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John of Bromyard (John de Bromgeard) | |
|---|---|
| Title | Dominican friar |
| Personal life | |
| Born | John de Bromgeard |
| Died | circa 1352 |
| Nationality | Medieval English |
| Religious life | |
| Religion | Catholic |
| Senior posting | |
| Period in office | Middle Ages |
John Bromyard (d. c. 1352) was an influential EnglishDominican friar and prolific compiler ofpreaching aids.
Little is known of his personal life.Bromyard is the name of a town inHerefordshire so it can be conjectured he was born there.[1] Two dates can be cited: in 1326, he was granted a licence to hear confessions in thediocese of Hereford, and in 1352, that licence was granted to another Dominican, presumably after Bromyard's death. There is evidence in his works that he had served in the diocese ofLlandaff in SouthWales, and he shows familiarity with customs and circumstances inFrance andItaly. But because the Dominicans were an international order with lively internal communication, this cannot be taken as proof that he had travelled abroad. He was evidently trained in canon law, perhaps atOxford.
He spent most of his career at the newly founded Dominican priory at Hereford. The Dominicans had been fighting for a foothold here for eighty years against the resistance of the Dean and Chapter, before they were finally established under the patronage ofEdward II in 1322. Bromyard must therefore have been among the first friars to join the fledgeling priory. In an age when manuscript books were prohibitively expensive, it is likely that he embarked on the task of compiling preaching aids as a means of providing the priory with a library to support its preaching mission. The sheer volume of his work suggests that it may well have been produced by a collaborative process involving the other friars at the Hereford priory, with Bromyard acting as editor in chief.
Bromyard was a pioneer or early adopter of new techniques in the organization of information. Each of his surviving works is provided with an alphabeticalindex. He employs standardized divisions of his texts, and uses them for systematiccross-references.
As aids to preaching, his works included all manner of preachable material according to the homiletic practice of the time:exempla, authorities from thechurch fathers andbible as well as fromclassical authors, natural lore,proverbs and verses (some in French or English), etc. He uses "scientific knowledge" (natura ratione) to explain natural phenomenon such as "rain" taking away the mysticism of "acts of God". These explanations are apparently drawn from Greek and Arab ancient texts. (Bromyard: Summa Praedicantium, De Natura Ratione). He was particularly fond ofCanon law, devoting theTractatus iuris to expounding Christian doctrine and morality almost exclusively by means of citations from legal texts. He engages in occasional political commentary on problems in English society, and even criticises abuses in his own Dominican order.
Bromyard was one of the most influential preachers of the 14th century in England. HisSumma Predicantium was cited by many writers of the succeeding generations and used by many more. It was first printed about 1484 in Basel and went through several editions, the last in 1627 in Antwerp. TheTractatus iuris was also printed twice and survives in more than two dozen manuscripts. TheSumma is frequently mined by modern scholars in search of literary analogues and materials for social history.
Bromyard's four surviving works run to 1.75 million words. Five lost works are also known from early bibliographers and from cross-references in the surviving works; they probably brought his total production to between 2.5 and 3 million words.
