John Crosbie | |
|---|---|
 Crosbie in 1983 | |
| 12thLieutenant Governor of Newfoundland and Labrador | |
| In office February 4, 2008 – March 19, 2013 | |
| Monarch | Elizabeth II |
| Governors General | Michaëlle Jean David Johnston |
| Premier | Danny Williams Kathy Dunderdale |
| Preceded by | Edward Roberts |
| Succeeded by | Frank Fagan |
| 5thChancellor ofMemorial University of Newfoundland | |
| In office 1994–2008 | |
| Preceded by | Paul Desmarais |
| Succeeded by | Rick Hillier |
| Minister of Fisheries and Oceans | |
| In office April 21, 1991 – June 24, 1993 | |
| Prime Minister | Brian Mulroney |
| Preceded by | Bernard Valcourt |
| Succeeded by | Ross Reid |
| Minister of International Trade | |
| In office March 31, 1988 – April 20, 1991 | |
| Prime Minister | Brian Mulroney |
| Preceded by | Pat Carney |
| Succeeded by | Michael Wilson |
| Minister of Transport | |
| In office June 30, 1986 – March 30, 1988 | |
| Prime Minister | Brian Mulroney |
| Preceded by | Don Mazankowski |
| Succeeded by | Benoît Bouchard |
| Minister of Justice | |
| In office September 17, 1984 – June 29, 1986 | |
| Prime Minister | Brian Mulroney |
| Preceded by | Donald Johnston |
| Succeeded by | Ray Hnatyshyn |
| Minister of Finance | |
| In office June 4, 1979 – March 3, 1980 | |
| Prime Minister | Joe Clark |
| Preceded by | Jean Chrétien |
| Succeeded by | Allan MacEachen |
| Member of Parliament forSt. John's West | |
| In office October 18, 1976 – October 25, 1993 | |
| Preceded by | Walter C. Carter |
| Succeeded by | Jean Payne |
| Member of theNewfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly forSt. John's West | |
| In office September 8, 1966 – September 4, 1976 | |
| Preceded by | William G. Adams |
| Succeeded by | Hubert Kitchen |
| Personal details | |
| Born | John Carnell Crosbie (1931-01-30)January 30, 1931 St. John's,Dominion of Newfoundland |
| Died | January 10, 2020(2020-01-10) (aged 88) St. John's,Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada |
| Political party | Conservative Progressive Conservative(1969–2003) Liberal(1966–1969) |
| Spouse | |
| Children | 3, includingChes |
| Parents |
|
| Relatives | Sir John Chalker Crosbie (grandfather) |
| Alma mater | Queen's University Dalhousie Law School |
| Profession | Lawyer, Politician |
John Carnell CrosbiePC OC ONL QC (January 30, 1931 – January 10, 2020) was a Canadian provincial and federal politician who served as the12thlieutenant governor of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. Prior to being lieutenant governor, he served as a provincialcabinet minister under PremiersJoey Smallwood andFrank Moores as well as a federalcabinet minister during theProgressive Conservative (PC) governments ofJoe Clark andBrian Mulroney. Crosbie held several federal cabinet posts, includingminister of finance,minister of justice,minister of transport,minister of international trade, andminister of fisheries and oceans.
Crosbie was best known for his outspoken, blunt, and controversial rhetoric. However, at the same time he was seen as a leader of thesocial liberal wing of the PC Party. He advocated forgay and lesbian rights and waspro-choice regarding abortion as far back as when he was federal Minister of Justice.[1]
Crosbie ran unsuccessfully for the leadership of theLiberal Party of Newfoundland and Labrador in 1969, losing to Smallwood,[2] and was also a candidate in the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada's1983 leadership election, placing third.[3]
Born in pre-ConfederationSt. John's,Newfoundland, he was the son of Jessie (Carnell) andChesley Crosbie,[4] and the grandson ofSir John Chalker Crosbie, the latter two were both prominent businessmen. His father was leader of theEconomic Union Party in the 1940s and a leading opponent of the campaign for Newfoundland to joinCanadian Confederation.[5]
Crosbie's early education was in local schools and atSt. Andrew's College, Aurora, Ontario. He went on to study political science and economics atQueen's University, Kingston, Ontario, where he graduated with first-class honours and won the University Medal in political science.[6]
Crosbie went on to study law atDalhousie Law School inHalifax,Nova Scotia graduating in 1956 as the University Medalist in Law. He was awarded the Viscount Bennett Scholarship by theCanadian Bar Association as the outstanding law student for that year. He undertook postgraduate studies at the Institute for Advanced Legal Studies of theUniversity of London and theLondon School of Economics in 1956-1957, and was called to the Newfoundland Bar in 1957. He was awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws Degree by Dalhousie University in May 1984.[6]
Crosbie first entered politics as a councillor of theSt. John's City Council in 1965, and was briefly deputy mayor in 1966. He served on council until he was appointed to the provincialcabinet ofLiberalPremierJoey Smallwood in1966. Crosbie was sworn in as Minister of Municipal and Housing, and soon after won a seat in theHouse of Assembly. As Minister he was responsible for the creation of theNewfoundland and Labrador Housing Corporation.[7]
In 1967, Crosbie became Minister of Health and was instrumental in creating the NewfoundlandMedicare Commission and the framework for the Newfoundland Medicare Plan.[6][7] Smallwood's government had been in power since 1949, and the Premier was trying to rejuvenate his cabinet by bringing in new blood. Smallwood's authoritarian style and refusal to allow a younger generation to take power frustrated Crosbie and other young ministers, such asClyde Wells.[8] In protest of a deal Smallwood wanted to make with American industrialistJohn Shaheen over an oil refinery atCome By Chance, Crosbie and Wells resigned from the caucus to sit as Reform Liberals, while remaining members of the Liberal Party.[7][9]
In 1969, Smallwood announced his retirement from politics. However, when Crosbie, who had resigned from caucus, became the apparent front runner to succeed him as leader Smallwood decided to run for the leadership of the party. Smallwood won the leadership race and Crosbie crossed the floor to join theoppositionProgressive Conservative Party, led byFrank Moores.[7]
The Progressive Conservatives were now seen as a viable alternative to the Liberal Party, and in1972 Crosbie helped the Tories defeat Smallwood and come to power.[8] In Moore's government Crosbie held the portfolios of Minister of Finance, President of the Treasury Board, and Minister of Economic Development; Minister of Fisheries and Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs; Minister of Mines and Energy; and Government House Leader. He left provincial politics in 1976 to enter federal politics.[6][7]
Crosbie won the seat ofSt. John's West in theHouse of Commons of Canada in aby-election on October 18, 1976 as a candidate for theProgressive Conservative Party of Canada, which was inOpposition at the time.[10]
WhenJoe Clark's Progressive Conservatives formed aminority government after the1979 general election, Crosbie was appointedMinister of Finance.[6] He presented atough budget that included tax increases in what Crosbie quipped was "short term pain for long term gain." Amotion of no confidence on the budget brought the Clark government down on December 13, 1979, resulting in anew election which the Tories lost. Clark's government would last a total of nine months less a day. Crosbie famously described it as: "Long enough to conceive, just not long enough to deliver."[11]
Though a leadership convention was not called following their defeat at the polls, Crosbie felt that a convention would be held in the near future. In 1981, he quietly organized a team for his prospective leadership bid, while making sure not to undermine Clark's leadership. At aleadership review held at the party's general meeting, inWinnipeg, in 1983, 66.9% of delegates voted against holding a leadership convention. Clark felt however that this was not a strong mandate and recommended that the party executive hold a leadership convention at the earliest possible time, in which he would be a candidate.[12]
Aleadership convention was called for later that year, and Crosbie announced his candidacy. At the convention he placed third behindBrian Mulroney and Clark on all three ballots. While Crosbie may have been the most popular of the candidates,[dubious –discuss] he was hurt by his inability to speakFrench.[13] His response that he did not know how to speak Chinese either was not well received. Less notable was the failure of the "John Crosbie blimp" to operate properly during his campaign's demonstration on the floor of the convention.[3]
LiberalPrime MinisterPierre Trudeau retired as his party's leader in 1984 and was replaced byJohn Turner. Mulroney subsequently defeated Turner by leading the Tories to power in the1984 federal election. Crosbie was namedMinister of Justice in Mulroney's first cabinet. In 1985, while justice minister, he attracted attention when, in a heated moment during parliamentary debate, he toldLiberalMember of ParliamentSheila Copps "Just quiet down, baby," prompting Copps to respond, "I'm nobody's baby."[13][14]
In 1986, he was named Minister of Transport. A lifelong supporter offree trade with theUnited States, in cabinet he was one of the strongest proponents of theCanada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement. He becameMinister for International Trade in 1988, shortly after the free trade agreement was negotiated. Crosbie actively promoted the agreement inthat year's federal election, which was primarily fought on the issue.[13] Crosbie was also a supporter of redress forJapanese Canadians interned during World War Two - in September 1988 the Mulroney government made its historic apology in the House of Commons and compensated each surviving internee with $18,000.[citation needed]
In 1990, Crosbie proposed the creation of theWorld Trade Organization (WTO).[15][16] Crosbie was proud of his baby; in his autobiography he writes:[17]
The WTO came into being at the end of 1993. It's a great achievement, a Canadian achievement. It was my initiative and I'm proud of my success.
At a fundraising dinner inVictoria, British Columbia in 1990, Crosbie took another dig atSheila Copps by saying that she made him think of the song lyrics, "Pass the Tequila, Sheila, and lay down and love me again," a comment he subsequently acknowledged was ill-considered.[13] He would later again rankle feminists and progressives with his recurring references, in the late 1980s and early 1990s (during the34th Canadian Parliament), to the "Four Horsewomen of the Apocalypse", in reference to Copps, fellow MPsDawn Black,Mary Clancy, andNational Action Committee on the Status of Women PresidentJudy Rebick.[18]
He later said he and Copps played up their squabbles for mutual gain. “She's a professional politician, and I was as well,” he said in 2011. “We're good pals now. We're very friendly, and she's married to a Newfoundlander, so she's a fine woman as far as I'm concerned.”[13] After Crosbie's death was announced, Copps called Crosbie "a great Canadian", writing that "His contributions to the province and the country he loved will be long remembered."[19]
In contrast to his oftenpolitically incorrect comments, Crosbie was often asocial liberal in practice. He waspro-abortion on the issue of abortion and as Minister of Justice, liberalizeddivorce laws,[20] and appointed a larger percentage of women to the bench than his predecessors. He was also an early advocate ofgay and lesbian rights, changing government policy to prohibit discrimination against homosexuals in hiring in the public sector, including the military and the RCMP, and in 1986 introduced amendments to theCanadian Human Rights Code to includesexual orientation as a prohibited grounds of discrimination. He was forced to withdraw the legislation due to the opposition of the Conservative caucus.[21] In the1988 federal election when Newfoundland Conservatives opposed the candidacy ofRoss Reid due to his refusal to deny rumours that he was gay, Crosbie angrily told a meeting of party workers "I don't care if he is having sexual relations with effing cats. He's a fine man and he's our candidate...I'm supporting Ross 100 per cent.[22]
Crosbie's final cabinet post in the Mulroney government wasMinister of Fisheries and Oceans. On July 1, 1992 Crosbie visitedBay Bulls, Newfoundland and Labrador to celebrateCanada Day. Crosbie was greeted by an angry throng of Newfoundlanders concerned about rumours of a proposed moratorium on theAtlantic northwest cod fishery.[23] He famously yelled out, "I didn't take the fish from the goddamn water, so don't go abusing me."[7][24]
He oversaw the decision toclose the cod fishery industry in Atlantic Canada due to the collapse of cod stocks. Crosbie called this decision, which put some 35,000 Newfoundlanders out of work, the hardest political moment of his life.[25]
When Brian Mulroney announced his resignation as party leader, Crosbie did not stand as a candidate at the1993 Progressive Conservative leadership convention but supportedJean Charest's candidacy instead. He declined an offer to serve in the cabinet of Mulroney's successor,Kim Campbell, when she became prime minister and did not run for re-election in the1993 federal election, retiring from federal politics.[26]
In 1997, he published his memoirs, entitledNo Holds Barred: My Life in Politics (ISBN 0-7710-2427-4). Around this time, the feud between him and Copps had also cooled. Crosbie had devoted an entire chapter in his autobiography to his confrontations with Copps. In her second autobiography,Worth Fighting For, Copps had Crosbie write an introduction in which he says "I write this Introduction to her new book as a tribute to a feisty, sometimes ferocious, feminist protagonist, never shy or retiring but redoubtable political personality. She was a constant thorn in my side while she was in Opposition, but her marriage to my fellow Newfoundlander Austin Thorne has made her more serene and has calmed her sometimes volcanic and partisan excesses".[citation needed]
Crosbie remained in the Progressive Conservative Party until its dissolution in 2003. Despite his earlier opposition to theCanadian Alliance, he did not oppose the merger of the two parties and joined the newConservative Party of Canada. In 2004, he served as an advisor toTony Clement's unsuccessful campaign for theleadership of the new party.[27] In the2004 federal election, he publicly considered running for the Conservatives against Liberal incumbentJohn Efford in the Newfoundland riding ofAvalon, but ultimately decided against doing so.[28]
From 1994 until 2008, he served asChancellor ofMemorial University of Newfoundland. In 1998, he was made an Officer of theOrder of Canada. Crosbie continued to practise law with the law firm of Cox & Palmer in St. John's until his appointment as Lieutenant Governor.[6]
On February 4, 2008,Governor GeneralMichaëlle Jean, on theadvice ofPrime MinisterStephen Harper, appointed John Crosbie asLieutenant Governor of Newfoundland and Labrador, succeedingEdward Roberts.[29] As lieutenant governor, Crosbie drew criticism for wearing asealskin coat to several official events duringPrince Charles' andCamilla, Duchess of Cornwall'stour of Newfoundland in November 2009 and for saying that the coat was a statement in support of the annual seal hunt.[30] He was succeeded byFrank Fagan in 2013.[31]
John's son,Ches Crosbie, was rejected as a federalConservative Party of Canada candidate in the2015 Canadian federal election, the party citing his performance in a play held by a local bar association that touched on theCanadian senate scandal.[32] John Crosbie then accused the federal Conservatives of squashing his son's candidacy because he was too independent and because Newfoundland senatorDavid Wells wanted to keep his control over Newfoundland patronage appointments, an accusation that Wells denied.[33]
Crosbie married Jane Ellen Furneaux on September 8, 1952, and they remained married for the rest of his life. His eldest son,Ches Crosbie, is a lawyer and former politician. Ches was elected leader of theProgressive Conservative Party of Newfoundland and Labrador on April 28, 2018 serving until March 31, 2021.[34][35] His younger son, Michael Crosbie, is a lawyer with McInnis Cooper in St. John's. His daughter, Beth Crosbie, is a formerreal estate agent, and was a candidate in the 2015 and 2019 provincial elections.[7][36]
Crosbie died in St. John's on January 10, 2020, after a period of declining health.[9][37] Former Prime Minister Brian Mulroney eulogized him in glowing terms at his state funeral:[38]
If a PM of Canada is lucky—and I mean really lucky—he will wind up with a John Crosbie in his cabinet. One. Not two. As I sat across the cabinet table from John for nine years and watched him in action, I knew that as prime minister I had been handed a major gift.
| Ribbon bars of John Crosbie | ||||
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John Crosbie has received manyhonorary degrees for his service to Canada. These include:
| Location | Date | School | Degree |
|---|---|---|---|
 Nova Scotia | May 1984 | Dalhousie University | Doctor of Laws (LL.D)[42] |
 Newfoundland and Labrador | May 1999 | Memorial University of Newfoundland | Doctor of Laws (LL.D)[43] |
| Nova Scotia | May 1999 | Cape Breton University | Doctor of Laws (LL.D)[44] |
 Ontario | 2011 | Queen's University | Doctor of Laws (LL.D)[45] |
|
There is a John Crosbiefonds atLibrary and Archives Canada.[53]
| 24th Ministry – Cabinet ofBrian Mulroney | ||
| Cabinet posts (5) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Predecessor | Office | Successor |
| Elmer MacKay | Minister for the Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency 1991–1993 | Ross Reid |
| Bernard Valcourt | Minister of Fisheries and Oceans 1991–1993 | Ross Reid |
| Pat Carney | Minister of International Trade 1988–1991 | Michael Wilson |
| Don Mazankowski | Minister of Transport 1986–1988 | Benoît Bouchard |
| Donald Johnston | Minister of Justice 1984–1986 | Ray Hnatyshyn |
| 21st Ministry – Cabinet ofJoe Clark | ||
| Cabinet post (1) | ||
| Predecessor | Office | Successor |
| Jean Chrétien | Minister of Finance 1979–1980 | Allan MacEachen |
| Academic offices | ||
| Preceded by | Chancellor ofMemorial University of Newfoundland 1994–2008 | Succeeded by |
| Proprietary Governors (1610–1660) | |
|---|---|
| French Governors of Plaisance (1655–1713) | |
| Lieutenant-governors of Placentia (1713–1770) | |
| Commodore-Governors (1729–1825) | |
| Civil Governors (1825–1855) | |
| Colonial Governors (1855–1907) | |
| Dominion Governors (1907–1934) | |
| Commission Governors (1934–1949) | |
| Lieutenant Governors (1949–present) | |
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
