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Johann Heinrich Gottlob von Justi (28 December 1717[1] – 21 July 1771) was one of the leading Germanpolitical economists and acameralists in the 18th century.[2][3]
Justi was born inBrücken. From 1750 to 1753, Justi taught at theTheresianum Knights Academy inVienna, Austria, where he established close contacts withFriedrich Wilhelm von Haugwitz whose administrative reforms exerted a strong influence on his political ideas. After briefly settling inErfurt andLeipzig, Justi was appointed Director of Police inGöttingen in 1755. In Göttingen Justi started his systematic study of contemporary French works, in particularMontesquieu'sSpirit of the Laws. In 1757, he accepted an invitation of the Danish ministerBernstorff toCopenhagen. In 1758, he settled inAltona. Hoping for a permanent position inPrussia, Justi moved toBerlin in 1760. Five years later, in 1765, he was appointed Prussian Inspector of Mines, Glass, and Steel Works. In 1768, he was accused of misappropriating government funds and imprisoned inKüstrin. New archival research by Andre Wakefield has revealed in how far Justi's activities as Prussian official in the Neumark can be considered 'a disaster in almost every way'. After being released in April 1771 he moved back to Berlin where he died soon after.
Justi's oeuvre consists of more than 50 independent works dealing with philosophical, literary, technological, geological, chemical, physical as well as political and economic issues. For most of his life, Justi did not hold a permanent position in academia or public administration but had to live from the royalties of his writings. Accordingly, he tried to present at least two new titles at each of the two large annual German book fairs inLeipzig andFrankfurt. This circumstance accounts for the manifold textual similarities that can be found within Justi's works.
Writing against the background of the European power struggle during theSeven Years' War, Justi's central aim was to create modern commercial monarchies in the larger states of theHoly Roman Empire that could equal the military strength, political standing and economic performance ofEngland andFrance. In so doing, Justi took recourse to ideas of French thinkers such asFénelon,Saint-Pierre,d'Argenson andMontesquieu.
In his political writings, Justi stressed that a country could only be economically and commercially successful if it was run by a moderate government that recognised the inviolability of private property. By contrast, despotism necessarily led to the impoverishment and military weakening of a country. Under the influence of Montesquieu Justi extensively discussed the advantages and disadvantages of different forms of government, yet concluded that the only form of government that would be able to coordinate and implement wide-ranging economic reforms was a modernised monarchical regime.
Justi came up with a broad range of ideas for economic reform. Apart from measures supporting population growth and fostering competition (by reducing the power of guilds and corporations), Justi viewed the increase in private consumption (by abolishingsumptuary laws), the spread of manufactures and companies as well as the growth in external trade (with the help of government-sponsored trade companies and the abolition of prohibitions regarding the import and export of goods) as cornerstones for economic success. These measures had to be accompanied by improvements in mining and agriculture.
Ultimately, these reforms could only be successful if they were supported by a comprehensive tax reform that would lead, among other things, to the abolition of the excise tax (Akzise). In his financial writings, the influence of contemporary French writings as well ascameralistic theories developed byWolff andPufendorf shines through.
On various issues, Justi seems to take positions that resemble the views ofAdam Smith. However, his overall argument – the need for short-term government interventions in order to obtain a liberal economic order in the long term – is far closer to thinkers such as SirJames Steuart (economist).
Research on Justi has primarily focused on his works on political economy (see overview studies by Ferdinand Frensdorff and Ulrich Adam). Other parts of his comprehensive oeuvre have not yet been studied in detail.
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