InDecember 1905, Fitzgerald was electedMayor of Boston. In the process, he made an enemy of the powerful Lomasney by opposing one of Lomasney's lieutenants,Edward J. Donovan.[14] After Fitzgerald beat Donovan in the mayoral primary, Lomasney endorsed the Republican candidate,Louis Frothingham, and delivered 95% of the vote in his usually Democratic ward to Frothingham.[15] However, the Republican vote was split between Frothingham and judgeHenry Dewey, who ran on the Populist ticket after losing the primary. Fitzgerald won despite Lomasney's undermining, though only with a plurality of the vote.[16]
Another opponent of Fitzgerald's during the campaign wasP. J. Kennedy, a behind-the-scenes Democratic figure. They later became allies. In 1914, their families were united when P. J.'s sonJoseph P. Kennedy Sr. married Fitzgerald's eldest daughterRose.
Fitzgerald was the first American-bornIrish Catholic to be elected mayor.[14]
According to Peter Jones, during his first term as mayor, Fitzgerald demonstrated an unwavering commitment to the city, actively advocating for the development of port and harbor facilities and promoting industrial growth. Under his leadership, the High School of Commerce for boys and the School of Practical Arts for girls were constructed, and he oversaw the establishment of numerous playgrounds, public baths, and other facilities that served large numbers of voters. He also engaged in corrupt practices, manipulating public contracts to create superfluous jobs for poorly credentialed friends. For instance, he appointed a tavern keeper and a bartender to superintendent positions for public buildings and streets, respectively, and his brother Henry managed the patronage department. The mayor's tireless energy was on full display: in two years he attended around 1200 dinners, a thousand meetings, and 1500 dances, maintaining an active presence throughout the city.[17]
He lost the 1907 election in part because his opponent, RepublicanGeorge A. Hibbard, promised he would "clean up [Fitzgerald's] mess."[18] With control of the city and state Government, Republicans revised the city charter to curb the power of the Irish Democratic ward bosses like Fitzgerald and Lomasney. They eliminated the large common council, replaced the board of aldermen with a nine-seatcity council, extending the mayor's term to four years, and making all offices formally non-partisan, removing the advantage of party recognition in the predominantly Democratic city.[19]
In 1910, Fitzgerald ran for mayor again. His campaign was almost scuttled by a bribery scandal involving no-bid contracts with kickbacks during his first term. Fitzgerald escaped prosecution, but made a long-term enemy inDaniel H. Coakley, an Irish lawyer who had defended one of the key figures in the business.[20] In addition to his rivalry with Lomasney, Fitzgerald now also had to contend with the rising star ofJames Michael Curley of Roxbury, who was kept out of the race by assurances that Fitzgerald would serve only one term.[21] Fitzgerald won a narrow victory overJames J. Storrow, a stiff Protestant RepublicanBoston Brahmin.[22]
Early in his first term as Boston's mayor, Fitzgerald had formulated a plan to revitalize the commercial importance of the city under the banner of "a Bigger, Busier and Better Boston." This plan was not pursued by Hibbard but gained traction after Fitzgerald's return to office. Fitzgerald was able to persuade businesses and the Massachusetts legislature to invest $9 million for improvements to the port by 1912. Within a year, the investments began to pay off in the form of new port traffic to and from Europe.[23]
In 1914, Fitzgerald broke his promise to Curley and attempted to run for a second consecutive term. Curley made common cause with Daniel Coakley, and they secured Fitzgerald's withdrawal by threatening to expose a dalliance he had with acigarette girl, Elizabeth "Toodles" Ryan—who was only 24, the same age as Fitzgerald's daughter Rose—at a local gambling club.[24] Curley was elected inJanuary 1914 to his first of four terms as Boston mayor.
In 1916, Fitzgerald unsuccessfully challenged incumbent United States SenatorHenry Cabot Lodge.
Fitzgerald won a close election for the House in 1918, but his opponentPeter F. Tague contested the race. Investigators found evidence of fraud in three precincts and when those precincts were eliminated they found Tague to be the winner. Fitzgerald served from March 4 until October 23, 1919, when the House voted unanimously that Fitzgerald had not won and that Tague had.[25][26]
In 1922, Fitzgerald unsuccessfully challenged incumbent governor of MassachusettsChanning Cox.
Fitzgerald served on the Port of Boston Authority from 1934-1948 andin 1942 ran a quixotic campaign for the U.S. Senate. He lost the Democratic primary to CongressmanJoseph E. Casey. (Daniel Coakley finished a distant fourth.)
In his later years, Fitzgerald focused on his business interests and on honing the political instincts of his daughter Rose's promising sons.
In 1930, he ran for governor but withdrew late in the race for the Democratic nomination, citing his health. Despite his withdrawal, Fitzgerald received over 84,000 votes against eventual GovernorJoseph B. Ely, as James Michael Curley encouraged Irish Catholic voters to support Fitzgerald in solidarity against the supposedly "anti-Irish" Ely.[27]
In 1932, he campaigned for Franklin Delano Roosevelt for President. He was joined by James Michael Curley. Fitzgerald unsuccessfully tried to recruit Martin Lomasney to the cause as well. After Roosevelt won the election, Fitzgerald's son-in-law Joseph was appointed chairman of the new U.S. Maritime Commission. Joseph would later serve as chairman of the new U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and as U.S. ambassador to Great Britain.
In 1946, whenJohn Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy decided to run for Congress, 83-year-old Honey Fitz helped him plan his campaign strategy. At the victory celebration, Fitzgerald danced an Irish jig, sang "Sweet Adeline," and predicted that his grandson would someday occupy theWhite House. Shortly after his election to the presidency, President Kennedy renamed the presidential yacht theHoney Fitz in honor of his maternal grandfather.
On September 18, 1889, Fitzgerald married his second cousin Mary Josephine "Josie" Hannon (1865–1964). She was a daughter of Michael Hannon and Mary Ann Fitzgerald.[28] John and Mary had six children:Rose (1890–1995), Mary (1892–1936), Thomas (1895–1968), John Jr. (1897–1979), Eunice (1900–1923), and Frederick (1904–1935). They had nineteen grandchildren, including Rose'snine children with Joseph Kennedy.
Fitzgerald was a member of theRoyal Rooters, an early supporters' club for Boston'sbaseball teams, particularly itsAmerican League team, the modernBoston Red Sox. At one point, he was the group's chairman and threw out the ceremonial opening pitch at Fenway Park's inaugural game on April 20, 1912, as well as in the1912 World Series later that year. His great-granddaughterCaroline Kennedy threw out the first pitch at Fenway Park's 100th anniversary celebration on April 20, 2012.[29]
On October 2, 1950, Fitzgerald died in Boston at the age of eighty-seven. His funeral was one of the largest in the city's history. PresidentHarry S. Truman sent his sympathies and Fitzgerald's pallbearers included two U.S. Senators (Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. andLeverett Saltonstall) two future U.S. Speakers of the House (John McCormack andTip O'Neill), and James Michael Curley. As "Honey Fitz" was carried to his final rest from Holy Cross Cathedral toSt. Joseph Cemetery inWest Roxbury,Massachusetts, a crowd of thousands gathered along the streets and sang "Sweet Adeline."[citation needed]
Of his stylish manner, Robert Dallek wrote:
He was a natural politician—a charming, impish, affable lover of people. ... His warmth of character earned him yet another nickname, "Honey Fitz," and he gained a reputation as the only politician who could sing "Sweet Adeline" sober and get away with it. A pixie-like character with florid face, bright eyes, and sandy hair, he was a showman who could have had a career in vaudeville. But politics, with all the brokering that went into arranging alliances and the hoopla that went into campaigning, was his calling. A verse of the day ran: 'Honey Fitz can talk you blind / on any subject you can find / Fish and fishing, motor boats / Railroads, streetcars, getting votes.' His gift of gab became known as Fitzblarney, and his followers as 'dearos,' a shortened version of his description of his district as 'the dear old North End.'[30]
The official name for theCentral Artery highway in Boston was "The John F. Fitzgerald Expressway," until it was torn down in the 1990s as part of Boston's "Big Dig" project which eliminated the Central Artery and replaced it with a tunnel. The resulting greenway above the tunnel where the expressway had been was named for Fitzgerald's daughter as the "Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy Greenway."
| Party political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| First | Democratic nominee forU.S. Senator fromMassachusetts (Class 1) 1916 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Democratic nominee forGovernor of Massachusetts 1922 | Succeeded by |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by | Member of the U.S. House of Representatives fromMassachusetts's 9th congressional district March 4, 1895 – March 4, 1901 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Mayor of Boston, Massachusetts 1906–1908 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Mayor of Boston, Massachusetts 1910–1914 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Member of the U.S. House of Representatives fromMassachusetts's 10th congressional district March 4, 1919 – October 23, 1919 | Succeeded by |
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| People | |
| Other | |
